CS101 Introduction of computing www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture Wise Questions and Answers For Final Term Exam Preparation by Virtualians Social Network MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.23 What are Behavioral Theories? There are two types of Behavioral Theories Ohio State and University of Michigan Ohio State is about Employee-Orientation and Production-Orientation University of Michigan is about Initiating Structure and Consideration What is Directive leader? • Lets employees know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. What is Supportive leader • Is friendly and shows concern for the needs of employees. What is Participative leader • Consults with employees and uses their suggestions before making a decision. What is Achievement-oriented leader • Sets challenging goals and expects employees to perform at their highest levels.
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CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture Wise Questions and Answers
For Final Term Exam Preparation by Virtualians Social Network
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.23
What are Behavioral Theories?
There are two types of Behavioral Theories
Ohio State and University of
Michigan
Ohio State is about Employee-Orientation and Production-Orientation
University of
Michigan is about Initiating Structure and
Consideration
What is Directive leader?
• Lets employees know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific
guidance as to how to accomplish tasks.
What is Supportive leader
• Is friendly and shows concern for the needs of employees.
What is Participative leader
• Consults with employees and uses their suggestions before making a decision.
What is Achievement-oriented leader
• Sets challenging goals and expects employees to perform at their highest levels.
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
What is Trait of a Charismatic Leader
• Self-confidence
• A vision
• Strong conviction in that
vision
• Out of the ordinary behavior
• The image of a change agent
Two Types of Charismatic Leaders
– Visionary Charismatic Leaders
• Through communication ability, the visionary charismatic leader links followers‟
needs and goals to job or organizational goals.
– Crisis-Based Charismatic Leaders
• The crisis-produced charismatic leader communicates clearly what actions need to
be taken and what their consequences will be.
Transformational leaders
– Leading -- changing the organization to fit the environment
– Develop, communicate, enact a vision
Transactional leaders
– Managing -- linking job performance to rewards
– Ensure employees have necessary resources
– Apply contingency leadership theories
What is Five Dimensions of Trust
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
• Integrity (honesty and truthfulness)
• Competence (technical/interpersonal)
• Consistency (reliability, predictability and good judgment in handling situations)
• Loyalty (willingness to protect and save face for a person)
• Openness (willingness to share ideas and information freely)
What is Types of Trust
• Deterrence-based trust
• Trust based on fear of reprisal if the trust is violated
• Knowledge-based trust
• Trust based on the behavioral predictability that comes from a history of interaction
• Identification-based trust
• Trust based on an emotional connection between the parties
What is Contingency Theories. Explain it
Contingency theory is a behavioral theory
It tells us in simple way there is no single best way to design organizational structures.
The best way of organizing e.g. a company, is, however, contingent upon the internal and
external situation of the company.
Contingency Theory of Organizations
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
Trait Theories of Leadership...
Trait Theories of Leadership are used for predicting where leadership effectiveness is effective
or not.
The trait model of leadership is base on the characteristics of many leaders successful and
unsuccessful
Leadership
Leadership is the ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to
achieve organizational goals. Management consists of four functions: Planning, organizing,
controlling and leading. Leading is the major part of a manager‟s job yet a manager must also
plan, organize and control. Broadly speaking, Leadership deals with the interpersonal aspects of
a manager‟s job, whereas planning, organizing and controlling deals with administrative aspects.
Leaders deal change, inspiration, motivation and influence. In contrast management deals more
with maintaining equilibrium and the status quo.
Vision:
Vision is the ability to imagine different and better conditions and better way to achieve them.
The visionary people look beyond the immediate future to create an image of what the
organization or unit is capable of becoming. A vision is deigned to close the discrepancy
between present and ideal condition.
Self- worth:
Self worth is the positive opinion about one‟s own self. When a person thinks that he is capable
of doing any task in a good manner.
Feel free to ask course related questions on MDB.
Legitimate power
Legitimate power emerges as one‟s formal power due to his position in the hierarchy of an
organization; one can have this power in his day to day business, in other words one can have
this power due to his responsibilities in a certain organization, Legitimate power can increase by
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
adding the responsibilities, as well as it can decrease if someone fails to meet all the
responsibilities, legitimate power is also viewed as coercive and reward power
Deference trust and where fear of reprisal exist then how trust can be remained among people
Deterrence-based trust is actually based on consistency of behavior continued by the threat or
promise of consequences in case the consistency is not maintained. For example: A trading
partner (supplier) do what they say they will do because of a fear of punishment (cancellation of
contracts), if they do not perform and supply consistently. Here the threat of punishment is seen
as a negative factor.
In path goal theory leaders are less motiveted or managers?
