S R O S S E C O R P O R C I M 5 4 S C 0 1 T I B J S , E S C f o t p e D e g a P 1 S R O S S E C O R P O R C I M ) E S I & E S C o t n o m m o C ( S U B A L L Y S 5 4 S C 0 1 : e d o C t c e j b u S 5 2 : s k r a M . A . I 5 0 : k e e W / s r u o H 3 0 : s r u o H m a x E 2 5 : s r u o H l a t o T 0 0 1 : s k r a M m a x E A T R A P T I N U – 1 ] s r u o H 7 [ e c o r p o r c i M , n o i t c u d o r t n I e r u t c e t i h c r A r o s s – r o s s e c o r p o r c i M e h t , d n u o r g k c a B l a c i r o t s i H A : 1 - r e t u p m o C l a n o s r e P d e s a B l a n r e t n I : e r u t c e t i h c r A s t i d n a r o s s e c o r p o r c i M e h T . s m e t s y S . g n i s s e r d d A y r o m e M e d o M l a e R , e r u t c e t i h c r A r o s s e c o r p o r c i M T I N U – 2 ] s r u o H 7 [ o s s e c o r p o r c i M e r u t c e t i h c r A r – y r o m e M e d o M d e t c e t o r P o t n o i t c u d o r t n I : s e d o M g n i s s e r d d A , 2 t a l F , g n i g a P y r o m e M , g n i s s e r d d A , s e d o M g n i s s e r d d A a t a D : s e d o M g n i s s e r d d A y r o m e M e d o M g n i s s e r d d A y r o m e M k c a t S , s e d o M g n i s s e r d d A y r o m e M m a r g o r P s e d o M . T I N U – 3 s r u o H 6 [ ] g n i m m a r g o r P – d a o L , P O P / H S U P , d e t i s i v e R V O M : s n o i t c u r t s n I t n e m e v o M a t a D : 1 - e v i t c e f f E , s r e f s n a r T a t a D g n i r t S , s s e r d d A e d i r r e v O t n e m g e S , s n o i t c u r t s n I r e f s n a r T a t a D s u o e n a l l e c s i M : s n o i t c u r t s n I c i g o L d n a c i t e m h t i r A . s l i a t e D r e l b m e s s A , x i f e r P r t b u S , n o i t i d d A d n a n o i t c a . n o i s i v i D d n a n o i t a c i l p i t l u M , n o s i r a p m o C T I N U - 4 ] s r u o H 6 [ g n i m m a r g o r P – , c i t e m h t i r A I I C S A d n a D C B : ) d e u n i t n o c ( s n o i t c u r t s n I c i g o L d n a c i t e m h t i r A : 2 t f i h S , s n o i t c u r t s n I c i g o L c i s a B g o r P . s n o s i r a p m o C g n i r t S , e t a t o R d n a : s n o i t c u r t s n I l o r t n o C m a r , m a r g o r P e h t f o w o l F e h t g n i l l o r t n o C , p u o r G p m u J e h T , s t p u r r e t n I o t n o i t c u d o r t n I , s e r u d e c o r P . s n o i t c u r t s n I s u o e n a l l e c s i M d n a l o r t n o C e n i h c a M B T R A P www.rejinpaul.com www.rejinpaul.com
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 1
SROSSECORPORCIM )ESI & ESC ot nommoC(
SUBALLYS 54SC01 :edoC tcejbuS 52 : skraM .A.I
50 : keeW/sruoH 30 :sruoH maxE
25 : sruoH latoT 001 :skraM maxE
A TRAP
TINU – 1 ] sruoH 7 [
ecorporciM ,noitcudortnI erutcetihcrA ross – rossecorporciM eht ,dnuorgkcaB lacirotsiH A :1 -
retupmoC lanosreP desaB lanretnI :erutcetihcrA sti dna rossecorporciM ehT .smetsyS
gnisserddA sedom edivorp einevnoc n ec ni secca s gni atad n ee d de ni na noitcurtsni .
6808 isserddA ng sedoM rof issecca ng ad at
etaidemmI retsigeR isserdda ng yromeM dda r gnisse O/I trop gnisserdda
gnisserddA edom
cruos rof( e
dnarepo )ylno
.2 1.4 etaidemmI erddA s is ng
rofeB e retfA
Ex1: VOM ,XD 4321 H DX DCBA H H4321
erofeB retfA
Ex2: VOM C ,H 32 H CH D4 H H32
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 74
2.4.2 retsigeR gnisserddA
erofeB retfA
Ex1: ,XC VOM SI CX 4321 H H8765
SI 8765 H H8765
erofeB retfA
Ex2: VOM ,LD HA Dl 98 H CB H
AH CB H CB H
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 84
yromeM gnisserddA
tceriD gnisserddA nI tcerid sserddA ni g
yromeM tceridnI isserddA ng
tsigeR er desaB gnisserddA exednI d esaB d desaB dexednI
ceridnI t htiw isserddA ng htiw exednI d isserdda ng htiw
nemecalpsid t nemecalpsid t isserdda gn nemecalpsid t
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 94
3.4.2 yromeM tceriD gnisserddA
B erofe retfA
Ex1: VOM ,XB H4365:SD XB DCBA H H5468
4365:SD H 54 H SL b ety
5365:SD H 68 H SM yb t e
erofeB retfA
Ex2: VOM C ,L 4365:SD H CL 2F H H54
4365:SD H H54
D 5365:S H H68
Ex3: VOM ,HB OL C erofeB retfA
margorP HB C5H H87
. ATAD
LOC DB 87 H
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 05
retsigeR.4.4.2 tceridnI gnisserddA
erofeB retfA
Ex1: VOM ,LC IS[ ] CL 02 H H87
SI 6543 H
6543:SD H H87
erofeB retfA
Ex2: VOM ,XD [ XB ] XD 232F H H7653
XB H2B2A
2B2A:SD H 76 H SL b ety
3B2A:SD H 53 H SM yb t e
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 15
erofeB retfA
Ex3: VOM ,HA ID[ ] HA 03 H H68
ID 0043 H
0043:SD H H68
nO ly S ,I ID dna XB nac eb desu edisni [ ] morf yromem gnisserdda tniop o weiv f . morF resu
tniop fo weiv [ PB ] si osla sop is elb . sihT emehcs sedivorp 3 wa sy fo rdda gnisse na dnarepo ni
.yromem
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 25
5.4.2 desaB gnisserddA htiw psid l emeca n t
erofeB retfA
Ex1: VOM ,HD H5432 [ XB ] DH 54 H H76
H5432 si 61 - tib di ps l eca m ne t XB 0004 H
0004 + 5432 = 5436 H D :S H5436 H76
erofeB retfA
Ex2: VOM ,XA H54 [B ]P AX 0001 H HBADC
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 35
H54 si 8- tib di ecalps ment BP 0003 H
0003 + 54 = 5403 H SS : 5403 H HBA SL b ety
nehw SS si tI B P si used SS : 6433 H HDC yb SM t e
esaB retsiger nac no ly eb ro XB PB . sihT emehcs sedivorp 4 wa sy fo gnisserdda na dnarepo in
.yromem
6.4.2 dexednI gnisserddA w hti emecalpsid tn
erofeB retfA
Ex1: VOM ,LC IS[H5432 ] CL 06 H H58
H5432 si 61 - tib di ps l eca m ne t SI 0006 H
0006 + 5432 = 5438 H D :S H5438 H58
erofeB retfA
Ex2: VOM ,XD ID[H73 ] DX 0007 H H2A2B
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 45
H73 si 8- tib di ecalps ment DI 0005 H
+H0005 H73 = 305 7H DS 7305: H 2A H SL b ety
DS 8305: H H2B yb SM t e
xednI retsiger nac no l eb y S I o r DI. sihT cs h eme sedivorp 4 wa sy fo gnisserdda na po e dnar ni
.yromem
desaB7.4.2 dexednI sserddA ni g
erofeB retfA
Ex1: VOM ,LC IS[ ] ]XB[ CL 04 H H76
SI 0002 H
XB 0030 H
H0002 + H0030 = 032 0H D :S H0032 H76
erofeB etfA r
Ex2: VOM ,XC ]PB[ [ ID ] CX 0006 H H5836
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 55
BP 0003 H
DI 0200 H
H0002 + H0030 = 032 0H 0203:SS H 58 H SL b ety
nehw SS si tI B P si used 1203:SS H 36 H yb SM t e
sihT emehcs sedivorp 4 wa sy fo da d isser ng na op dnare ni omem ry. enO retsiger tsum eb a esaB
retsiger dna eht rehto tsum eb na xednI retsiger .
roF ex. VOM ,XC [ XB ] ]PB[ si na dilavni in ts noitcur .
6.4.2 desaB dexednI gnisserddA w hti Dis lp emeca tn
erofeB retfA
Ex1: VOM ,LD ]ID+XB[H73 DL 04 H H21
H73 si 8- tib di ecalps ment XB 0002 H
DI 0500 H
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 65
H0002 + H0500 + 37H = H0032 D :S H7802 H21
erofeB etfA r
Ex2: VOM ,XB ]PB+IS[H4321 XB 0003 H H5663
SI 0004 H
BP 0200 H
H0004 + H0200 4321+ = H4525 4525:SS H 56 H SL b ety
nehw SS si tI B P si used 5525:SS H 63 H yb SM t e
sihT emehcs sedivorp 8 wa sy fo da d isser ng na op dnare ni omem ry.
7.4.2 yromeM sedom as sevitavired fo desaB dexednI gnisserddA iw t h Dis lp emeca tn
isserddA ng dom e
tceriD ddA r sse i gn
retsigeR tceridnI
VOM ,HD H5432 [ }XB seY No seY desaB gnisserddA htiw
rtsnI u oitc n esaB
retsigeR
VOM ,XB H4365:SD oN
ednI x psiD ecal
etsigeR r nem t No seY
[ ,LC VOM S ]I oN eY s oN
VOM ,XD ]XB[ seY No oN
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 75
tnemecalpsiD
VOM ,XD ]ID[H53 oN eY s seY dexednI sserddA gni htiw
tnemecalpsid
VOM ,LC [H73 S ]XB+I seY eY s oN desaB dexednI gnisserddA
VOM ,LD ID+XB[H73 ] seY eY s eY s desaB dexednI gnisserddA
htiw nemecalpsid t
8.4.2 O/I trop A dd sser ni g
O/I po tr ddA isser n g
iF x de trop isserdda ng elbairaV po tr isserdda ng
rO tceriD troP isserdda ng rO tceridnI trop gnisserdda
dexiF troP gnisserddA
erofeB tfA e r Ex. 1: IN A H38 ,L AL 43 H H87
tupnI trop on . 38 H H87
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 85
erofeB tfA e r Ex. 2: IN ,XA 38 H XA 4365 H H872F
tupnI trop on . 38 H H87
tupnI trop on . 48 H 2F H
rofeB e retfA Ex. 3: TUO ,H38 AL AL H05
tuptuO trop on . 38 H 56 H H05
rofeB e retfA Ex. 4: TUO A ,H38 X XA H0506
tuptuO trop on . 38 H 56 H H05
tuptuO trop on . 48 H 04 H H06 NI dna TUO snoitcurtsni era dewolla ot esu no ly AL or XA re sretsig . troP ni sserdda eht ran eg
00 ot HFF si ni dedivorp sni eht t noitcur di tcer ly.
