CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 02 / 1 Lecture No. 2 Some thoughts on Business Functions Hardware and Hardware Configurations Excel.

CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 02 / 1

Lecture No. 2Lecture No. 2

Some thoughts on Business Functions

Hardware and Hardware Configurations

Excel


CSE1720 Overheads and other materialsCSE1720 Overheads and other materials

These are available from the Web.

The address is

http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720

All of the overhead materials are in Office97 format.

The Tutorials is in K1.08 from midday to 1.00pm


University NoticeUniversity Notice

Friday 11th March is the last day to add a Semester 1 or full-year 0n-campus unit without the risk of a $73.00 late enrolment penalty

And Wednesday 16th March : the ‘Enrolment Statement’ will be issued to all students


Objectives of this LectureObjectives of this Lecture

• To provide some insight into the business environment framework

• To briefly look at computer hardware functions, and in particular at a microcomputer configuration

• To look behind the scenes

• To introduce Directory and Directory structures


Objectives of this LectureObjectives of this Lecture

• To look at some more PC hardware

• To (briefly) look at some hardware configurations, including a parallel processor setup

• And, we’ll have a look at Excel (the software, not the car)


Some TerminologySome Terminology

Business Performance Management (not about Customers, Sales, Turnovers explicitly)

Business Intelligence

Key Performance Indicators - Internal

Risk Management


Business Failures ?Business Failures ?

• Business failure can stem from a lack of timely information• or the Inability to manage pricing and product mix (as in Pan-

Am some years ago)• Lack of business acumen (skill, understanding, ????)• Inadequate financial reporting• Lack of performance reviews• Poor cash flow management• Poor or missing Internal controls• Lack of funds• Over borrowing• High costs of finance• Under capitalisation


Business Failures ?Business Failures ?

• Turnaround / Turnover• Turnaround capital costs• Restructuring expertise• Over trading

- George Lopez, CPA Insolvency Spokerperson

- My Business Magazine ( ? Date)


Corporate StructuresCorporate Structures

Corporate Structure for better Cost Controls and Market Responsiveness

Executive Management

Business Business Business Business Business

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit n...Profitable Profitable Not Profitable Not Profitable Profitable


Worldwide Business EnvironmentWorldwide Business Environment

BusinessStrategy is forSURVIVAL

BusinessStrategy is forSUCCESS

THOSE

ATTEMPTING

THE

TRANSITION


Survivor OrganisationBusiness CharacteristicsSurvivor Organisation

Business Characteristics• Low Share price

• Low Growth and Profits

• Unsustainable High Costs

• Crisis Management

• Risk Adverse

• Victim of Global Economy

• Static development of Information Technology strategy


Potential Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

Potential Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics

• Fluctuating share prices

• Low growth and profits

• Forms alliances and Joint Ventures

• High costs

• Poor Customer focus

• Management Accountability

• Will take ‘Calculated’ risks

• Some directions to upgrade Information Technology


Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics Success Organisation

Business Characteristics

• Strong share price

• Good growth and profits

• Costs under control

• Prepared to take business risks

• Good customer focus

• Management embrace /accept change(s)

• Management understand role of Information Technology as a Business Support tool


Information PovertyInformation Poverty

• Planning without facts

• Poor Information Support for Policy formation and Implementation

• Isolation from International Data Sources

• Low Access to Information on International Markets

• Highly Limited Access to Information in Rural Areas

(World bank Report on Developing Countries

Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre)


Some Terminology -1

• Business Functions :

Broad groups of closely related activities and decisions which contribute to a product or service like cycle. (e.g.. planning, materials management, production planning, quality assurance).

• Business Processes :

Decision related activities which occur within a function. They are related to management of people, money, material and information.

Materials Management (Business Function)could be

subdivided into: requirements planning, purchasing, goods

received, material accounting,

stock-keeping

Business Processes should reflect related activity groupings


Some Terminology -2Some Terminology -2

Business Activities : Specific operations or transactions

required to carry out a process

Some guidelines:

An activity should produce some clearly defined (identifiable) result - a product, a decision, a plan ......

An activity has clear boundaries - a clear beginning and end. Activities do not overlap.

