CSE 243: Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware/Software Interface

Topics covered:ARM Instruction Set Architecture

CSE 243: Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware/Software Interface

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ARM Instruction Set Architecture

Register structure Memory access Addressing modes Instructions Assembly language Subroutines Simple programs in ARM assembly language

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Register structure Sixteen 32-bit registers labeled R0 through R15:

15 general purpose registers (R0 through R14) Program Counter (PC) register R15. General purpose registers can hold data operands or

memory addresses. Current program status register (CPSR) or Status

Register: Condition code flags (N, Z, C, V), Interrupt disable flags. Processor mode bits.

15 additional general purpose registers called banked registers. Duplicates of some of the R0 through R14. Used when the processor switches into the Supervisor mode

or Interrupt modes of operation.

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Register structure (contd..)

31 29 7 0

Program counter

R0

R1

31 0

R14

31 0

Status28

R15 (PC)

30 6 4CPSR

N - NegativeZ - Zero

C - CarryV- Overflow

Condition code flags

Processor mode bits

register

Interrupt disable bits

Generalpurposeregisters

15

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Memory access

Memory is byte-addressable, using 32-bit addresses. Two operand lengths are used in moving data between

the memory and processor registers: Bytes (8-bits) and Word (32-bits).

Word addresses must be aligned: Multiples of 4.

Little-endian and big-endian addressing schemes are supported. Determined by an external input control line.

When the length of the operand in a data transfer operation is a byte, the byte is stored in the low-order byte position of the register.

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Addressing modes

Memory is addressed by generating the Effective Address (EA) of the operand by adding a signed offset to the contents of a base register Rn.

Pre-indexed mode: EA is the sum of the contents of the base register Rn and

an offset value. Pre-indexed with writeback:

EA is generated the same way as pre-indexed mode. EA is written back into Rn.

Post-indexed mode: EA is the contents of Rn. Offset is then added to this address and the result is

written back to Rn.

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Addressing modes (contd..)

Relative addressing mode: Program Counter (PC) is used as a base register. Pre-indexed addressing mode with immediate offset

No absolute addressing mode available in the ARM processor.

Offset is specified as: Immediate value in the instruction itself. Contents of a register specified in the instruction.

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Instructions

ARM architecture is a RISC architectureEach instruction is encoded into a 32-bit word.

Condition

31

OP code

28 27 20 19 16 15 12 11 4 3 0

Rn Rd Other info Rm

Instruction format

Instruction specifies a: - Conditional execution code. - OP Code. - Two or three registers (Rn, Rd, and Rm) - Other information. - If Rm is not needed, other information field extends to the last bit.

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Instructions (contd..)

All instructions are conditionally executed, depending on a condition specified in the condition code of the instruction. Instruction is executed only if the current state of the

processor condition code flags satisfies the condition specified in the high-order 4 bits of the instruction.

One of the condition codes is used to indicate that an instruction is always executed.

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Instructions (contd..)Memory access instructions

•Memory is accessed using LOAD and STORE instructions.•Mnemonic for LOAD is LDR and STORE is STR.•If a byte operand is desired, then mnemonics are LDRB and STRB•Recall that the memory is accessed by generating the effective address (EA) of the operand using various addressing modes.

Pre-indexed addressing mode (1): - Offset specified as an immediate value - LDR Rd, [Rn,#offset]

Pre-indexed addressing mode(2): - Offset magnitude is specified in a register. - LDR Rd, [Rn,+Rm] - Contents of Rm specify the magnitude of the offset. - Rm is preceded by a minus sign if negative offset is desired.

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Pre-indexed addressing mode with offset magnitude in a register.

1000

200 = offset

1000

1200

Base register

200

Offset register

***

***

***

LDR R3, [R5, R6] R5

R6

Operand

EA = 1000 + 200 = 1200

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Pre-indexed with writeback (1): - Offset is specified as an immediate value. - LDR Rd, [Rn,#offset]! - Exclamation mark indicates writeback, that is the effective address should be written back in Rn.

Pre-indexed with writeback (2): - Offset magnitude is specified in a register. - LDR Rd, [Rn, +Rm]! - Exclamation mark indicates writeback, that is the effective address should be written back in Rn.

Pre-index with writeback is a generalization of Autodecrement addressing mode.

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Pre-indexed mode with writeback.Offset magnitude is specified in a register.

1000

200 = offset

1000

1200

Base register

200

Offset register

***

***

***

LDR R3, [R5, R6]! R5

R6

Operand

EA = 1000 + 200 = 1200R5 = 1200

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Post-indexed (1): - Offset is specified as an immediate value. - LDR Rd, [Rn],#offset - Offset is added to Rn after the operand is accessed and the contents are stored in Rn.

Post-indexed (2): - Offset magnitude is specified in a register. - LDR Rd,[Rn]+Rm - Offset is added to Rn after the operand is accessed and the contents are stored in Rn.

Post-indexed addressing mode always involves writeback.It is a generalization of Autoincrement addressing mode.

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Post-indexed addressing.Offset magnitude is specified in a register.

1000

200 = offset

1000

1200

Base register

200

Offset register

***

***

***

LDR R3, [R5] R6 R5

R6

Operand

EA = 1000 R5 = 1000 + 200 = 1200

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•When the offset is given in a register, it may be scaled by a power of 2by shifting to the right or left.•All the addressing modes, pre-indexed, pre-indexed with writeback and post-indexed.