Path goal theory specifies that the leader‟s responsibility is to increase followers‟ motivation to
attain organizational goals. The essence of path goal theory is that the leader‟s job is to assist
followers in attaining their goals and to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall
objectives of the group or organization. A leader‟s behavior is acceptable to employees to the
degree that they view it as an immediate source of satisfaction or as a means of future
satisfaction. The leader will not be able to motivate his followers unless he himself is not
motivated.
what is defference between leader and managers?
Manager is someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work
activities in order to accomplish organizational goals.
Leader is someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority.
Managers are appointed to their position. Their ability to influence is based on appointed or
emerge from within a work group while leaders are able to influence others to perform beyond
the actions dictated by formal authority.
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
Charismatic leadreship?
Charisma is the special quality of leaders like extraordinary determination that differentiate them
from others. The main feature of charismatic leadership is that it involves very strong
relationship and interaction between the leader and the people being led. Charismatic leaders are
visionary, action oriented with very effective communication skills and self-promoting
personality
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.24
What is Contingency approaches?
Contingency approaches are leadership models that describe the relationship between leader‟s
styles and specific organizational situations. It includes leadership model developed by Fiedler
and his associates, the situational theory of Hersey and Blanchard, and path goal theory.
What is Coercive power?
Coercive power is the ability of the power holder to remove something from a person or gain his
personal interest. For example: A threatened strike action by a labor union to force the
management to accept their demands. Or another example can be the threat of preventing
promotion or transfer of a subordinate for poor performance.
What is Deterrence-based trust?
Deterrence-based trust depends on consistent behavior and the threat of punishment; it is based
on fear of reprisal in the case of violation of trust. It can be long-run, but in organizational
perspective most of the time it is short term. Because these relationships are not long lasting and
it lasts until the position hold by the person is changed.
What is "POWER AND POLITICS"?
Power can be defined as “the ability of a person to influence the behavior of others to get things
done is the manner he/she wants them to be done.” Or we can say that “It is ones capability to
influence others.”
For instance, a manager in a company has power of both rewards and punishment, so he uses
these powers in effective way to mold behaviors of the workers for the betterment of the
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
organization. He punishes them to correct their destructive behavior and on other hand uses the
reward power to strengthen their good behavior in favor of the organization.
Politics in Organization are informal and unofficial efforts to influence organization and increase
power for the achievement of any specific objectives. Organizations are comprised of individuals
with different values, interests and goals, so for achievement of their interests, they use politics.
For Example, Labor and workers unions play a vital role in the organizations for the achievement
of the objectives in shape of resources.
Power and politics are reality of today‟s organizations. Many people and groups use them in
organizations to have control on the scarce resources. It is the main responsibility of a manager
to understand and manage them for the success of the organization and control conflicts.
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.25
The first stage of "Conflict process" is:
Potential Opposition or incompatibility
In conflict process, first stage points out towards presence of conditions that can create
opportunities for conflict to arise. They may not directly cause conflict to arise but these
conditions are necessary for conflicts to surface.
There are five conflict handling intentions:
1. Competing
2. Collaborating
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
3. Avoiding
4. Accommodating
5. Compromising
These intentions provide guideline to the parties in conflict to adopt certain course of action.
what are the antecedent conditions?
The word "Trivial" means of little worth,value or importance.
"Antecedent conditions" refer to the preceding conditions being applied after some events or
occurence. These are actually the conditional elements.
What is meant by this that political behavior can circumvent the lack of organizational power?
Also Explain zero sum allocation?
The answer to the first part of your question is that, as you know that Organizational Power
which is more often known as the Legitimate Power is derived by a person because of his/her
formal position in an organization where he/she works.
For example, If Mr. Aslam is the Director (Finance) of an organization, then the power exerted
by Mr. Saleem on the employees of the Finance Department is simply because he is the director
of this particular department.
Now, „political behavior‟ is any action by a person which is aimed to attain power or simply to
influence decisions. And, the term „circumvent‟ simply means to „bypass‟ or „ignore‟ something.
Now, by examining the whole phrase “political behavior can circumvent the lack of
organizational power”, it simply means that when the different positions in an organization (from
which the organizational/legitimate power is derived) are not clearly defined then employees of
that organization ignore the formal reporting channels of different positions and do certain
actions which can be termed as political behaviors.
For example, in an organization, there are 3 positions namely Manager (Finance), Deputy
Manager (Finance), and Assistant Manager (Finance). The reporting channel in that company is
that Assistant Manager (Finance) reports to Deputy Manager (Finance) who then reports to
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
Manager (Finance). And it is not clearly mentioned in the company‟s policy that the Assistant
Manager (Finance) would first request the Deputy Manager (Finance) for a leave who will then
forward the leave request to the Manager (Finance), and assume that the Manager (Finance) has
the authority to grant leave. Then in this case the Assistant Manager (Finance) may bypass or
ignore the Deputy Manager (Finance) and ask the Manager (Finance) directly for favour in leave.