An activity is carried out as a unit, by a single agent or a team

Once initiated, an activity proceeds independently of and from other activities.



Business Entities :

Are persons, objects or events about which Information is, or will be, recorded in the Information Data Base

Many of these Entities can be identified with Business Activities (e.g. supplier, purchase order, customer)



Critical Success Factors :

*Key factors which must be performed well to ensure the success of an organisation

*Are also known as Critical Performance Items

There is a paper on this topic for you to read

e.g. production failure rate < 0.01% of total production units

production cost increases <= c.p.i.

customer service complaints < 1% of all customer transactions

absenteeism < 1% of staff in any 24 hour period

product quality => advertised standards (water, power)

no more than 1% of trains > 3 minutes late at destination


Typical Business Management ReportsTypical Business Management Reports

• Financial Status Assets, Liabilities, Cash in Hand,

Cash Flows• Company Customer Information, Client Information,

Competitor’s Information, Profit Margins• Operational Status of the Company and its Employees -

Standards, Productivity, Overheads, Market Rating• Provision of Documentation to Government and other

Regulatory bodies

Revenue Payroll tax

WorkCover Payments GST payments ?

International Trade etc.......


Factors Affecting Retail Business 1Factors Affecting Retail Business 1

• Recession Total Retail Sales

Disposable Incomes

• Movement away from core business - customer confusion

Risk of losing focus and market share• Competition

• Failure to identify changing customer trends

• ‘Optimum’ site for Business

Limited and competitive

Passing trade• Change of Government


Factors Affecting Retail Business 2Factors Affecting Retail Business 2

• Failure to use modern technology for internal and external uses

- software for accounting

market analyses

cash flows

EFTPOS

security coding

electronic document exchange

and: smart phones, fax, electronic displays, noteboards,

graphics, color printing

(prime examples of ‘office automation’

and ..The Web and its services (Communication / Applications)


HardwareHardware

(Data Processing Cycle)

Variety ofDevices

Variety ofDevices

Variety ofDevicesMicro, MiniWorkstationMainframe

Single Application Communications ControlData Base General Purpose

MAJOR OBJECTIVE

To convert ‘RAW’ data ----------> USEFUL INFORMATION

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUTMECHANISMS MECHANISMS


Interprets InstructionsIssues commands to all components

Control Unit

+ - * /> < =

also called Main Memory

Components of a Computer System - HardwareComponents of a Computer System - Hardware

Input Primary Storage Output

Auxiliary or Secondary (mass storage)

Arithmetic andLogic Unit

Reads data Holds (temporarily) RecordInstructions Data and Programs Results


A Typical Microcomputer ConfigurationA Typical Microcomputer Configuration

1. A microcomputer - processor2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy4. A printer - hard copy5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type)

OTHER OPTIONS6. A CD-ROM unit7. A modem/communications adapter8. Voice/Audio9. Video Card 10. ---- any others that you know about e.g.

DVD ?


Hardware - The CPUHardware - The CPU

The CPU or processor is the heart of the computer, and it consists of 3 main parts:

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Control Unit

Input/Output interface (consists of Registers)


ALU

ControlUnit

Memory

InputDevices

OutputDevices

CPU

O/S UserPrograms

I/O interface


The CPU performs actual processing of data.

• Data and programs are stored in memory, and moved to and from CPU as required via the I/O interface unit.

• Signals representing data and instructions travel between system components along electronic pathways, (sets of wires), called buses.

Hardware- the CPU Hardware- the CPU


• Input devices allow user to input data in a format the computer can interpret.

e.g keyboard accepts letters and numbers and converts them to a binary code such as ASCII.

• Output devices allow computer to output data in format useful to user or other hardware.

e.g. a monitor converts binary codes to characters and images, whilst a modem converts digital data to analog form for transmission over telephone lines.

Binary codes are made up of 0’s and 1’s

Hardware- Input/OutputHardware- Input/Output


• Memory - Purpose of memory is data storage. A hierarchy of memory exists .

- data required for immediate manipulation by CPU is stored in small areas of fast access memory within CPU called registers.

- data required for active program is generally stored in primary memory, commonly called RAM.

- data which may be required at later time is generally stored in secondary storage e.g. on disk, tape, or CD-Rom.