•LDR R0,[R1,-R2,LSL#4]!

Relative mode: - Only the address of a memory location is specified. - LDR R1, ITEM. - This would normally be Absolute addressing mode, but since there is no absolute addressing mode, the EA is computed as the offset of this memory location from the PC. - Operand must be within +4095 bytes relative to the updated PC. (PC points to the location following the instruction)

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Relative mode

52 = offset

1000

word (4 bytes)

ITEM = 1060 Operand

Memory address

updated [PC] = 1008

***

***

LDR R1, ITEM

1004

1008 -

-

PC points to the word after the instruction location. EA = 1008 + 52

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Instructions (contd..)Memory access instructionsBlock transfer instructions

•Instructions for loading and storing multiple operands. •Any subset of the general purpose registers can be loaded/stored. •Mnemonic for Load Multiple is LDM, Store Multiple is STM. •Memory operands must be available in successive locations.•All forms of pre- and post-indexing with and without writeback can be used. •Operate on a base register Rn specified in an instruction.•Only word size operands are allowed.•Useful in implementing subroutines, when multiple registers need tobe stored onto the stack.

LDM R10 [R0,R1,R6,R7]R10 is the base register and contains 1000. Transfers the contents of locations 1000, 1004, 1008 and 1012 toregisters R0, R1, R6 and R7 respectively.

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Instructions (contd..)Register move instructions

Copy the contents of register R0 to register R1. - MOV R1, R0

Load the an immediate operand in the low-order 8 bits of register R0. - MOV R1, #76

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Instructions (contd..)Arithmetic instructions

•Arithmetic instructions operate on operands given in the general-purposeregisters or on immediate operands. •Memory operands are not allowed for these instructions (Typical of RISCarchitectures).

OPcode Rd, Rn, Rm - Operation is performed using the operands in registers Rn, Rm. - Result is stored in register Rd.

OPcode Rd, Rn, #Operand. - Second operand may also be given in an immediate mode.

OPcode Rd, Rn, Rm, LSL #2 - When the second operand is specified in a register, it may also be shifted left or right.

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Instructions (contd..)Operand shift instructions

Shifting and rotation operations are performed as separate instructionsin most other processorsIn case of ARM, shifting and rotation operations can be incorporated intomost instructions. - Saves code space and may improve execution time performance.

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Instructions (contd..)Conditional branch instructions

•Contain a signed 2’s complement offset that is added to the updatedcontents of the PC to generate branch target address. •Condition to be tested to determine whether or not branching should take place is specified in the high-order 4 bits of the instruction word.

Condition

31

OP code

28 27

Offset

24 23 01000

LOCATION = 1100

BEQ LOCATION

Branch target instruction

1004

updated [PC] = 1008

Offset = 92

Instruction format

Note that in general the PC would have pointed to 1004. But here it points to 1008 for the reasons of pipelined execution.

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Instructions (contd..)Instructions to set condition codes

•Conditional branch instructions check the condition code flags in the status register.•Condition code flags may be set by arithmetic and logic operations if explicitly specified to do so by a bit in the OP-code. •Some instructions are provided for the sole purpose of setting conditioncode flags.

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Assembly language

AREA indicates the beginning of a block of memory Uses the argument CODE or DATA. AREA CODE indicates the beginning of a code block. AREA DATA indicates the beginning of a data block.

ENTRY directive indicates that the program is to begin execution at the following instruction.

DCD directive is used to label and initialize a data operand.

EQU directive is used to equate symbolic names to constants.

RN directive is used to assign a symbolic name to a register indicative of its usage in the program.

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Subroutines

•Branch and link (BL) instruction is used to call a subroutine.•Operates in the same way as other branch instructions. •In addition, stores the return address of the next instruction following the BL instruction into register R14.•R14 acts as a link register.•For nested subroutines, the contents of the link register may be stored on the stack by the subroutine. •Register R13 acts as the stack pointer.•Parameters can be passed through registers or on the stack.

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Simple programs in ARM assembly language

LDR R1,N Loadcount into R1.LDR R2,POINTER LoadaddressNUM1 into R2.MOV R0,#0 Clearaccumulator R0.

LOOP LDR R3,[R2],#4 Loadcurrent number into R3.ADD R0,R0,R3 Add numberinto R0.SUBS R1,R1,#1 Decrement loopcounterR1.BGT LOOP Branchback ifnotdone.STR R0,SUM Storesum.

Add N numbers: - The first number is stored at the starting address NUM1. - The count of numbers to be added is stored at address N. - Store the result at location SUM. - Size of each number to be added is Word.

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Simple programs in ARM assembly language

Memory Addressingaddress ordatalabel Operation information

Assemblerdirectives AREA CODEENTRY

Statementsthat LDR R1,Ngenerate LDR R2,POINTERmachine MOV R0,#0

instructions LOOP LDR R3,[R2],#4ADD R0,R0,R3SUBS R1,R1,#1BGT LOOPSTR R0,SUM

Assemblerdirectives AREA DATASUM DCD 0N DCD 5POINTER DCD NUM1NUM1 DCD 3, 17,27, 12,322

END

Beginning of the code block

Begin execution from next instruction.

Beginning of the data block

Label & initialize data operands

CSE 243: Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware/Software Interface

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