elbairaV.9.4.2 troP gnisserddA
O/I trop sserdda si dedivorp ni XD retsiger . troP sserdda ar n seg morf 0000 ot FF HFF . Data
refsnart htiw LA no XA ro ly .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 95
erofeB retfA Ex. 1: IN A ,L XD AL 03 H H06
XD 4321 H
on trop tupnI . 4321 H H06
erofeB retfA Ex. 2: NI ,XA DX XA 0403 H H0607
XD 0004 H
on trop tupnI . 0004 H H06
rop tupnI on t . 1004 H H07
rofeB e retfA Ex. 3: TUO ,XD AL AL H56
XD H0005
tuptuO trop on . 0005 H 08 H H56
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 06
rofeB e retfA Ex. 4: A ,XD TUO X XA H7654
XD H0005
tuptuO trop on . 0005 H 52 H H76
tuptuO trop on . 1005 H 63 H H54
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 16
tinU - 3
.3 1 6808 noitcurtsnI tes
snoitaiverbbA esu d
=8R LA / LC/LB / /LD HD/HC/HB/HA
/XD/XC/XB/XA=61R S /I DI/ PS/PB 61R/8R=R
SC=RS / E/SD S S/ S /IS=RA DI PB/XB/
61=61d - tib ad at 8=8d - tib ad at
8=8a - tib O/I trop serdda s
stnetnoc=8M fo b ety yromem
stnetnoc=61M fo drow m ome ry 8M=M M/ 61
snoitnevnoC desu :
R
VOM OM rof V R, M dna OM V ,M R
M
OP/HSUP P R16 rof HSUP R16 na d OP P 61R
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 26
ROR R/ ,M 1 C/ L rof ROR R 1, ROR 1,M ROR LC,R ROR ,M C L
.1.3 1 6808 noitcurtsnI tes yt p se
snoitcurtsnI era yllamron dessucsid :rednu
ataD refsnarT rtsni u snoitc Ex. VOM ,XB CX
citemhtirA snoitcurtsni Ex. DDA XC ,XB Lo lacig puorg fo sni t cur t snoi Ex. DNA B ,X CX
kcatS rg o pu Ex. HSUP XD O/I xE puorg . NI ,LA H03
hcnarB puorg Ex. J CN OL CN
gnirtS snoitcurtsni Ex. SVOM
tpurretnI snoitcurtsni Ex. TNI 12 H
ataD refsnarT ,puorg citemhtirA ,puorg Logi lac puorg , kcatS org u ,p dna /I O puorg of snoitcurtsni ex denialp tsrif . yehT ucco py es v lare sretpahc ni skoob .
,ereH I nialpxe meht :rednu
2- dnarepo snoitcurtsni Ex. DDA ,XB XC 1- dnarepo snoitcurtsni Ex. HSUP IS 0- dnarepo rtsni u :snoitc Ex. AAD
hcnarB ,puorg gnirtS ,snoitcurtsni dna tpurretnI itcurtsni sno era ex denialp l reta .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 36
dnarepO2.3 ni s rt u snoitc
dnarepO1.2.3 snoitcurtsni in ivlov ng R a dn R/M
HCX/VOM G ataD refsnart
BS/BUS/CDA/DDA B R emhtirA it c
MC/TSET/ROX/RO/DNA P R/M L lacigo
11 snoitcurtsni x 210= 46211 edocpo s
VOM noitcurtsni la aer dy dessucsid - ees noitcurtsnI etalpmet nI atad refsnart snoitcurtsni sgalf era ton detceffa .
2.2.3 egnahcxE rtsnI u tc i no
erofeB retfA
,XD GHCX [ ]XB XD 4321 H HDCBA
XB 0001 H
0001:SD H DCBA H H4321
01:SD H20
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 46
3.2.3 ddA rtsni u noitc ekilnU ni ,5808 tluser fo tcartbus/dda nac eb ni any retsiger ro omem ry l co a it no
erofeB retfA
DDA ,]XB[ XD XD 4321 H
XB 0001 H nI 323 4 sah H43 ,H 0001:SD H 0002 H H4323
erht 1 e ’s. oS lf P ag =0 H2001:SD
erofeB retfA
HD CDA [, SI] DH 03 H H18
ddA htiw yrraC raC ry galf 1 0
SI 0002 H
18 H DS 0002: H H05
0001 owT(B1000 1 s’ ) DS 1002: H H06
weN galf :seulav ,0=cA S ,1= ,0=Z ,1=V 1=P
erofeB retfA
BUS ,HD CL HD 03 H HB0
tcartbuS tuohtiw( orrob w)
LC H52
HB0 =
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 56
0000 hT(B1101 r ee 1 s’ )
weN galf :seulav ,1=cA ,0=S ,0=Z ,0=V ,0=P C 0=y
erofeB retfA
,HD BBS LC HD 02 H FA H
tcartbuS htiw( orrob )w galf yC 1 1
LC H52
HAF 1111= 01 1 iS(0 x )s’1
s’2 tnemelpmoc fo 0000=HAF 0110 = 60+ ,oS F HA = -06
esU : evitceleS ly teser ot 0 emos ib ts fo t eh noitanitsed
stiB taht era A deDN era s’0 htiw teser to 0
stiB taht era A deDN htiw c ton era s’1 han eg d
5.2.3 RO in rts u oitc n rofeB e retfA
RO LC ,HB BH 65 H HF5
1010=H65 B0110 RO
0000=HF0 B1111 LC F0 H
1010=HF5 B1111
esU : evitceleS ly tes ot 1 emos stib fo eht ed ts ani t noi
stiB taht era OR de era s’1 htiw s te to 1
stiB taht era OR de htiw c ton era s’0 han eg d
6.2.3 xE - RO oitcurtsni n rofeB e retfA
ROX ,HB LC BH 65 H H95
1010=H65 B0110 OX R
0000=HF0 B1111 LC
F0 H
1010=H95 B1001
esU : evitceleS ly tnemelpmoc emos stib fo eht tsed i an it no .
stiB taht era X deRO tiw h s’1 era c etnemelpmo d
stiB taht era X deRO tiw h s’0 era c ton han eg d
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 86
7.2.3 TSET in rts u tc i no
erofeB retfA
,HB TSET CL BH 65 H H65
1010=H65 B0110 DNA
0000=HF0 B1111 CL F0 H HF0
0000=H60 B0110
ylnO f segal era detceffa pmeT 54 H H60
TSET lacisab ly ep r mrof s DNA noitarepo . tluseR fo DNA si on t st ero d
ni noitanitsed . tI si derots ni pmeT ger si t .re eT mp si ton elbissecca ot
remmargorp . Th ere si on noitcurtsni ekil VOM ,pmeT H76
8.2.3 oC erapm tcurtsnI i no
erofeB retfA
,HB PMC CL BH 65 H H65
1010=H65 B0110
0000=HF0 B1111 LC F0 H
ylnO sgalf era detceffa
pmeT 54 H H74
PMC yllacisab smrofrep tcartbuS noitarepo . tluseR fo C PM si ton
derots ni sed t ani t .noi It si derots ni pmeT ger i .rets pmeT is ton
ca c elbisse ot margorp em r.
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 96
3.3 dnarepO snoitcurtsnI gnivlovni etaidemmi d ata
VOM
BS/BUS/CDA/DDA B /R M, 61d/8d
ET/ROX/RO/DNA ST/ MC P 8 etyb sretsiger + 8 drow 2 +sretsiger 4 b ety
yromem + 42 drow yromem = 46 ocpo d se
01 snoitcurtsni x 46 = 046 edocpo s
1.3.3 evoM etaidemmI atad ot a /retsigeR yromeM oitacol n
rofeB e retfA
VOM ,XD ABCDH DX H4321 HDCBA
rofeB e retfA
,HB VOM 1 H2 BH 65 H H21
2.3.3 ddA etaidemmI atad ot a /retsigeR Memo yr oitacol n
erofeB retfA
DDA XB[ ], H21 XB 0001 H
SD : 0001 H 02 H H23
SD : H1001
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 07
erofeB tfA e r
DDA XB[ ], H4321 XB H0001
D :S H0001 0002 H H4323
D :S H2001
3.3.3 ddA htiw yrraC etaidemmI atad ot a eR g /retsi Me yrom col ation
erofeB retfA
CDA ,HD 23 H DH 03 H H36
ddA htiw yrraC raC ry galf 1 0
=H36 0110 1100 sah tI f ’1 ruo s
weN galf v :seula ,0=cA ,0=S ,0=Z ,0=V P 1=
4.3.3 tcartbuS idemmI a et atad rf om a retsigeR / yromeM lo tac ion
erofeB retfA
BUS ,HD 04 H HD 03 H 0F H
tcartbuS tuohtiw( orrob w)
1111=H0F 0000 B( ruoF )s’1
weN galf :seulav ,0=cA ,1=S ,0=Z ,0=V ,1=P C 1=y
5.3.3 tcartbuS w hti orrob w etaidemmI atad f mor a /retsigeR yromeM l oitaco n
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 17
rofeB e retfA
BBS ,HD 2 H5 HD 02 H H60
tcartbuS htiw( orrob )w galf yC 1 1
=H60 0000 (B0110 owT s’1 )
weN galf v :seula ,1=cA ,0=S ,0=Z ,0=V ,1=P C 1=y
6.3.3 DNA I etaidemm atad htiw a /retsigeR meM o yr oitacol n
rofeB e retfA
,HB DNA F0 H HB 65 H H60
H65 = 1010 0110 B NA D
HF0 = 0000 111 1B galf yC 1 1
H60 = 0000 owT(B0110 s’1 )
esU : evitceleS ly teser ot 0 emos ib ts fo t eh noitanitsed
stiB taht era A deDN era s’0 htiw teser to 0
stiB taht era A deDN htiw c ton era s’1 han eg d
7.3.3 RO etaidemmI da at w hti a /retsigeR Memo yr oitacol n
erofeB retfA
RO ,HB HF0 BH 65 H HF5
H65 = 1010 0110 B O R
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 27
HF0 = 0000 111 1B LC HF0
HF5 = 111 1010 1 B
esU : evitceleS ly tes ot 1 emos stib fo eht ed ts ani t noi
stiB taht era OR de era s’1 htiw s te to 1
stiB taht era OR de htiw c ton era s’0 han eg d
8.3.3 xE - RO etaidemmI atad w hti a /retsigeR Me yrom lo oitac n
erofeB retfA
ROX ,HB HF0 BH 65 H H95
H65 = 1010 0110 B XO R
HF0 = 0000 111 1B LC HF0
H95 1010 = 1001 B
esU : tceleS evi ly tnemelpmoc emos tib s fo eht ntsed .
stiB taht era X deRO tiw h s’1 era etnemelpmoc d
stiB taht era X deRO tiw h s’0 era c ton han eg d
9.3.3 tseT etaidemmi da at htiw a /retsigeR meM o yr oitacol n
erofeB tfA e r
,HB TSET 0FH HB 65 H H65
1010=H65 B0110 NA D
0000=HF0 B1111 Te pm 54 H H60
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 37
0000=H60 B0110
TSET lacisab ly smrofrep DNA noitarepo . tluseR si DNA fo on t st dero i n tsed i an t noi . tI si derots retsiger pmeT ni . pmeT si ton ssecca ible t o gorp remmar . Th ere si on noitcurtsni ekil VOM Te ,pm H76 . sgalf ylnO
detceffa era .