Hardware - MemoryHardware - Memory


• Digital computers deal with data in binary form - all data is represented using just two digits - 1 or 0. Non numeric characters and other symbols are assigned unique binary codes.

• The binary code for A is 01000001 • The binary code for 1 is 00110000

• Primary memory consists of a set of locations defined by sequentially numbered addresses. Each location contains a binary number that can be interpreted as data or an instruction.

Hardware- Memory Hardware- Memory


• Memory is commonly measured in byte, kilobytes, megabyte and gigabytes

1 bit = 1 binary digit (0 or 1).

1 byte = 8 bits

1KB = 1024 bytes = 210

1MB = 1000 KB = 220

1GB = 1000 MB = 230

• Secondary (permanent) storage generally much larger than primary (temporary) storage.

Hardware- Memory Hardware- Memory


A Possible Problem ?A Possible Problem ?

Main memory capacity is up to 2 Gigabytes

Hard disk storage is up to 256 Gigabytes

Each ‘piece of data’ is addressable

How can a ‘piece of data’ on a hard disk beyond the 2 Gb range be directed into memory ?

And how can memory located data be directed to the high order areas of a mass storage disk device ?

There is a technique known as swizzling which addresses this interchange


A Typical Microcomputer ConfigurationA Typical Microcomputer Configuration

1. A microcomputer - processor2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy4. A printer - hard copy5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type)

OTHER OPTIONS 6. A CD-ROM unit (probably Read/Write capability) 7. A DVD R/W unit 8. A modem/communications adapter 9. Voice/Audio10. Video Card


In June 2003In June 2003

Intel Pentium 4 2.4 GHz

256 Mb DDR Ram (266MHz)

40Gb Hard Disk

17in Viewsonic E370 Monitor

32 x 8 x 4 CD-Rewriter

PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse

1.44Mb Floppy disk drive

Intel PRO/100 Network Controller

Compaq MicroTower


June 2003June 2003

MS office XP Professional

No Office Software Mentioned - Allow $940.00

No AntiVirus Allow $85 (Vet)

$1,649 ( $2654)

Could be better priced at a Swap Meet.


And in June 2004And in June 2004

HP Compaq Business Desktop• Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology - 2.8GHz,

1MB cache, 800Mhz FSB (hyper thread)

• Microsoft Windows with XP Professional• Microsoft Office Small Business Edition 2003 - Word, Excel,

Powerpoint, Publisher and Outlook• 512MB Ram PC3200 (400MHz), DVD/Combo drive• 80GB Ultra Sata 7200 rpm Hard Drive• 15in TFT Monitor (extra $450) 17in TFT monitor extra

$600• Price ; $1749 ($15.18 per week - independent rental Company)(keyboard, floppy drive, mouse, printer, communications, anti-

virus software ???)


June 2004June 2004

HP Compaq Business Notebook • Intel Centrino Mobile Technology• Intel Pentium M Processor 753• Integrated Intel Pro 11b/g Wireless LAN• Microsoft Windows XP Professional• 15.4 widescreen (1680 x 1050 display)• 512 MB 333Mhz SDRAM• 80GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive• Integrated DVD+RW drive• Processor Speed 1.7GHz, 400MHz• and the price ? $3,495 (or $29.93 per week)


A Microcomputer ‘System’A Microcomputer ‘System’

Main Auxiliary Main Memory Other SystemMicro MPU Controllers andProcessor Co-Processor Devices

RAM ROM

System Bus

Keyboard Video Display Parallel Floppy Disk Serial DeviceInterface Interface Interface Interface Interface Controller


Directory Tree StructureDirectory Tree Structure

c:\

CSE1720 MKT1120 FIN1130

assgn 1

exercises

notes

week 1

week 2

week 3

pastexam

RootDirectory


Linking Micro ComponentsLinking Micro Components

These are some terms you will meet in connection with microcomputers. Some of them are applicable to mini and main frame units.

