CS121: Software Development

CS121: Software Development

Today

• Importance of software development

• Software methodologies• Overview of course• First assignment• Administrative issues

“Software Development”

…later in the millennium…

Customer Developer

Here it is …

We need

software to ….

Customer Developer

Key Processes

• Requirements• Design • Implementation • Testing

“Software Development”

…later in the millennium…

Customer Developer

Here it is …

We need

software to ….

Customer Developer

Customer Developer

It broke

!

Key Processes

• Requirement• Design • Implementation • Testing• Maintenance

Key Processes

• Requirement • Design• Implementation (focus of CS70) • Testing• Maintenance

Why study software development?

• Society has become increasingly dependent on software systems.– How many software systems do you

interact with every day?

Why study software development?

• Society has become increasingly dependent on software systems.

• Failures in software systems can be costly and dangerous.

10 mi.

Expedia Maps: I need to go to the airport (1999)

Output reported in The Risks Digest          Oct. 1, 1999

Excerpts from Expedia Maps directions:From: Laurel, Maryland To: Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Maryland Driving Distance: 5865.1 miles Time: 9 day(s) 3 hour(s) 22 minute(s)

Time (hour:minute) Instruction 0:00 Depart Laurel, Maryland 1:01 Entering Delaware 1:17 Entering New Jersey 3:24 Entering New York 3:51 Entering Connecticut 5:51 Entering Massachusetts 7:29 Entering New Hampshire 7:44 Entering Maine 12:20 Entering New Brunswick 20:20 Take the North Sydney-Argentia Ferry 34:32 Entering Newfoundland 36:35 Turn left onto Local road(s) (4543.1 mi) 219:22 Arrive Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Maryland

Why study software development?

• Society has become increasingly dependent on software systems.

• Failures in software systems can be costly and dangerous

Therac-25

• Linear accelerators create high- energy beams

that can destroy tumors with minimal impact on the surrounding healthy tissue

• Therac 25 was the first linear accelerator with dosage controlled solely by software (as opposed to hardware)

1983: Pre-release Safety Analysis

• Programming errors have been reduced by extensive testing on a hardware simulator and under field conditions on teletherapy units. Any residual software errors are not included in the analysis.

• Program software does not degrade due to wear, fatigue, or reproduction process.

• Computer execution errors are caused by faulty hardware components and by "soft" (random) errors induced by alpha particles and electromagnetic noise.

and then …

• 1983: First Therac 25 installed

• 1985-1987: Six massive-overdose accidents due to “software error” are reported. Overdoses caused severe burns and death.

• 1987: Recalled for extensive design changes, including hardware to safeguard against software errors in dosage.

Why study software development?

• Society has become increasingly dependent on software systems.

• Failures in software systems can be costly and dangerous

• Software design/development is HARD!

FAA

• 1981: FAA announced plans to modernize air-traffic control.

• 1985: IBM awarded contract. System estimate to have 1.5 million lines of code, cost $2.5 billion, and be deployed by 1991.

• 1987: Revised cost $4.3 billion, deployment slipped to 1995.

• 1994: FAA decided that the project would never be completed, and cancelled it. Net loss $1.5 billion

Stats on software projects

• 31.1% are canceled before they are finished

• 52.7% overrun their cost estimates by at least 189%

• 33.3% overrun their time estimates by 100%-200%

• 94% of all projects do a “restart”

J. Johnson, “Creating Chaos,” American Programmer, July 1995

Is there hope?

Software engineering: tools, techniques, and principles to promote software quality

software engineering is an evolving field

Historical Perspective

1950s

this is how to do it

Code and fix

Historical Perspective

1950s

Historical Perspective

1970s that was soooooo wrong, but now we know,

this is how to do it

waterfall

1950s

Essential Processes of Software Development

• Requirements

• Design

• Implementation

• Testing

Software Life Cycle Model

How to organize the key processes of

software development

Waterfall Model

Requirements

Design

Implementation

Test

with feedback

Historical Perspective

1970s

1950s

What is wrong with waterfall?

• Initial requirements are speculative

Requirements

“The hardest single part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build.”

Frederick P. Brooks Jr. in “No Silver Bullet”:

Requirements

“No other part of of the work so cripples the resulting system if done wrong. No other part is more difficult to rectify later.”

Frederick P. Brooks Jr. in “No Silver Bullet”:

1992 Iowa State study of safety-critical errors in software systems for Voyager and Galileo:

The majority of safety-critical software errors were not caused in the design or implementation process. They were due to errors in the requirements specification. The systems as specified were flawed.

Requirements

• Customer’s don’t usually know what they want/need

• Even if they do know what they want/need, they are likely to change their minds

Growth in requirements

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 100 1000 10000 100000

Project Size in Function Points

Cre

epin

g R

eq's

as

% o

f O

rig

Source: Applied Software Measurement, Capers Jones, 1997. Based on 6,700 systems.