4.3 Co erapm i etaidemm atad htiw a /retsigeR yromeM lo tac io n
erofeB retfA
PMC ,HB HF0 HB 65 H H65
1010=H65 B0110 NA D
Te pm 54 H 74 H
PMC lacisab ly smrofrep tcartbuS noitarepo . useR lt fo CMP is ton derots ni tsed i an t noi . tI si derots retsiger pmeT ni . pmeT si ton ssecca ible t o
remmargorp . nO ly sgalF era detceffa ab s de tluser noitcartbus fo .
1.4.3 dnarepO rtsnI snoitcu in ov l iv ng SR na d 61M/61R
RS VOM
61M/61R
erofeB retfA
VOM DS, CX DS 2211 H H3322
CX H3322
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 47
etoN taht ereht si on noitcurtsni ot daol na etaidemmi atad ot a eS gm ne t er g retsi .
No. fo sedocpo = 2 x 4 x )42+8( = 52 6
erofeB retfA
,SD VOM [ ]XB SD 2211 H 3322 H
XB H0002
D :S H0002 H3322
2.4.3 dnarepO snoitcurtsnI ot rep f mro nI up t op tare io n
NI A /8a ,XA/L DX 4 edocpo s
erofeB tfA e r
NI A ,L XD AL 05 H H54
XD H1112
on trop tupnI . 1112 H H54
erofeB retfA
NI A ,L H03 AL H54 H05
on trop tupnI . 03 H H54
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 57
erofeB retfA
I ,XA N DX AX 0503 H H5404
DX 7711 H
on trop tupnI . 06 H H54
on trop tupnI . 16 H H04
3.4.3 dnarepO snoitcurtsnI ot rep f mro ptuO ut op oitare n
TUO ,XD/8a XA/LA edocpo 4 s
erofeB retfA
TUO ,H03 AL LA H05
tuO rop t on . 03 H 04 H H05
erofeB retfA
TUO ,XD XA XA H0503
XD H7712
tuO rop t on . 7712 H 54 H H05
tuO rop t on . 8712 H 04 H H03
erofeB retfA
TUO ,H06 AX XA H0503
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 67
tuO rop t on . 06 H 54 H H05
tuO rop t on . 16 H 04 H H03
4.4.3 dnarepO snoitcurtsnI ot rep f mro etatoR/tfihS op re a oit n
ROR LOR/ RCR/ R/ CL RHS/ /S LH /SAR /1 ,M/R C L 7 snoitcurtsni x )84+61( x 2 = 698 edocpo s
RHS dna SH :L rof tfihs i gn tfel / ri thg snu i deng n srebmu
RAS esu d gnitfihS thgir a dengis rebmun SHL si osla dellac sa ,LAS sa m dohte rof tfihs fel t fo dengis or gisnu n de nu rebm si eht mas e
ROR M/R , 1 C/ L desU rof noisivid b p y wo re fo 2
on sah LC . fo semit or t noita si ot eb enod
ROR ,HB 1 /R M Cy
etatoR thgir tuohtiw cy erofeB retfA
BH 0010 0100 0100 1000 yC 1 0
RCR M/R , 1/ LC
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 77
on sah LC . fo semit or t noita si ot eb enod
RCR ,HB 1 /R M yC
etatoR thgir htiw yc erofeB retfA
BH 0010 0100 0101 1000
yC 1 0
LOR ,M/R /1 CL desU rof noitacilpitlum yb 2n
LOR ,HB CL yC M/R
etatoR tfel tuohtiw yc rofeB e tfA re
BH 0100 0100 0001 0001
LC 20 H
yC 1 0
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 87
/1 ,M/R LCR CL
LCR ,HB CL yC M/R
etatoR tfel htiw cy rofeB e etfA r
BH 0100 0100 0001 0100
CL 20 H
yC 1 0 SH /1 ,M/R L CL desU rof noitacilpitlum yb 2n
LHS ,HB CL yC M/R
0
fel tfihS t wi uoht c t y rofeB e retfA
BH 0100 0100 0001 0001
LC 20 H
yC 1 0
RHS ,M/R /1 CL noisivid rof desU b 2 y n of dengisnu on s
RHS ,HB CL /R M yC
0
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 97
tfihS ri hg t rofeB e retfA
BH 0010 0010 1000 1000
CL 20 H
yC 1 0
RAS R ,M/ /1 CL desU rof noisivid by 2n fo dengis on s
RAS ,HB CL /R M yC
tfihS ri hg t rofeB e retfA
0011 0000 = - 04 H BH 0011 0000 1111 0000
1111 0000 = - H01 CL 20 H
yC 1 0
5.4.3 dnarepO noitcurtsni ot daol na evitceffE sserdda ni ot an A dd sser geR i ets r
AEL 1a ,RA 6 4 x 42 = 69 edocpo s
erofeB retfA
AEL IS[ ,XB ] XB 0001 H 0002 H
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 08
AEL ,XB [S ]I yllanoitcnuf emas sa SI 0002 H
VOM ,XB SI
0002:SD H H0003
6.4.3 dnarepO noitcurtsni ot daol SD dna na sserddA retsigeR rf om em rom y
SDL ,RA 3M 2 4 x 42 = 69 edocpo s
erofeB tfA e r
SDL ,IS 0003 H DS 0002 H 0007 H
sdaoL SD dna S s gnisu I in elg sni t cur t oi n
SI 0001 H 0006 H
0003:SD H H0006
H2003:SD 0007 H
7.4.3 dnarepO noitcurtsni ot daol SE dna na sserddA retsigeR rf om em rom y
,RA SEL M32 4 x 42 = 69 sedocpo
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 18
erofeB tfA e r
SEL ,ID 003 H0 ES 0002 H 0007 H
sdaoL SE isu ID dna n g is gn el DI 0001 H 0006 H
tcurtsni ion 0003:0002 H 0006 H
0002 : 2003 H H0007
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 28
5.3 dnarepO ni s rt u oitc n sepyt
1 /CNI /CED TON /N GE M/R
4 x = )84+61( 652 edocpo s
2 /HSUP OP P F/RS/61M/61R
2 x )1+4+42+8( = 47 edocpo s
3 /LUM MI U /L /VID ID V M/R
4 x = )84+61( 652 edocpo s
tnemercnI 61R
XB CNI 8 edocpo s erofeB retfA
Ex. 1 XB 4321 H 5321 H
Ex. 2 XB FFFF H 0000 H
tnemercnI 8R
CNI DH 8 edocpo s erofeB retfA
Ex. 1 HD 21 H H31
Ex. 2 HD HFF H00
tnemercnI 8M
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 38
CNI b pety tr XB[ ] feB ore tfA e r
42 edocpo s BX 0002 H
0002:SD H FFH H00
1002:SD H 21 H H21
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n elg arepo n ,d [ XB ]. tI raelc ton si w si ti rehteh b ety o r drow dnarepo . Byt rtpe as relbmes evitcerid uonna n sec ot eht relbmessa taht ti si a byte noitarepo .
tnemercnI 61M
CNI rtpdrow [ XB ] eB rof e tfA e r
42 edocpo s XB 0002 H
DS 0002: H FF H H00
DS 1002: H 21 H H31
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n elg arepo n ,d [ XB ]. tI raelc ton si w si ti rehteh b ety o r drow dnarepo . rtpdrow relbmessa evitcerid onna u secn ot eht relbmessa taht ti is a drow
noitarepo .
tnemerceD 61R
CED XB edocpo 8 s erofeB tfA e r
Ex. 1 XB 4321 H 3321 H
Ex. 2 XB 0000 H HFFFF
tnemerceD 8R ED C HD edocpo 8 s erofeB tfA e r
Ex. 1 DH 21 H H11
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 48
Ex. 2 DH 00 H HFF
tnemerceD 8M
CED rtpetyb [ XB ] erofeB tfA e r
42 edocpo s XB H0002
D :S H0002 00 H HFF
D :S H1002 21 H H21
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n elg po are n ,d [ XB ]. tI si raelc ton si ti rehtehw b ety o r drow dnarepo . Byt rtpe as relbmes evitcerid uonna n sec ot eht relbmessa taht ti si a byte noitarepo .
tnemerceD 61M CED tpdrow r [ XB ] eB f ro e tfA e r
42 edocpo s XB H0002
D :S H0002 00 H HFF
D :S H1002 21 H H11
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n elg arepo n ,d [ XB ]. tI raelc ton si w si ti rehteh b ety o r drow dnarepo . rtpdrow relbmessa evitcerid onna u secn ot eht relbmessa taht ti is a drow
noitarepo .
mrofreP s’1 tnemelpmoc fo R 61
XB TON edocpo 8 s erofeB retfA
4321 H HBCDE BX
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 58
TON noitarepo smrofrep s’1 tnemelpmoc .
aE sy wa :y tcartbuS e hca eh x F morf tigid
1.5.3 mrofreP s’1 co tnemelpm fo 8R
TON DH edocpo 8 s erofeB tfA e r
HD 21 H DE H
mrofreP s’1 tnemelpmoc fo 8M TON rtpetyb XB[ ] erofeB tfA e r
42 edocpo s XB H0002
0002:SD H 32 H HCD
1002:SD H 21 H H21
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n elg arepo n ,d [ XB ]. tI raelc ton si w si ti rehteh b ety o r drow dnarepo . Byt rtpe as relbmes evitcerid uonna n sec ot eht relbmessa taht ti si a byte noitarepo .
mrofreP s’1 tnemelpmoc fo 61M
TON rtpdrow XB[ ] erofeB tfA e r
42 edocpo s XB H0002
0002:SD H 34H HBC
1002:SD H 21 H DE H
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n elg arepo n ,d [ XB ]. tI raelc ton si w si ti rehteh b ety o r drow dnarepo . rtpdrow relbmessa evitcerid onna u secn ot eht relbmessa taht ti is a drow
noitarepo .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 68
eP mrofr s’2 tnemelpmoc fo 61R
GEN BX edocpo 8 s erofeB retfA
4321 H HCCDE BX
GEN noitarepo smrofrep s’2 tnemelpmoc .
ysaE wa :y tcartbuS e hca eh x dna F morf tigid dda 1
mrofreP s’2 tnemelpmoc fo 8R
GEN DH edocpo 8 s erofeB fA ret
HD 21 H HEE
2.5.3 mrofreP s’2 tnemelpmoc fo M 8
GEN b rtpety XB[ ] erofeB retfA
42 edocpo s BX H0002
0002:SD H 32 H HDD
1002:SD H 21 H H21
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n lg e arepo n ,d [ XB ]. tI raelc ton si w si ti rehteh b ety o r drow dnarepo . Byt rtpe as relbmes evitcerid uonna n sec ot eht relbmessa taht ti si a byte noitarepo .
3.5.3 mrofreP s’2 tnemelpmoc fo 1M 6
GEN tpdrow r XB[ ] erofeB retfA
42 edocpo s XB H0002
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 78
0002:SD H 43 H BC H
1002:SD H 21 H HDE
:ETON - nI siht noitcurtsni ereht si a is n elg arepo n ,d [ XB ]. tI raelc ton si w si ti rehteh b ety o r drow dnarepo . rtpdrow relbmessa evitcerid onna u secn ot eht relbmessa taht ti is a ow dr
noitarepo .
HSUP R 61 Ex. XC HSUP erofeB retfA
XC H4321
SP 8765 H H6765
pmE ty
tpmE y SS: H6765 2211 H lluF H4321
lluF 8765:SS H 4433 H H4433
esoppuS PS tnetnoc si 65 H87 . tI m snae snoitacol ,8765 ,A765 C765 … kcats ni es gm ne t are lluf . snoitacoL ,6765 ,4765 … era pme ty. In noitamrof dehsup ot noitacol 6765 dna PS eulav ahc n seg
ot H6765 . hsuP noitarepo si syawla no 61 ib t ad ta .