1. Bus architecture - the path along which the processor sends data and commands to RAM and peripheral devices.2. Port - term used to identify connection point to the bus * serial: serial transmission of data i.e. one bit at a time * parallel: transmission of several bits at the same time


More on BusesMore on Buses

• PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect (Macintosh)

• VESA = Video Electronics Standards Association

• MCA = MicroChannel Architecture (IBM PS/2)

• EISA = Extended Industry Standard Architecture

• ISA = Industry Standard Architecture

(ISA is 16 bit (binary digit). The others are 32 and 16 bit)

Linking Micro Components 2Linking Micro Components 2

Expansion Slots and Add-On Boards :

RAM - allows additional memory to be added Colour and Graphics Adapter - EGA, VGA, Super VGA Modem - Communications facilities with remote computers (nodes) Serial and parallel ports - increase capacity Printer Spooler - offers overlap print/processing Hard Disk - an additional disk storage capability Co-processor - Additional processor used for maths functions Network Interface - Facilitates and controls the exchange of data in a networkAny others that you know about ?


Microcomputer DevelopmentsMicrocomputer Developments

• Publicity about ‘computer developments’ is biased towards the ‘Personal’ machines

= greatest number of users

There are also developments in the Workstation, Mini and Mainframe ranges


Development in the areas of:Speeds (cycle speeds of processors

100MHz for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in

1990)

Microcomputer Developments

Development in the areas of:Speeds (cycle speeds of processors

100MHz for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in

1990)

Microcomputer Developments

Development in the areas of:

• Speeds (cycle speeds of processors 2.8GHz

for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in 1990)

• Disk Capacity - Currently 128 Gigabyte

• Memory Size - Up to 2048Mb.

Compare with 640Kb in late 1980’s

• Add-On Chips - e.g. MMX facilities

• Current tasks - Up to 32. Previously 2

• Reliability - exceptionally high for ‘quality’ units

• Cost : Approx $2,500 now. Previously > $15,000


Multiple ProcessingMultiple Processing

MainMemory

MainMemory

Processor Processor A B


Multiple ProcessingMultiple Processing

Dissimilar Processors - Independent Memories

Memory Memory

Large CPU Small CPU


Multiple ProcessorsMultiple Processors

SmallCPU

Small CPU

SmallCPU

MainMemory

LargeCPU

Dissimilar Processors Sharing Main Memory

SmallCPU


Other ArrangementsOther Arrangements

Duplexed and Dual Systems

FrontEnd Processor File

Storage

Switch

FrontEnd

Processor FileStorage


Other ArrangementsOther ArrangementsMultiple Computer Network with Physically Centralised Data

BaseMultiple Computer Network with Physically Centralised Data

Base

Node A

Node B

Node C

Node D

Node E

CentralisedData Base

high speed communicationslines


Other ArrangementsOther Arrangements

A MultiProcessing Configuration

FrontEnd

Processor Data Base

DataBase

DataBase

Processor

Processor

FrontEnd


Duplexed and Dual SystemsDuplexed and Dual Systems

FrontEnd Processor File

Storage

Switch

FrontEnd

ProcessorFileStorage


Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing

Control Processor

Processor R Processor R Processor R 1 A 2 A 3 A M M M

Results Assembled for Output


Intranet and Internet RelationshipIntranet and Internet Relationship

Firewall

Intranet

Internet

All connections TCP/IP


Server-Side ConnectivityServer-Side Connectivity

Web serverwithmiddleware extension

DatabaseServer

SQL Statementsand Formatting requirements Database

HTML/XML

SQL


Server-Side ConnectivityServer-Side Connectivity

Web Server

Middlewareserver withListener

DatabaseServer

DatabaseRequest

SQL

ResultsHTML/XML

SQL statements and formattingrequirements

Database


Some Web BasicsSome Web Basics

Client-Server Computing with Middleware

Middleware


Some Web BasicsSome Web Basics

Two Tier Architecture

SQL Statements DatabaseServer

Database

Query Results


Three Tier Architecture - Application Server

Three Tier Architecture - Application Server

SQL Statements

Database Server Application Server

Query Results


ExcelExcel

• Let’s look at Excel, the spreadsheet software

• It was mainly due to a spreadsheet (VisiCalc) that personal computers became an ‘essential’ component of the Business environment


Electronic SpreadsheetsElectronic Spreadsheets

What is an electronic spreadsheet or worksheet ?