% in

cre

as

e in

re

qu

irem

en

ts

du

rin

g p

roje

ct

life

What is wrong waterfall?

• Initial requirements are speculative• Initial designs are speculative

Design

Design Methods: Seeds of Human Futures (Jones, 1970)

“The fundamental problem is that designers are obliged to use current information to predict a future state that will not come about unless their predictions are correct.”

What is wrong waterfall?

• Initial requirements are speculative• Initial designs are speculative• Speculative decisions compound

Complexity vs. Productivity

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

1 10 100 1000

Project Size in KSLOC

SL

OC

/Per

son

Mo

nth

Source: Measures For Excellence, Putnam, 1992. Based on 1,600 systems.

SLO

C/P

ers

on

Mon

th

What is wrong waterfall?

• Initial requirements are speculative• Initial designs are speculative• Speculative decisions compound

• As a result we build the wrong thing that doesn’t work any

Historical Perspective

Don’t bite off more than you can chew.

1990s

1970s

1950s

Iterative Models

In each iteration:• Identify the objectives of the iteration• Design a solution to achieve the

objectives• Implement the solution• Test the implementation

Each iteration is a mini-waterfall process.

Boehm Spiral Model

•Iterations: .5 – 2 years

•Risk analysis

•Prototype-based

Boehm (1988) was first to clearly articulate the advantages of iterative development.

Agile principles

• Working software, delivered regularly, is the primary measure of progress

• High standards of excellence; test regularly and re-factor/redesign when necessary

• Customer involvement is critical• Simplicity; just-in-time design/development• Adaptability; embrace change• Small, cross-functional, self-organizing teams

of professionals

Scrum Model

A small group is responsible for picking up the ball and moving it toward the goal.

RUP Life Cycle

ManagementEnvironment

Business Modeling

Implementation

Test

Analysis & Design

Preliminary Iteration(s)

Iter.#1

PhasesProcesses

Iterations within phases

Supporting Workflows

Iter.#2

Iter.#n

Iter.#n+1

Iter.#n+2

Iter.#m

Iter.#m+1

Deployment

Configuration Mgmt

Requirements

Elaboration TransitionInception Construction

Iterations

…

Extreme Programming

Do agile methods work?

Succeeded

Challenged

Failed

Succeeded

Challenged

Failed

1994 2004

Standish CHAOS survey

16% 29%

53%53%

18%31%

Software projects

come in all shapes and size

some are easy, many hard

Harder• Large• Open-ended, poorly

understood • Cutting edge

technology• Inexperienced

personnel• Stringent

requirements

Easier• Small• Well defined

• Ready-to-use tools, packages

• Experienced personnel

• Flexible requirements

Objectives of CS121

• Understand the problems • Understand the various solutions

to the problems• Practice applying the solutions to a

particular problem

Project

You will work in teams to design and develop an educational computer game for social science teachers at Hillside Middle School, Kalamazoo, MI

Why games?

• Games involve a range of problems that rarely show up in a single software project– User interface design– Computer graphics and sound– Simulation and modeling– Real-time– AI, networking, etc.

• You already have domain expertise• Games are great projects for your portfolio• Scope of the game project can be “easy” to

adjust

Why educational games?

• Customer involvement• Understanding an “other” user• Useful product

Overview of Project

• Phase 1: Develop game concept• Phase 2: Design game/software• Phase 3: Evaluate, refine, add

content

But not waterfall. Each phase will have involve several iterations/deliverables.

Phase 1

• Competitive analysis• High concept• Management plan for phase 1• Customer elicitation• Technology assessment• Game Design Document (preliminary)• Prototype• Proposal

Assignments due next time

• Competitive analysis• High Concept• Initial management Plan (incl. trac

set up)

Details on the phase 1 project page

Readings (Keller)

Reading for next time

• McConnel: requirements, software quality

• Wiegers: Requirement Traps• Ambler: Big Requirements Up Front• Trac Guide: wiki, ticket• Keller: Goal breakdown

Daily quizzes

• Based on reading – McConnell– other articles linked to web page

Grading

• Project 65%• Midterm exam 10%• Final exam 10%• Daily quizzes 10%• Class participation 5%

Today

• Complete intro questionnaires• Make sure you have subscribed to

the class mail list• See me if you need accounts for:

– Charlie– Knuth

Tomorrow

I’ll email (and post) team assignments

Assignments

• Typically due on Monday• Exceptions:

– next week

Next week

• Wed – you will meet with the customer• 1 team will do an “elicitation” in class

(the guinea pigs are guaranteed the full 10 point credit for the actual elicitation – volunteers?)

• the rest will do it after class Wed. or Thurs. morning – post all available times on your wiki

Sample questions from today

• What are the key processes to software development?

• What is a software life cycle model?• What is the waterfall model? What are its

problems?• How do iterative and agile models differ from

the waterfall model?• How do iterative and agile models differ from

each other?• What is the Boehm Spiral model and why is it

important?• Name two different agile process methods