.5.3 4 HSUP 1M 6
Ex. ]XB[ HSUP rofeB e retfA
XB H4321
SP 6633 H H4633
4321:SD H H8765
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 88
pmE ty
tpmE y SP: H6765 2211 H lluF H8765
luF l SP: H8765 4433 H H4433
HSUP S R Ex. HSUP CS erofeB retfA
CS 21 H43
SP 8765 H H6765
pmE ty
tpmE y SS: H6765 2211 H lluF H4321
luF l SS: H8765 4433 H H4433
HSUP galF s
Ex. HSUP F erofeB retfA
galF s H4321
SP 8765 H H6765
pmE ty
tpmE y SS: H6765 2211 H lluF H4321
luF l SS: H8765 4433 H H4433
POP R 61 Ex. C POP X erofeB retfA
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 98
XC 4321 H H2211
SP 8765 H A765 H
tpmE y
lluF :SS 8765 H 2211 H tpmE y H2211
:SS HA765 4433 H luF l H4433
:ETON - esoppuS PS tnetnoc is H8765 . tI snaem snoitacol ,8765 ,A765 56 C7 … ni kcats nemges t ra e f llu . snoitacoL ,6765 ,4765 … era ytpme . In noitamrof depop morf tacol i no 8765 dna S P
eulav segnahc ot HA765 . poP noitarepo si wla a sy b 61 no ti ad ta.
POP 61M Ex. POP [ ]XB erofeB retfA
XB H4321
SP 6633 H H8633
4321:SD H 8765 H H2211
ytpmE
F llu :SS H6633 2211 H tpmE y H2211
:SS H8633 4433 H luF l H4433
POP S R
Ex. POP CS erofeB retfA
CS 4321 H H2211
SP 8765 H A765 H
ytpmE
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 09
lluF SS: H8765 2211 H tpmE y H2211
:SS HA765 4433 H luF l H4433
POP galF s Ex. POP F erofeB retfA
galF s 4321 H H2211
SP 8765 H A765 H
ytpmE
F llu :SS H8765 2211 H tpmE y H2211
:SS HA765 4433 H luF l H4433
dengisnU pitluM ly 8R htiw AL dna erots tcudorp in XA
LUM HC rofeB e retfA
CH HEF EF H
AL 20 H CF H HCF10 = 05 8
AH 43 H H10
dengisnU pitluM ly 61R htiw XA dna erots dorp u tc ni XD AX
XC LUM erofeB retfA
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 19
CX EF00 H EF00 H
AX 2000 H CF10 H HCF10 = 05 8
XD 4321 H 0000 H
dengiS pitluM ly 8R htiw AL dna erots dorp u tc in XA
MI U HC L rofeB e retfA
HEF = - 20 CH HEF
AL 20 H CF H = HCFFF -04
AH 43 H HFF
:ETON - LUMI HC noitcurtsni seilpitlum LA na d HC gnitaert th me sa gis n de srebmun . ehT 16- tib tcudorp si st dero ni XA .
dengisnU noisiviD fo XA by 8R dna erots tneitouq ni LA dna redniamer in HA
D VI CH rofeB e tfA e r
HC 0F H
AL 52 H 10 H tneitouQ
HA 10 H 53 H redniameR
:ETON - D VI HC rtsni u noitc sedivid XA by HC gnitaert th me sa gisnu n de srebmun . ehT 8-bit tneitouq si derots ni LA dna eht 8- tib amer i redn st dero ni HA .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 29
dengisnU noisiviD fo XD XA by 61R dna erots q tneitou in XA dna er main red ni DX
D VI CX rofeB e tfA e r
XC 0F00 H
XA H5210 1000 H tneitouQ
XD H0000 5300 H redniameR
:ETON - D VI XC rtsni u noitc sedivid XD XA by XC itaert ng meht sa nu si deng srebmun . ehT 16- tib tneitouq si derots ni XA dna eht 61 - tib er m rednia ts dero ni XD .
dengiS noisiviD fo XA yb 8R dna erots tneitouq ni AL dna er m rednia ni AH
ID HC VI rofeB e tfA e r
H0F = - H01 HC 0F H EE = - 21 H
AL 52 H E HE itouQ tne
HA 10 H 50 H redniameR
:ETON -ID VI HC noitcurtsni sedivid XA by HC gnitaert th me sa gis n de nu rebm s. 8 ehT - tib tneitouq si derots ni LA dna eht 8- tib amer i redn st dero ni HA .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 93
5.5.3 6808 noitcurtsnI Tem lp ta e
deeN rof urtsnI noitc etalpmeT
5808 sah 642 sedocpo . T eh sedocpo nac eb p detnir no na 4A s zi e repap .
6808 sah tuoba 00031 op edoc s. A koob fo tuoba 06 segap si een d de rof p gnitnir eht ocpo des.
tpecnoC fo meT p tal e nI ,5808 VOM ,1r 2r e( x. VOM ,A )B sah eht lof l gniwo tem etalp .
0 1 3- tib doc 1r e 3- doc 2r tib e 3- tib retsigeR edoc retsigeR 00 0 B
00 1 C
10 0 D
10 1 E
01 0 H
01 1 L
11 0 M
11 1 A
Ex. :1 rof edoC OM V A, B i s
01 11 1 000 = 87 H
7 8
Ex :2. edoC rof OM V M, D is
01 11 0 010 = 27 H
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 49
7 2
gnisU eht etalpmet rof M VO ,1r 2r ew nac areneg t fo sedocpo e 26 = 46 opc edo s.
6.5.3 6808 etalpmeT rof atad refsnart teb w nee REG a dn R/M
1 0 0 0 1 0 D W OM D ER G M/R
2 stib 3 ib ts 3 ib ts
GER = A retsiger fo 08 86 8( - tib ro 61 - )stib e( x tpec tnemgeS ,sretsiger ,PI dna F al sg regi srets )
suhT GER = /LA /LB C /L D /L /HA /HB /HC /XD /XC /XB /XA /HD SI/ DI/ BP/ PS
/R M = retsigeR sa( ifed n de )evoba or omeM ry co stnetn 8( - ib st ro 61 -b ti )s W = 1 snaem W dro epo rat noi W = 0 snaem B ety op are t noi D = 1 snaem GER si eD s noitanit etsiger r D = 0 snaem GER os si ur r ec e ig ets r
DOM = 00 snaem M/R s seificep omeM ry htiw on nemecalpsid t
DOM = 10 snaem M/R s seificep omeM ry htiw 8- tib psid l eca m ne t
DOM = 01 snaem M/R s seificep omeM ry htiw 61 - tib d si pl nemeca t
DOM = 11 snaem M/R s seificep a Re tsig re
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 59
3- ib t sigeR t re retsigeR eman edoc
nehW W = 1 nehW W = 0
00 0 AX LA
00 1 CX LC
10 0 DX LD
10 1 BX LB
01 0 SP HA
01 1 BP CH
11 0 SI HD
11 1 ID HB
diA rebmemer ot : LA l C nerdlih Dri kn B ativnruo ,LA( C ,L ,LD )LB
PS ce i la B segareve SIam ese DrI ,PB ,PS( kn S ,I DI)
fo esaC MOD = 11 Ex :elpma edoC rof VOM ,XA XB detaert sa oM‘ ve morf XB ot anitsed t noi re retsig A ’X
D W DOM REG M/R
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 11 00 0 10 1 = B8 C3H
W ro d si XA XB oitarepo n anitsed it no
8 B C 3
:elpmaxE evitanretlA edoc rof VOM ,XA XB gnitaert ti sa evoM‘ morf so ecru tsiger re XB ot retsiger ’XA
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 69
D W MOD ER G M/R
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 10 1 00 0 = 98 8D H
roW d XB si XA oitarepo n ecruos
8 9 D 8
erehT era 2 elbissop sedocpo rof OM V ,XA XB sa ew nac htie esoohc er AX ro XB sa R GE .
Ex :elpma edoC rof VOM ,LA HB tr detae sa oM‘ ve morf BL ot noitanitsed retsiger AL ’
D W OM D ER G M/R
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 11 00 0 11 1 A8 = C7H
By et AL si HB oitarepo n anitsed t noi
8 A C 7
Ex :elpma evitanretlA edoc rof VOM A ,L HB gnitaert ti sa evoM‘ morf ecruos r retsige HB ot
retsiger ’LA
D W DOM GER M/R
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 11 1 00 0 = 88 8F H
By et HB is LA oitarepo n ecruos
8 8 F 8
erehT era 2 elbissop sedocpo rof VOM ,LA HB sa ew nac esoohc htie er ro LA HB sa R GE .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 79
M fo esaC OD = ,00 10 ro 01
/R M = DOM 00 0 = DOM 1 DOM 1 = 0
No 8- dengis tib 61 - dengis tib nemecalpsiD t tnemecalpsid 8d tnemecalpsid 61d
00 0 XB+IS[ ] 8d+XB+IS[ ] ]61d+XB+IS[
00 1 ]XB+ID[ 8d+XB+ID[ ] ]61d+XB+ID[
10 0 PB+IS[ ] ]8d+PB+IS[ ]61d+PB+IS[
10 1 [D PB+I ] 8d+PB+ID[ ] ]61d+PB+ID[
01 0 IS[ ] 8d+IS[ ] ]61d+IS[
01 1 ]ID[ 8d+ID[ ] ]61d+ID[
11 0 [ ]PB tceriD [ 8d+PB ] ]61d+PB[
gnisserddA
11 1 [ XB ] [ ]8d+XB ]61d+XB[
ehT elbat swohs 42 em m yro isserdda n edom g i s e. . 42 tnereffid wa sy fo gnissecca ad t ni derots a romem y.
diA ot rebmemer :
SubI rotcepsn DIx ti is a BoX re ( [S ]XB+I dna ]XB[+]ID[ ) SubI rotcepsn DIx ti swonk ot lortnoc BP ( [S B+I P] +]ID[ dna [B ) ]P
as eH y ’s IS elpm DI te DIRECTs a BoX 're ( [S ,]I ,]ID[ tceriD ,gnisserdda [ ]XB )
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 89
:xE edoC rof VOM ,LC [S ]I
D W MOD ER G M/R
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 00 00 1 01 0 = C0 A8 H
By et No CL si ]IS[ oitarepo n siD p. noitanitsed
8 A 0 C
etoN taht ereht si a euqinu edocpo rof VOM ,LC [S ]I sa CL no ly nac eb REG. Ex: edoC rof VOM ,]PB[H64 XD
D W MOD GER /R M 8d
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 01 10 0 11 0 64 H 98 = 65 64 H
roW d 8-bit si XD ]8d+PB[ oitarepo n siD p. ecruos
8 9 5 6
etoN taht ereht si a qinu ue edocpo for VOM H64 [ PB ], XD sa XD no ly nac eb R GE . Ex: C edo rof VOM 2F0 4 H6 [B ]P , XD
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 99
D W DOM ER G /R M 61d 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 10 0 11 0 64 2F H = 98 69 2F 64 H
W ro d 61 - ib t XD si 61d+PB[ ] derotS as 98 69 oitarepo n Disp. cruos e 64 2F H
8 9 9 6 ni elttiL aidnE n
etoN taht ereht si a euqinu edocpo rof VOM H642F0 [ ,]PB XD sa XD no ly nac eb GER .