It is a Computer Software package which allows a user to

• Manipulate mainly NUMERIC data• Develop formulae• Define certain DATA TYPES• Store and Retrieve Files (Spreadsheet and Graphs

also called Charts) • Produce results in Text, or Graphics, or both forms• Include security controls


Electronic SpreadsheetsElectronic SpreadsheetsIt is a Computer Software package which allows a user to• Access BUILT-IN Functions• Develop ‘Automatic’ programs known as Macros• Present data and results in a MATRIX form• Access a large number of Menu Options• Access extensive built in Help facilities• Create quick, accurate and representative numeric

profiles of Business conditions and / or problems• Rapidly amend both data and processing• Join data from multiple spreadsheets• Create simulations



• Prepare information for Management Decision Making processes

• Develop systems for Productivity gains• Develop systems for Personal interests• Import and Export data from other software such as

Microsoft Word, Access, PowerPoint, CorelDRAW!, Harvard, WordPerfect, and a range of other software

• Some software: Lotus, Excel, Knowledgeman, Easycalc, Visicalc, AsEasyAs, Paradox .......



Electronic Spreadsheets are ‘User Friendly’. The current software provides :

• Windows based software• Multiple Tool Bars, Status bar, Function• A Description of the current selected function• Multiple Menu and Sub-Menu Options• A wide range of Built in functions: Mathematical,

Financial, Accounting, Engineering, Logical, Text Handling, Database, Statistical ...

=sum(range), =if(statement), =pmt(statement), etc• Spellcheck



• Some Excel Formatting and Editing Facilities

• Colour setting - text ,diagrams, cell backgrounds• Pattern settings • Numeric editing - $, %, . .0 .00 + - ( ) Credits in Red• Alignment of Text and Data in cells - Left, Centre, Right,

Horizontal and Vertical

• Underlining, Italics, Bolding, Font Size, Font Styles

• Boxing and filling

boxing



File Security :

• Save, Save with Backup (always)

• Password Protection

• GLOBAL (total spreadsheet) and LOCAL Protection

• Multi User Access - Workgroups

• Validation function (as in the exercises)



COLUMN

ROW

A B

1

2

3

4

This celladdress isB3.The cell mayalso benamed e.g.Total


Cell Addressing ModesCell Addressing Modes

1. Relative

This refers to the change of cell addresses when a formula or a reference is copied to another cell or range of cells

Assume that in cell A12 there is a formula =sum(A1:A11)

If this formula is copied to cell B12, then the formula addresses A1 to A11 alter to B1 to B11

if/when any of the values in cells A1:A11 change, so does the content of A12, but not the contents of B12

If the formula is moved to B12, then there is no alteration to the embedded addresses, BUT there is no formula in A12


AddressingAddressing

• ABSOLUTE Used to ‘fix’ an embedded address when this address is moved to another cell or cells as in cascade copy or move operations

The format is (for example) $D$25

The cell reference will not alter when copied or moved from the current cell to another cell.


An ExampleAn Example

Example:

Cell B12 contains the formula =sum($D$25*A12). If this formula is copied to another cell, the $D$25 will NOT alter.

The RELATIVE address A12 WILL ALTER.

=sum($d$25*A12)

B12

D=sum($d$25*C12)


AddressingAddressing

• Other Representations

Column Reference Row Reference

• $D$25 will not change will not change

• $D25 will not change will change

• D$25 will change will not change

• D25 will change will change

• The F4 function key is used to change the mode


Editing FunctionsEditing Functions

• Used to highlight items in the body of a spreadsheet

Regularly used features are:• Justification of data in cells (Left, Right, Centre)• Decimal Point placement (or no decimal)• Definition of Numbers - % $ , Credit, • Insertion of Rows, Columns• Deletion of Rows, Columns• Upper and Lower case• Text and Background color• Boxing• Underlining, double lining,


Make sure you work through all the Excelexercises in the notes - pages 36 to 42 of the notes


Notes from a medical diary :

The patient is numb from the toes down

CSE1720 Semester 1 2005 Week 02 / 1 Lecture No. 2 Some thoughts on Business Functions Hardware and Hardware Configurations Excel.

Documents

cse1720 semester

business failures

business magazine

business functions hardware

profitable profitable

survival business strategy

transition slide

capitalisation slide