Now, the second part of your question is about “zero-sum allocation” which is also known as
Zero-Sum rewards. Zero-Sum is that situation in which two entities cancel the effect of each
other to give a zero. For example, someone says that you have 3 good qualities in your
personality, but the same person also highlights your 3 bad qualities, then to sum it, your good
qualities and bad qualities cancel the effect of each other to form a „zero‟, this is zero-sum effect
or zero-sum allocation.
In Organizational Behavior, we say that Zero-Sum Allocations is a factor that contributes to
Political Behavior. For example, when an employee Mr. Naveed is rewarded, he will feel happy,
but when he is assigned a burden of duties, and if that rewards and additional duties are assumed
by Mr. Naveed to be some what equal, it will create a „zero-sum effect‟ and Mr. Naveed will not
be motivated, and he will tend to engage in political behaviors to reduce those additional duties
or increase reward, because he will think that the previous reward was not enough when
compared with the additional duties.
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.27
Difference between "compromising and collaboration style".
Compromising is the reaction of a conflict where both parties reach to mutually acceptable
solution by achieving only a part of his or her objectives. This style is appropriate in situations
where speedy solution is more important than to find the best solution.
Collaboration is the reaction of the conflict in which both parties work together to achieve their
objectives. It is appropriate in situations where commitment is highly desirable.
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
360-degree feedback
360-degree feedback, also called 'multi-rater feedback', is employee development feedback. In
360-feedback, feedback is gathered from subordinates, managers, peers as well as person
himself. In some cases external factors like customers or suppliers are also involved in feedback.
Opportunity Network
Influential networks are very important for every person as they bring different career
opportunities for him. Therefore the group of high-achievers and influential people that can be
helpful for a person in his career development is called opportunity network.
Reinforcement theory
Reinforcement theory is the process through which the behavior of an individual can be shaped
by controlling the outcomes of a behavior. In this theory combination of rewards and/or
punishment is used to strengthen desired behavior or eliminating undesirable behavior.
Positive reinforcement means following a response with something pleasant. For example if a
sales man makes high sales, he will get a commission. Or if any employee work hard and do a
good job then he will get a bonus or promotion.
Negative reinforcement means following a response by the termination or withdrawal of
something unpleasant. For example for a student negative reinforcement is to get “F” grade in
exams.
Punishment is causing an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate an undesirable
behavior. For example: Pay reduction for lateness.
Extinction When the behavior is not reinforced, it tends to gradually be extinguished. For
example if a child is conducting an undesirable behavior then just ignore him when he will find
no response then he will ultimately leave it.
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
Political behavior better for the organization
Organizational politics have both positive and negative effects. The ethical use of political power
can motivate people to work together to accomplish common goals that provide overall benefits
to both individuals and organizations. But, the use of political power for personal objectives may
benefit individuals only and in long-run can badly effect trust, loyalty and commitment of
employees.
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.28
Maintenance roles
Maintenance role deals with building positive relationships within a group. People who take on
maintenance roles include those who encourage quite members to participate or try to neutralize
a tense situation. For example a leader who inspires group members to cooperate or injects
humor at tense or boring time.
Bias
Bias refers to inclination, tendency or preference towards something which affects the balanced
judgment. It can be either in favor or against any person, thing or group in comparison with
another. It leads to rash decisions and discriminatory actions on our part.
In-group Bias
If a group manager supports his group only, it can be termed as “In-group Bias”, which is a
phenomenon of in-group favoritism and preference for the members within one‟s group over
those outside
Difference between a manager & coalitions
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
Managers are individuals who work in an organization and get things done thorough other
people. They make decisions, allocate resources and direct the activities of others to attain goals.
Coalition is an agreement or treaty between individuals and groups , during which they
cooperate in joint action, each in their own self interest, getting forces together for a common
cause. This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience.
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.29
What is Legitimate Power ?
Legitimate Power refers to the power which is vested in a particular position in the formal
hierarchy of a formal group or organization. This power is accepted by the members of the
organization or group and expected to be followed by all within authority of the particular
position.
For Example: A Production manager has the power to direct his subordinates to produce 400
items a day. The manager‟s position gives him the authority or power to order his subordinates
with his sphere of authority to act accordingly.
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.30
hard work or smart work which is more successful
The smart work and the hard work are correlated and equally important while conducting any
sort of project. If you are working very hard towards some stuff with a wrong logic then it is of
no use and vice versa. Consequently, you should work hardly with smart ideas. Both are
important for achieving success in life.