Ex: edoC rof VOM [ PB ], XD
D W MOD GER /R M 8d
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 01 10 0 11 0 00 H 98 = 65 00 H
roW d 8-bit si XD ]8d+PB[ oitarepo n siD p. ecruos
8 9 5 6
etoN taht VOM ,]PB[ XD si detaert sa MOV 00H[B ]P , XD erofeb doc ing .
Ex: edoC rof VOM ,XB DS H4321:
D W OM D ER G M/R tceriD rdda
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 00 10 1 11 0 12 21 E1 B8 = 43 H
H43
roW d No XB si riD ce t derotS E1 B8 sa oitarepo n D si p. tseD . a dd r. 43 H21
8 B 1 E nI aidnE elttiL n
etoN taht nehw DOM = 00 dna M/R = ,011 ti er p stneser tceriD gnisserddA .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 001
tinU 4 1.4 hcnarB puorg fo ni rts u tc i sno
itcurtsni hcnarB o itarepo mrofrep ot remmargorp eht ot ecneinevnoc fo tol edivorp sn o les sn ectiv ,yle ylevititeper et .c
snoitcurtsni fo puorg hcnarB
idnoC tio lan idnocnU - lanoit noitaretI LLAC noitcurtsni s nruteR pmuj s muj p snoitcurtsni snoitcurtsni
noitcurtsni pmuJ lanoitidnoC s
suj era 6808 ni snoitcurtsni pmuJ lanoitidnoC t 2 tyb e l s o .gn 1- o etyb 1 yb dewollof edocp - dengis etyb fo egnar( tnemecalpsid – t 821 o +127 .)
lanoitidnoC pmuJ In rts u oitc ns
desab spmuJ galf elgnis a no naht erom no desab spmuJ o galf en
spmuJ desaB no a nis elg fl ga
JZ r8 uJ; m rez fi p o si tluser fi( tes galf 0 .) EJ osla emas snaem .
JNZ r8 oN fi pmuJ; t Zero. .emas snaem osla ENJ
JS r8 itagen si tluser fi( 1 ot tes galf ngiS fi pmuJ; v )e
JNS r8 p si tluser fi( ngiS toN fi pmuJ; o is tiv )e
JC r8 s galf yrraC fi pmuJ; e t t o 1. mas naem osla EANJ dna BJ e.
NJ C r8 fi pmuJ; rraC oN y. mas naem osla BNJ dna EAJ e.
PJ r8 tiraP fi pmuJ; y tes galf t .1 o as snaem osla )nevE ytiraP fi pmuJ( EPJ me.
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 101
JNP r8 N fi pmuJ; o P tira y. ytiraP fi pmuJ( OPJ O emas snaem osla )dd .
JO r8 tes galf wolfrevO fi pmuJ; )gnorw si tluser fi( 1 ot
NJ O r8 )tcerroc si tluser fi( wolfrevO oN fi pmuJ;
.lauqE fi pmuJ rof noitaiverbba si EJ f noitaiverbba si ENJ o .lauqE toN fi pmuJ r
f noitaiverbba si BJ o B fi pmuJ r e ol w. evobA toN fi pmuJ rof si EANJ .lauqE ro
repo citemhtira retfa desu CNJ dna CJ ,ZNJ ,ZJ ita o n
itarepo erapmoc a retfa desu era BNJ dna EAJ ,EANJ ,BJ ,ENJ ,EJ on.
uj drawrof mp
f nevig noitcurtsni EJ gnisu selpmaxe ylnO o f r orw uj drawkcab dna dra m sp .
ID ,IS PMC
EMAS EJ
XD ,XC DDA 0 = Z fi detucexE;
setyb 721=<eb dluohS : ot lauqe ton IS fi( )ID
:
EMAS : ,XB BUS XA 1 = Z fi detucexE;
= IS fi( )ID
E ax m lp e s f ro JE
ro ZJ
i sn t cur
oit n Ex.
rof
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 201
xE . rof drawkcab pmuj
:KCAB
721=< eb dluohS setyb
dnoyeb gnipmuJ - ?721+ ot 821
tnemeriuqeR
ID ,IS PMC
EMAS EJ
tahW fi XD ,XC DDA
721> setyb : :TXEN
:
XA ,XB BUS :EMAS
:EMAS
cnu( PMJ rof egnaR o idn t uj lanoi m eb nac )p +2 = + 32K. retal liated ni dessucsid noitcurtsni PMJ
BUS XA,XB = Z fi detucexE; )ID=IS fi( 1
:
:
ID ,IS PMC
KCAB EJ
DDA XD,XC )ID >< IS fi( 0 = Z fi detucexE;
od nehT !siht
,IS PMC ID
NJ E TXEN
MJ P EMAS
DA D ,XC XD
:
:
S BU XA ,XB
15
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 301
nosirapmoc ni desu smreT 2.4
nU gnirapmoc rof desu woleB dna evobA is deng ebmun rs . t ssel dna naht retaerG h su na e nehw d
gnirapmoc si rebmun deng s. siht esu srossecorporcim letnI llA c tnevno i no .
stnemetats gniwollof eht lla ,ylgnidroccA a t er rue.
evoba si H59 H56 nosirapmoc dengisnU - T ur e H56 naht ssel si H59 nosirapmoc dengiS – evitisop si H56 ,evitagen si H59 sa( eurT )
H59 woleb si H56 nosirapmoc dengisnU - Tr eu naht retaerg si H56 H59 nosirapmoc dengiS - eurT
lpitlum no desab pmuJ 1.2.4 e f sgal
apmoc( PMC a retfa desu era sgalf elpitlum no desab spmuJ lanoitidnoC re) i sn tr cu it no .
tsni ANJ / EBJ r noitcu
‘J toN fi pmuJ‘ ro ’lauqE ro woleB fi pmu vobA e ’
pmuJ fi pmuJ oN fi Ex.
1 =Z RO 1 = yC DNA 0 = yC Z 0 = ,XB PMC CX
woleB lauqE RO evobA yleruS B_XB EBJ E
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 401
2.2.4 EB_XB XB( si oleB w ro )lauqE is a mys bo il c l oitaco n
noitcurtsni AJ / EBNJ 3.2.4
’evobA fi pmuJ‘ ro ’)lauqE ro woleB( toN fi pmuJ‘
pmuJ fi pmuJ oN fi Ex.
DNA 0 = yC Z 0 = RO 1 = yC Z 1 = ,XB PMC CX
vobA yleruS e uqE RO woleB la B_XB EBJ E
4.2.4 ELJ / GNJ rtsni u oitc n
‘J O naht sseL fi pmu ro ’lauqE R ‘J retaerG toN fi pmu tha ’n
pmuJ fi i pmuJ oN f
)0=V DNA 0=S( RO )0=V DNA 1=S([ ] RO DNA ])1=V DNA 1=S( RO )0=V DNA 0=S([ 1=Z 0=Z
vitisop rewsna gnorw( ro )evitagen ylerus([ e! ]) erus([ l ])!evitagen rewsna gnorw( ro )evitisop y
auqE ro l a auqe ton dn l
i .e. [ 1=Z RO ]1=V ROX S e.i DNA ]0=V ROX S[. Z 0=
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 501
noitcurtsni GJ / ELNJ
fi pmuJ‘ oN t ’naht retaerG fi pmuJ‘ ro ’)lauqE RO naht sseL(
i pmuJ oN f fi pmuJ
DNA ])1=V DNA 1=S( RO )0=V DNA 0=S([ RO )0=V DNA 1=S([ )1=V DNA 0=S( ] RO 0=Z Z 1=
vitagen rewsna gnorw( ro )evitisop ylerus([ e! ]) erus([ l ])!evitisop rewsna gnorw( ro )evitagen y
auqe ton dna l lauqe ro
i e. . NA 0=V ROX S D Z 0= e.i 1=Z RO 1=V ROX S.
oitcurtsni EGNJ / LJ 4.2.4 n
‘J pmu fi sseL ’naht ro pmuJ‘ fi TON taerG( er ht an ro )lauqE ’
fi pmuJ oN pmuJ fi
[ 1=S DNA ]0=V RO [ 0=S DNA 1=V ] [ 0=S DNA ]0=V RO [ 1=S DNA ]1=V
raF owt dna pmuJ raeN eerhT J emas eht evah snoitcurtsni pmu evah yeht tub ,PMJ cinomenm edocpo tnereffid s
5.2.4 trohS pmuJ In ts ur tc io n
tcurtsni )8r BE( etyb 2 i :egnaR htiw no - ot 821 + 21 yb 7 tes
awkcaB roF r pmuj d : uj fo mutnauq eht swonk relbmessA mp . uJ trohS setareneG m fi edoc p pmuj deriuqer eht si setyb 821=< . gnoL rof edoc setareneG J deriuqer eht si setyb 821> fi pmu
uj mp .
drawroF roF j pmu : wonk t’nseod relbmessA j mutnauq pmu 1 ssap ni . ser relbmessA erv 3 se drawrof eht rof setyb j tcurtsni pmu i no . I noitcurtsni eht ,setyb 821> eb ot tuo snrut ecnatsid pmuj f
gnoL = H9E( 61r 9E sa dedoc si j )edoc pmu . uj fI m oceb ecnatsid p m eht ,setyb 821=< se sni t ollof 8r BE sa dedoc si noitcur rohS = H8E( PON rof edoc yb dew t j doc pmu e) .
nitratS g FF htiw H
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 801
sA TROHS 5.2.4 s evitceriD relbme
ROHS eht fi ,pmuj drawrof rof edoc pmuJ trohS etyb 2 ylno setareneg relbmessA T bmessa l re
tcerid i ev i u s s de .
SAME
remmargorP dluohs erusne taht eht J pmu ecnatsid si <=1 72 b ety s
uJ gnoL m noitcurtsni p
3-b :egnaR htiw noitcurtsni )61r 9E( ety - yb 76723+ ot 86723 t se
omem ni erehwyna :egnaR ry omem ni erehwyna :egnaR r y
snoitcurtsni pmuJ raF owt dna pmuJ raeN eerht ,reilrae detats sA nm emas eht evah e cinom ffid tub PMJ e ner t edocpo s.
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 111
urtsni pmuJ tceriD tnemges retnI 9.2.4 cti no
tceriD raF dellac oslA J pmu . emehcs pmuj tnemges retni nommoc eht si tI
tsni etyb 5 a si tI r cu t noi . nemges etyb 2 ,eulav tesffo etyb 2 ,)HAE( edocpo etyb 1 eulav t Ex. J COL rtp raF PM
curtsni pmuJ tceridnI tnemges retnI 01.2.4 it no
raF dellac oslA I uJ tceridn m desu ylnommoc ton si tI .p . ht no sdneped htgnel noitcurtsnI e yaw ficeps si noitacol pmuj i de . yb 2 fo muminim a eb nac tI tes.
Ex. J ROWD PM ]XB[H0002 RTP D
tacol ot ecalp sekat hcnarb H4321 si stnetnoc XB fI i HDCBA no : H8765 . 4 a si tI - noitcurtsni etyb .
4323:SD H H8765
6323:SD H CBA D H
noitaretI noitcurtsnI s
pmi ot yaw tneinevnoc a edivorp snoitcurtsni noitaretI margorp a ni spool tnemel
oitcurtsni noitaretI n s
L OO P POOL Z EPOOL ro NPOOL Z ENPOOL ro JC ZX
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 211
oitcurtsnI POOL 3.4 n
semit 5 snoitcurtsni fo tes a taeper ot tnaw ew ,yas su teL .
rossecorp 5808 roF rossecorp6808 roF
VM I H50 ,C C VOM H5000 ,X
:NIAGA D ,B VOM AGA I :N ,XB VOM D X
: :
C RCD AGA POOL I N
AGA ZNJ I N
8 si 8r ;8r POOL :tamrof lareneG - ib t si av deng lue . I si t b 2 a y .noitcurtsni et
uj drawkcab rof desU m lno p y . drawkcab rof ecnatsid mumixaM j etyb 821 ylno si pmu s .
POOL si NIAGA emas tsomla :sa XC CED
AGA ZNJ I N
sgalf yna tceffa ton seod noitcurtsni POOL .
pool evitareti eht gniretne erofeb eulav XC fI si :
semoceb XC llit semit 5 detucexe si pool eht neht ,5000 0
ceb XC llit emit 1 detucexe si pool eht neht ,1000 0 semo
t H00001 = 1+FFFF detucexe si pool eht neht ,0000 i !sem
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 311
1.3.4 ZXCJ oitcurtsnI n
Jum fi p XC i s Z tI H0000 si eulav XC fi yletaidemmi pool eht gnitanimret rof lufesu si ore si a 2
tcurtsni etyb i no . I uj drawrof rof desu si t m lno p y . atsid mumixaM uj drawrof rof ecn m ylno si p yb 721 tes.
Ex. IS ,XC VOM
PIKS ZXCJ
:NIAGA ,XB VOM D X
:
:
NIAGA POOL
KS I :P ID ,IS DDA 0 = XC fi ZXCJ retfa detucexE ;
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 411
POOL 2.3.4 Z noitcurtsni
LOOP whil e Z 2 a si ore - urtsni etyb cti no . uj drawkcab rof desu si tI m lno p y . drawkcaB uj m p
DNA orez ton llits si ti XC fo tnemerced retfa fi ecalp sekat galf Z = 1 . as si EPOOL m sa e OL OPZ . aiverbba si EPOOL t noi f ro L POO whil e E lauq . su yllamron si EPOOL e retfa d a
tsni erapmoc r cu it no . Ex. H40 ,XC VOM
KCAB : A ,XB BUS X
,XB VOM D X
:
:
ID ,IS DDA
AB ZPOOL CK hcnarb ,0 ot lauqe ton XC dna 0 = ID+IS fi ; t KCAB o
snoitcurtsnI LLAC 3.3.4
b ot desu si noitcurtsni LLAC r hcna ot a tuorbus i .en lanoitidnoc on era erehT snoitcurtsni llaC i n 6808 .
ehT 8808 UPC is an 8-b ti pr eco s os r desi deng ar dnuo t eh 6808 ni ter an l str cu t .eru tsoM etni r lan
snoitcnuf fo eht 8808 era di e tn i ac l to eht uqe i nelav t 6808 f nu cti .sno T eh 8808 seldnah eht xe ter an l ub s
eno ,seod 6808 eht yaw emas eht ecnereffid gnieb ah t t eh
8808 seldnah ylno 8- stib at a time .
5+ V
nG d(2) MN I
NI TR Clk
DA 0-AD7 )8(
A8-A1 (5 8)
A16/ (3S 4) A19/ 6S
Te ts
Ready
Reset
iF g . secorporciM 8808 fo noitarugifnoC niP 41 s ro
61 - tib sdnarepo era dehctef ro nettirw ni t ow
SS o (High)
NM /MX
RD
H LO D R( G/G )0T
ADLH ( QR /GT )1
80 88 RW ( OL C )K
/OI M S( 2)
TD / S(R 1)
ED N ( )0S
ALE (QS )0
ATNI )1SQ(
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 441
evitucesnoc sub c cy l .se oT na ylbmessa egaugnal remmargorp ob th srossecorp lliw raeppa nedi it lac wi ht
eht noitpecxe fo ucexe t noi it em s. ehT lanretni retsiger erutcurts si i tned i ac l a dn a ll i sn t ur cti no s ecudorp
luser dne emas eht t. tsulli si 8808 fo noitarugifnoc nip ehT r ta e f ni d i .g 41 .
am ehT j :woleb deniltuo era 6808 dna 8808 neewteb secnereffid ro
T esirpmoc eueuq 6808 eht sa erehw ,8808 eht ni setyb 4 si htgnel eueuq eh s of yb 6 tes .
T eh 8808 UIB lliw fe ct h a wen i sn rt tcu i no ot l dao i otn the uq eue sa s noo sa ti sdnif a etyb
ni )elbaliava ecaps( eloh the ueuq e. T caps etyb 2 a litnu stiaw 6808 eh iava si e l ba el .
T eh lanretni noitucexe emit fo t eh i sn t ur cti no s te si fa f ce t de yb the 8-b ti i tn re af c .e llA 61 - tib
sehctef dna setirw morf / ot me yrom ekat na lanoitidda f uo r cl kco yc c el s. ehT UPC si osla
detimil yb eht deeps fo noitcurtsni ef t .hc nehW eht erom detacitsihpos snoitcurtsni fo eht 8808
era eb i gn us ,de eht eueuq sah time to if ll dna t eh tucexe i no proc sdee as saf t sa t eh e ucex it no
tinu
wolla lliw .
emos sah 8808 eht fo ecafretni erawdrah ehT am j derapmoc sa secnereffid ro t .6808 eht o ehT nip
gniwollof eht htiw ,revewoh ,lacitnedi ylraen era stnemngissa f cnu it ano l gnahc es.
A8- :51A esehT snip era no ly dda ress uo t up st no t eh .8808 esehT sserdda senil era al t dehc
yllanretni dna niamer dilav tuohguorht a sub elcyc ni a rennam ralimis to eht 5808 reppu
enil sserdda s.
0SS sedivorp eht 0S sutats noitamrofni ni eht muminim .edom Th si uo t up t co cu sr no nip 43
ni mi min um edom .ylno /TD R , /OI M a dn 0SS pr vo i ed t eh pmoc lete ub s s at tus ni
uminim m .edom elbat ni nwohs si sihT 5
M/OI /TD R S OS TSIRETCARAHC I SC
0 0 0 seccA edoC s
0 0 1 daeR yromeM
0 1 0 romeM etirW y
0 1 1 issaP v e
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 541
1 0 0 egdelwonkcA tpurretnI
1 0 1 daeR I trop O/
1 1 0 etirW I op O/ r t
1 1 1 tlaH
elbaT 5
EHB ah dna 8808 eht no gninaem on sah s neeb elimi detan .
/OI M detrevni neeb sah . i. ,.e sa nip siht ,6808 nI( OI )M/
muminim eht ni elcyc kcolc eno yb deyaled si ELA mo gniretne nehw ed
eb ot sutats eht wolla ot TLAH hctal e A htiw d LE .
iF g 51 li setartsul eht 8808 porcim r co e oss r s tsy em fnoc i ug rat .noi T eh sserddA - ataD senil 0DA -
7DA a er c cenno t de to t eh 373SL47 lat .hc ehT sserdda morf eht dexelpitlum sub si lat dehc into t eh
373SL47 nehw na ELA rddA( e ss la ct h bane le) si a itc ev rud i gn T1 ts a et fo ht e m rci po r eco s os r. The
sserdda 0A - 7A si iava l no elba eht tuptuo dna 373SL47 fo ca eb n su e d f ro me om ry (a gnol w ti h 61A - 91A ) ,
dna O/I ved i ec s. ehT senil sserdda 8A - 51A era ton mu dexelpitl htiw sutats ro senil atad li en s, neh ce ereht
si on deen to l hcta these a dd re ss li .sen ehT tad a ub s is cennoc t de to t eh 542SL47 t nar s ec i ev r. The
/TD yb dellortnoc si 542SL47 R dna NED ylevitcepser ataD dna eviecer dna timsnart ot .
ecniS 373SL47 a dn 542SL47 are al os ub ff e er d hc i ,sp ti is on t riuqer ed ot dda ub ff re s to t eseh
.spihc ehT sserdda senil A8- 51A deen ot eb reffub ed a dn neh ce the SL47 442 ub ff re is desu for seht e
enil s. ne syawla si 442SL47 fo tuptuo ehT a lb ed.
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 641
91A / 6S - 61A / 3S
A EL
51A - 8A
8808
AD0 - AD7
R/TD
G
iF g. 15
DEN
OE
L47 S3 37
G
OE G
47 LS373
0D - 7D
1A 9 - 61A
47 LS 244
OE
0A - 7A
SL47 244
R/D
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 741
INU T - 7
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 841
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 941
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 051
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 151
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 251
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 351
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 451
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 551
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 651
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 751
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 851
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 951
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 061
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 161
tinU -8
O/I revirD tpurretnI 1.8 A egatnavdasid fo lanoitidnoc demmargorp O/I si taht eht cim roc upmo ter sdeen to c kceh t eh stat su tib
YSUB( is ang l for eht A/D evnoc tr e )r yb aw iti gn in a l .poo T sih epyt fo O/I snart ref si nedneped t no t eh deeps fo eht anretxe l de civ e. roF a wols ,ecived siht gnitiaw may ls wo nwod t eh pac abil ti y of t eh
ssecorp ot rossecorporcim ehto r ad at . T nhcet O/I tpurretni eh i tautis fo epyt siht ni tneiciffe si euq i no .
tpurretnI O/I si a ecived - detaitini O/I tr sna fer. ehT lanretxe ecived si detcennoc ot a pin ac ll de eht NI( tpurretni T p eht no nip ) r eco s os r c .pih na sdeen ecived eht nehW ,retupmocorcim eht htiw refsnart O/I
ti setavitca eht retni r pu t nip of t eh pr co essor hc i .p ehT retupmocorcim yllausu co setelpm eht uc r tner sni t ht no retnuoc margorp tnerruc eht fo stnetnoc eht tsael ta sevas dna noitcur e st kca .
ehT retupmocorcim neht yllacitamotua sdaol na a dd r se s into the pr go r ma nuoc t re ot rb anch to a enituorbus ekil margorp dellac the int re r pu t s re vi ec uor t .eni T sih margorp si tirw t ne yb the su re . The
lanretxe ecived stnaw eht microc upmo ret to ucexe te ht is gorp r ma to art efsn r tad a. T eh tsal sni t ur cti no fo eht ecivres enituor si a ER T ,NRU hw ci h si t py i ac ll y ht e s ma e i tsn r cu it no us de ta t eh dne of a bus r tuo ine. hT is tcurtsni i no yllamron sdaol eht sserdda (s va ed in the st kca b fe ore og i gn to the es rv ci e r uo ti )en in t eh
erehT era yllacipyt three t epy s of int re r pu ts : lanretxe ,stpurretni spart or ni ter an l i tn e ,stpurr dna fos t stpurretni eraw .
xE t lanre stpurretni era itini deta hguorht eht s’retupmocorcim inte rr pu t pi sn yb xe et nr al dev ci se s hcu sa .sretrevnoc D/A verp eht ni nevig saw tpurretni lanretxe na fo elpmaxe elpmis A i uo s es cti no .