Difference b/w Job enlargement & Job enrichment
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
Job enlargement is increase of the job‟s tasks (activities). For example: In making a wooden
table different tasks are involved which are completed by a team of skilled workers like cutting
of wood, shaping wooden pieces, joining them and painting. Suppose one of the workers
responsible for cutting of wood is assigned additional tasks of shaping wooden pieces and then
joining them in shape of table. This is job enlargement.
Job Enrichment is the addition to a job of tasks that increase the amount of employee control or
responsibility. For example a company may decide to cross train its HR generalists to use the
HRIS so they can run their own reports. Rather than submitting requests and waiting for
someone else to run the reports, they have the additional control over their job of being able to
get the reports whenever they need them.
Power is the ability to influence other person. It can be personal power or positional power while
authority is the legitimate power or the right to influence others.
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.31
virtual structure
An organization that uses telecommunications and information technology to conduct its
operations so that it‟s geographically dispersed employees and operations can be managed and
collaborated properly. Virtual University of Pakistan is an example of Virtual Structure.
social class shapes thoughts and actions in organizations
Social class is the level of economic income or the status of a person and his perceived rank
within the social hierarchy of society. People from different social class have different
assumptions and beliefs and act accordingly. These differences if not managed properly can
create conflicts in organizations and resultantly cause decrease in overall productivity of
organization. Therefore management should consider these facts while developing the culture of
the organization as its culture is a source of shaping behaviors of employees according to the
requirements of organizations.
Organizational Design
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
Organizational Design can be defined as a formal process of integrating organizational roles and
structure in such a way that it supports the organizational strategies. It is arrangement of process,
structure, metrics and rewards in effective way. It helps in understanding power relations and
functions.
Job Evaluation
Job Evaluation is a technique to rank jobs in an organization on the basis of the duties and
responsibilities assigned to the job. This term is used to evaluate or measure the job contents like
the complexity of jobs, importance of job responsibilities, its critical value within the
organization etc. For example the worth of regional manager is more than the peon of that
organization as the task related to regional manager is of more significance than that of peon, in
such way different jobs within an organization are evaluated & accordingly compensated.
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.32
What is Unity of Command
Unity of Command states that “a subordinate should have only one superior to whom he or she is
directly responsible”.
As per the situation you are talking about, if a person is reporting to two managers for different
matters. Such reporting mechanism refers to dual chain of command applied in Matrix structures,
which negates and breaks “Unity of Command”.
Deliberately Structured means decision made on design of the working of an organization at
micro and macro level and design of working of departments and divisions as per requirements.
As a structure of educational institute may vary from the structure of a manufacturing firm, so
structures are deliberately designed as per specifications and requirements of the organizations.
The mechanistic organizations are those organizations that have formal rules and regulations
systems, centralized decision making authority, and high worker specialization. Like
bureaucratic or government organizations.
The organic organizations also called flexible management system as they show less rigidity, low
formalization and decentralized decision making authority.
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
For further details watch lecture no 30.
Accountability means that people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and
justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command. Accountability is often
built into the organization structure so that people may know they will be held accountable for
specific task.
Dual chain of command is opposite to unity of command. It is used in matrix structure where a
person has to report to more than one supervisor. One of them can be a functional head or other
can be from project head.
Allocation of specialist: In Matrix structure specialist from different functions or tasks are
combined to work on a project. In this way the project is done by the specialists that can ensure
high level of quality and speed
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.33
Difference between downsizing and rightsizing.
Downsizing is to reduce the size of a business or organization, especially by cutting the work
force. It becomes important to reduce organizational expenditures which are exceeding from the
available resources. Although downsizing creates de-motivation among employees but
sometimes organizations have to adopt it to reduce its cost.
Rightsizing is corporate restructuring with the goal of reducing costs and improving efficiency
and effectiveness. Rightsizing can involve both increasing or reducing a company's workforce to
the point where the number of employees remaining is consider to be "right" for the company's
current condition.
Selecting job
Selecting job candidate is one of the functions of HRM. In recruitment process a pool of eligible
candidate is generated. And after interviewing the most appropriate person is selected for a
particular job. This process is called “selecting job candidate.”
CS101 Introduction of computing
www.Virtualins .pk Prepared by Imran Baloch
www.virtualians.pk Prepared by: Irfan Khan
MGT502 Organizational Behavior Lecture no.34
Job Description is a written list pertaining to the tasks, responsibilities, account-abilities
functions, specifications and qualifications required for any position. It is important document
usually narrative in nature explaining whom to report, salary range and hierarchical position of