xE t lanre stpurretni can f ru t reh eb divi ded into t ow epyt :s elbaksam dna lbaksamnon e. A elbaksam tpurretni si delbane ro delbasid yb gnitucexe snoitcurtsni hcus sa IE ro .ID fI eht s’retupmocorcim tpurretni si ,delbasid eht cim roc upmo ret i ong r se t eh am s bak el i tn err pu t. emoS ,srossecorp hcus sa t eh
letnI ,6808 evah na i retn r pu t fl ga bit in t eh pr seco sor status r ge ister. nehW eht retni r pu t is sid ab el ,d t eh tpurretni talf tib si ,1 os on ma ks able i etn r tpur s ra e ngocer i dez yb t eh orp ces .ros ehT tpurretni galf tib
i tpurretni eht nehw orez ot steser s delbane .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 261
ehT elbaksamnon tpurretni sah hi rehg iroirp ty naht eht baksam le int re r pu t. fI htob elbaksam dna elbaksamnon stpurretni era detavitca ta eht emas ,emit eht ossecorp r will service eht mnon a ks abl e srif tpurretni t.
lanretnI ,stpurretni ro ,spart era detavitca anretni ll y yb xe c pe ti ano l c dno iti no s hcus as evo rfl ,wo divisi no po lagelli na fo noitucexe ro ,orez yb -c .edo eht deldnah era sparT
lanretxe sa yaw emas int purre t .s evitcerroc ekat ot enituor ecivres a setirw resu ehT m edivorp dna serusae
t resu eht mrofni ot noitacidni na anoitpecxe na tah l dnoc iti sah no co c ru r de .
ynaM srossecorp edulcni rawtfos e inte rr pu t ,s or s sy t me c lla .s nehW eno fo t eseh snoitcurtsni si ,detucexe eht rossecorp si detpurretni dna s re vi dec sim li a lr y to xe t anre l ro inter an l i tn e purr t .s erawtfoS retni tpur sni t snoitcur era yllamron desu ot call eht epo ra it gn s sy t .me erawtfoS tpurretni snoitcurtsni all wo the resu
vrepus ot resu morf hctiws ot i os r dom e.
2.1.8 otceV sserddA tpurretnI r:
ehT euqinhcet desu ot dnif eht s rat it gn rdda ess of t eh es rvice r tuo ine (c nommo ly nwonk as the i tn err tpu sserdda )rotcev morf seirav eno rossecorp ot a hton re . emos htiW ,srossecorp srerutcafunam eht enifed eht
dexif gnitrats sserdda of r ae ch int re r pu t. rehtO srerutcafunam esu na tceridni ppa r hcao yb ed if ni gn if dex cev sserdda tpurretni eht erehw snoitacol tor si st dero .
3.1.8 :sretsigeR rossecorporciM eht gnivaS
nehW a rossecorp si etni r pur t ,de ti evas s ta least the pr go r ma nuoc ter no t eh stack so t ea pr eco s os r nac nruter ot eht niam margorp fa ret exe cut gni t eh ecivres r tuo i .en emoS srossecorp evas ylno eno or t ow
,sretsiger hcus sa eht margorp retnuoc dna stat su r ge retsi . rehtO srossecorp evas lla rossecorporcim sretsiger erofeb gniog ot eht es rv ci e r uo it ne. ehT resu dluohs wonk eht cificeps sretsiger the pr rosseco
sevas roirp ot gnitucexe eht servi ec r tuo i .en sihT iw ll elbane eht resu ot su e t eh ppa r rpo i ta e er nrut sni t noitcur ta eht dne fo eht ecivres enituor ot erotser eht lanigiro snoitidnoc nopu re ut rn to the am i n orp g ar m .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 361
4.1.8 eitiroirP tpurretnI :s A rossecorp si t cipy ally pr vo i ded iw th eno or om re inter pur t pins no the .pihc ,eroferehT a laiceps
msinahcem si yrassecen ot eldnah stpurretni morf lareves secived taht erahs no fo t eseh ni ter tpur li en s. i elpitlum gnicivres fo syaw owt era erehT etn rr pu ts: euqinhcet niahc ysiad dna dellop s.
oP l del stpurretni era deldnah yb erawtfos dna erofereht ra e sl ewo r nehw apmoc r de w ti h iad sy cha ni i gn . ehT rossecorp sdnopser ot na tpurretni yb gnitucexe eno lareneg ecivres r uo t ni e f ro all ved i ec s. The
p seitiroir fo dev ci es era ed termi den yb t eh ord re ni hw i hc t eh tuor ine lop sl hcae ved ice. ehT rossecorp skcehc eht sutats fo hcae ecived ni eht lareneg ecivres ,enituor gnitrats iw th t eh hi ehg ts rp i ro ti y device t o
vres ice an ni t purre t. ecnO eht rossecorp senimreted eht ecruos fo eht ni te rr pu t, ti br hcna es to eht s re vi ec ived eht rof enituor ce.
nI a ysiad niahc ytiroirp ,metsys secived era cennoc t ni de a ysiad niahc tes ot noihsaf pu a rp i iro ty ys ets m.
eht tpurretni secived erom ro eno esoppuS pr eco ssor. I t ,esnopser n he
rossecorp sehsup ta esael eht CP dna reneg a et s an ni t re r pu t ac wonk l egde ( NI TA) si ang l to t eh hi tsehg ytiroirp ved ice. fI siht ecived sah detareneg eht tni err pu t, ti will ca c pe t t eh NI T .A ,esiwrehtO ti lliw ssap
eht ATNI otno eht n txe ecived tnu li NI TA is ca c pe t .de ecnO ,detpecca eht ecived sedivorp a snaem rof eht rossecorp ot dnif na tpurretni sserdda rotcev yb u is gn xe ter an l ah r awd er . ehT ysiad ahc in rp i ytiro
p eht naht retsaf erofereht si dna erawdrah yltsom no desab si emehcs lo l de in et rr pu t.
5.1.8 MD( sseccA yromeM tceriD A)
tceriD yromeM sseccA )AMD( si a euqinhcet taht t nar fs ers da at eb t ew en a mi upmocorc ter s’ me om ry a dn O/I ecived tuohtiw gnivlovni t eh mi porc r seco sor. AMD si ylediw desu ni gnirrefsnart egral skcolb fo
atad neewteb a larehpirep ved ice dna the micr upmoco t re ’s omem r .y ehT AMD et nhc i euq esu s a AMD rellortnoc pihc rof the atad tr sna fer repo ati .no ehT niam snoitcnuf fo a lacipyt AMD rellortnoc era
wollof sa dezirammus s :
• T po AMD tseuqer secived O/I eh hc rellortnoc eht fo enil tseuqer AMD eht aiv noitare ip.
• T eh rellortnoc pihc setavitca eht rossecorporcim DLOH ,nip gnitseuqer eht UPC ot er l esae sub eht .
• T eh rossecorp sdnes ADLH dloh( )egdelwonkca kcab to the AMD noc rt lo rel , dni i tac i gn t tah eht sub si disab el .d ehT AMD rellortnoc secalp eht tnerruc eulav fo ti s i etn r an l r ge is et ,sr
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 461
hcus sa eht sserdda retsiger dna ,retnuoc no eht metsys sub dna s dne s a DMA ac wonk el gd e ot arehpirep eht l ved ice. etelpmoc rellortnoc AMD ehT s the AMD tra sn f re .
o sepyt cisab eerht era erehT f DMA: AMD devaelretni dna ,gnilaets elcyc ,refsnart kcolb .
roF kcolb refsnart ,AMD eht AMD rellortnoc pihc sekat eht sub morf ht e m rci oc upmo ret ot tr sna fer ad t a neewteb eht omem ry a dn I/O ved ice. ehT rossecorporcim sah on secca s to the sub nu til eht rt na s ef r i s
pmoc let .de corporcim eht ,emit siht gniruD e oss r ca p n fre orm inter an l epo ra it aht sno t on od t en e d t ub eh s. hT i ossecorporcim htiw ralupop si dohtem s r .s nart eb nac atad fo skcolb ,euqinhcet siht gnisU fs er der .
ataD refsnart neewteb eht retupmocorcim yromem dna na O/I ecived srucco no a drow -by- ow rd basi s iw th cyc le st lae i .gn T ,yllacipy eht rossecorporcim kcolc si bane el d yb DNA i gn na NI HIBIT si ang l wi ht eht metsys lc oc .k T eh metsys kcolc sah eht emas f neuqer cy as the micr po r co essor cl .kco ehT AMD
rellortnoc slortnoc eht IHNI BIT il ne. gniruD lamron ,noitarepo eht IBIHNI T enil si ,HGIH pr vo idi gn t eh rossecorporcim cloc .k nehW AMD noitarepo si ,derised eht ortnoc ll er ma ek s t eh NI HIBIT il en WOL rof
eno kcolc yc c el . T eh porcim r eco s os r is t neh ts ppo ed pmoc letely rof the c cy l .e ataD refsnart eb t ew en t eh me om r rud ecalp sekat O/I dna y i cyc siht gn el . cyc dellac si dohtem sihT el
gnilaets esuaceb eht AMD rellortnoc sekat yawa ro slaets a cyc le tuohtiw rossecorporcim ingocer it no . emit fo doirep a revo ecalp sekat refsnart ataD .
htiW devaelretni ,AMD eht AMD ortnoc l rel hc ip t ka es evo r the ys ts me ub s nehw t eh mi secorporc sor si ton gnisu ti . roF ,elpmaxe eht rossecorporcim seod ton esu eht sub elihw i rcn e nem it gn the gorp r ma
retnuoc ro gnimrofrep na ULA po re a it .no T eh AMD rellortnoc pihc nedi t seifi eseht yc c el s dna al swol refsnart fo atad neewteb eht omem ry dna O/I .ecived ataD refsnart sekat ecalp revo a doirep rof it em rof
em siht t doh .
2.8 Ty sep fo ad ta t ar n refs
O/I elpmiS – fo sgnimit nehw desu I nwonk si ecived O/ ( xE . it yna ylerusiel repapswen tcelloC m .a 8 retfa e m ).
hc sutatS e kc /I O – ti syas ecived O/I retfa emityna enod refsnart ataD si daer y
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 561
( xE . fi repapswen tcelloc dna xob repapswen kcehC si ti i n t )xob eh
ylno noitces siht nI dessucsid si O/I nevird tpurretnI .
etnI O/I nevird tpurr
tpurretnI epyt s
stpurretni erawdraH erawtfoS tpurretni s arT ro snoitpecxE p s Ex . dna IMN I RTN snip Ex . ,3 TNI ,n TNI I OTN Ex . ,rorre orez yb ediviD
noitcurtsni s urretni pets elgniS tp
tpurretnI epyt srebmun
retni yrevE 8 na sah 6808 ni epyt tpur - I( rebmun epyt tpurretnI tib TN) as eb nwohs l wo .
NTI epyt tpurretnI NTI epyt tpurretnI
0 iD v rorre 0 yb edi 5 68208(dnuob fo tuO )
1 pets elgniS urretni pt 6 ocpo dilavnI ed
2 NMI 7 ssecorpoC oN ro
3 rretni tniop kaerB u tp 8 a gnirud( tluaf elbuoD n
4 wolfrevO e rr or )stpurretni 2 noitcurtsni
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 661
5 - F1 .letnI yb devreseR 02 - FF of elbaliavA r esu r.
rof H31 vres ksiD i ec s es SOD rof H12 TNI rvi sec .
noitcA nehw NMI si etavitca d
pni dereggirt egde evitisop si IMN u t 1 . ssergorp ni noitcurtsni eht etelpmoC 2 . cats eht no sgalF hsuP k 3 . tpurretni rehtruf on erusne ot( galf EI teseR s ) 4 . )pets elgnis ni detucexe ton si ,SSI ,enituorbus ecivres tpurretni taht os( galf T teseR 5 . UP HS SC 6 . HSUP I P 7 . si 2( 8 = 4 x 2 noitacol drow morf dedaol PI I )NT 8 . orf dedaol SC m )HA0000( noitacol drow txen
eht ot hcnarb a sekam rossecorP tuorbus i !en
)TVI( elbat rotceV tpurretnI 1.2.8
s ot desu era HFF300 ot 0 snoitacol MAR t I ero TV . I 652 sniatnoc t I tpurretn setyb 4 fo hcae )VI( srotceV .
00000 H H4321
20000 H H8765 ebmun VI si H4321:8765 r 0
40000 H H4433
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 761
60000 H H6655 ebmun VI si H4433:6655 r 1
: : :
HCF300 H7766
HEF300 H8877 FF rebmun VI si H7766:8877
o noitucexE 2.2.8 f )FF ot 0=n( n TNI 1 . cats eht no sgalF hsuP k 2 . tpurretni rehtruf on erusne ot( galf EI teseR s ) 3. )pets elgnis ni detucexe ton si SSI taht os( galf T teseR 4 . SUP H C S 5 . HSUP I P 6 . s = 4 x n noitacol drow morf dedaol PI a W ,y 7 . +W noitacol drow txen morf dedaol SC 2 nI 2 a si hcihw ,n TNI - I eht si n ,noitcurtsni etyb TN . I C edocpo eht sah n TN DH
noitcA nehw si 3 TNI ex etuce d
1 . cats eht no sgalF hsuP k 2 . tpurretni rehtruf on erusne ot( galf EI teseR s ) 3 . )pets elgnis ni detucexe ton si SSI taht os( galf T teseR 4 . SUP H C S 5 . HSUP I P 6 . acol drow morf dedaol PI t = 4 x 3 noi C0000 H 7 . HE0000 noitacol drow txen morf dedaol SC
1 a si 3 TNI - HCC fo edocpo htiw noitcurtsni etyb
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 861
0 yb edivid si tahW 3.2.8 ?rorre Ex . DI LB V
rofeB e tfA re
H00 T rof elpmaxe na si sih 0 yb edivid orre r . I lno t y i tneitouq snaem etsiger eht rof egral oot s r !
H0302
noitcA rof edivid b e 0 y r or r
0 si NTI eht rorre 0 yb edivid roF
1 . cats eht no sgalF hsuP k 2 . tpurretni rehtruf on erusne ot( galf EI teseR s ) 3 . ton si SSI taht os( galf T teseR )pets elgnis ni detucexe 4 . SUP H C S 5 . UP HS IP 6 . 00000 = 4 x 0 noitacol drow morf dedaol PI H 7 . 20000 noitacol drow txen morf dedaol SC H
VI fo stnetnoc eht fi H4321:8765 noitacol ta enituorbus eht ot hcnarb a sekam rossecorP T si as ni nwohs elbat eht a evob .
noitcA rof elgniS pets ni t purre t
1 si NTI eht rorre 0 yb edivid roF
HA A L B L
04 H 06 H
20 H
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 961
1 . cats eht no sgalF hsuP k 2 . tpurretni rehtruf on erusne ot( galf EI teseR s ) 3 . )pets elgnis ni detucexe ton si SSI taht os( galf T teseR 4 . SUP H C S 5 . UP HS IP 6 . 4 x 1noitacol drow morf dedaol PI = H40000 7 . 60000 noitacol drow txen morf dedaol SC H
rep sa H4433:6655 noitacol ta enituorbus eht ot hcnarb a sekam rossecorP t I eh V T
4.2.8 noitcA f ro OTNI oitcurtsni n
1 a si OTNI -b noitcurtsni ety . ht wolfrevo no tpurretni roF e IT N si 4. 1 . fi ylno 7 ot 2 spets oD O alf wolfrev g tes si 2 . hsuP F kcats eht no sgal 3 . alf T dna galf EI teseR g 4 . UP HS SC 5 . UP HS IP 6 . 01000 = 4 x 4 noitacol drow morf dedaol PI H 7 . row txen morf dedaol SC 21000 noitacol d H NI T :ot tnelaviuqe si O txeN ONJ
NI 4 T
txeN : .…
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 071
noitcA nehw RTNI si detavitca
NI T upni dereggirt level si R t. 1 . ssergorp ni noitcurtsni eht etelpmoC 2 . eciwt p/o ATNI etavitcA . I seviecer 6808 esnopser nI T noitcurtsni n N ved lanretxe na morf ci e
P 9528 ekil I C 3 . .kcats eht no sgalF hsuP alf T dna EI teseR g s 4 . UP HS SC 5 . HSUP I P 6 . s = 4 x n noitacol drow morf dedaol PI a W ,y 7 . +W noitacol drow txen morf dedaol SC 2
tuorbus eht ot hcnarb a sekam rossecorP i !en
tcurtsni )tpurretnI morf nruteR( TERI 5.2.8 i no
ERI eht htiw sdne SSI nA T sni rt tcu i .no
FPOP + SC POP + PI POP sa emas si TERI
SSI ot hcnarb retfa PS
PI
C S
GALF S
TER htiw dne ton seod SSI erus ekaM !
ot hcnarb erofeb PS I SS
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 171
6.2.8 roirP ity fo 6808 purretnI st
w stpurretni redro hcihw ni ,noitcurtsni na fo noitucexe eht gnirud rucco stpurretni lareves fI il l eb tacidni sa seitiroirp eb lliw erehT ?decivres e eb d l wo .
TNI ,rorre 0 yb ediviD n tiroirp tsehgiH y
NMI
TNI R
pets elgniS urretni pt ytiroirp tsewoL
NI fo gnicivres eht gnirud srucco IMN fI !ytiroirp tsehgih sah IMN ytilaer nI T rossecorp ,n MN no tceffe on sah galf EI sa enituor IMN ot sehcnarb I .
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 271
5528 letnI 7.2.8 PP I
elbammargorP rof noitaiverbba si IPP arehpireP l nI et r af ce. rof desu pihc trop O/I na si tI nicafretni g I O/ rossecorporcim htiw secived . arehpirep desu ylnommoc yrev a si tI l hc ip.
fretni rof bal srossecorporciM eht ni stneduts rof laitnesse 5528 fo egdelwonK a gnic epxe ir ments .
28 55 PID nip 04
troP A
C troP
oC n or l troP
troP B
niop s’resu morf 5528 ni strop 3 era erehT t weiv fo - B troP ,A troP a dn oP tr .C
4 tnednepedni owt fo desopmoc si C troP - CP : strop tib 7- reppU CP( 4 ) 3CP dna - 0 ( )rewoL CP
noitceleS fo P ro t s
A1 A0 rop detceleS t
0 0 troP A
0 1 troP B
1 0 troP C
1 1 trop lortnoC
A7
A6
A5
A4
t
ccV
dnG
*DR
7D -0
1A
7AP -0
7CP -4
3CP -0
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 371
t morf trop lortnoC a osla si erehT niop rossecorP eh t of v ei w . .5528 fo gnikrow eht sediced stnetnoc stI tacinummoc rof detceles si 5528 ,0 si )tceles pihC( SC nehW i yb no t p eh roc se s .ro tiucric tceles pihc ehT
erdda sngissa nip SC eht ot detcennoc s ses t eht o trop s of 5528 .
ihc eht roF es si pihc eht ,nwohs tiucric tceles p l ce t hw de e ,1=2A ,1=3A ,1=4A ,1=5A ,1=6A ,0=7A n a dn 0 =*OI/M . serdda eht evah lliw trop lortnoC dna C troP ,B troP ,A troP s se as HF7 dna ,HE7 ,HD7 ,HC7
ylevitcepser .
trop eht rof noitarepo fo sedom 3 era erehT s of .5528 doM e .2 edoM dna ,1 edoM ,0
edoM 0 arepO t noi elpmiS ro cisaB si tI I .O/ is ekahsdnah yna esu ton seod tI g lan s . ro ecived p/i na gnicafretni rof desu si tI
o na / ved p ice . nwonk llew si secived O/I fo scitsiretcarahc gnimit nehw desu si tI . M edo 1 arepO t noi I ekahsdnah sesu t I/O . kahsdnah rof desu era senil 3 i gn . p/o na ro ecived p/i na gnicafretni rof desu si tI
ecived . desu ro ,nwonk llew ton si secived O/I fo scitsiretcarahc gnimit nehw desu si noitarepo 1 edoM ro ylppus secived O/I nehw ecer i avretni ralugerri ta atad ev sl .
s ekahsdnaH i efsnart atad ,elbaliava si atad eht taht rossecorp eht mrofni trop eht fo slang r pmoc l te e e ct . i noitarepo 1 edom tuoba sliated eroM s vorp i ded l ta re .
edoM 2 arepO t noi ib si tI - kahsdnah lanoitcerid e I O/ . dnah rof senil 5 sesu noitarepo 2 edoM s kah i gn . na htiw desu si tI I O/
semitemos atad sdnes dna semit emos atad seviecer taht ecived . Ex . sid draH k ird ve . si noitarepo 2 edoM w ro ,nwonk llew ton si secived O/I fo scitsiretcarahc gnimit nehw lufesu secived O/I neh s ppu ly ro
avretni ralugerri ta atad eviecer ls.
2 edoM ro ,1 edoM ,0 edoM ni krow nac A troP
ro ,0 edoM ni krow nac B troP M 1 edo
C troP ,ylno 0 edoM ni krow nac lla ta fi
0 edoM ni krow nac C troP dna B troP ,A troP
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SROSSECORPORCIM 54SC01
TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD egaP 471
dna A troP 1 edoM ni krow nac B troP
edoM ni krow nac A troP ylnO 2
?slangis ekahsdnaH eht era erehW 8.2.8
sil ydaerla evah eW t la de l ht e snip 04 of 5528 . A troP nehw ,slangis ekahsdnah sa tca snip C troP troP dna B are c no if ug r de for ot eh r t nah doM e .0 troP A ni edoM 2 dna oP tr B ni M edo 1 is sop is bl ,e as it sdeen
ylno 3+5 = 8 kahsdnah e si ang sl . retfA teseR fo ,5528 oP tr ,A roP t ,B dna roP t C are fnoc i ug r de f ro M edo upni sa noitarepo 0 t rop ts.
2CP - angis ekahsdnah sa desu era 0 sl roP yb t fnoc nehw B i ug r de i .1 edoM n rehtehw lairetammi si sihT tuptuo ro tupni sa derugifnoc si B troP rop t.
5CP - sa derugifnoc nehw A troP yb slangis ekahsdnah sa desu era 3 i upn t rop i t n M 1 edo .
op tuptuo sa derugifnoc nehw A troP yb slangis ekahsdnah sa desu era 3 ,6 ,7CP rt in M edo 1.
7CP - angis ekahsdnah sa desu era 3 sl roP yb t fnoc nehw A i ug r de i .2 edoM n
528 ni sdrow lortnoc 2 era erehT 5
drow lortnoC )DM( noitinifeD edoM dna
lortnoC )RSBCP( teseR / teS tiB C troP roW d
5528 edoM noitinifeD C ortno l drow
edoM inifed t ni tuptuo ro tupni sa 5528 fo strop eht erugifnoc ot desu si drow lortnoc noi edoM ,1 edoM ,0 o r 2 edoM .