CS 174: Web Programming November 4 Class Meeting Department of Computer Science San Jose State University Spring 2015 Instructor: Ron Mak mak.

CS 174: Web ProgrammingNovember 4 Class Meeting

Department of Computer ScienceSan Jose State University

Spring 2015Instructor: Ron Mak

www.cs.sjsu.edu/~mak

http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/~mak

Computer Science Dept.Spring 2015: November 4

CS 174: Web Programming© R. Mak

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Assignment #7

Add AJAX to your web application.

Modify a portion of your web page (or dynamically create a menu or table) without a full page refresh.

Turn in the usual zip file containing source files, database dump, and screen shots.

Due Friday, Nov. 13.



3

XML

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is an industry standard to:

Store information. Describe the structure of that information. Exchange the information among different

applications in a programming language-independent way.

Not all data comes from relational databases!



4

XML Components

An XML element has an opening and a closing tag:

The closing tag is mandatory.

An XML element may be nested in another element (child elements):

XML documents that obey all

the syntax rulesare “well formed”.<book> ... </book>

<book> <title> ... </title> <author> ... </author></book>



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XML Components, cont’d

An XML element may have content:

An element can have both content and child elements.

An XML element may have attributes.Attribute values must be quoted:

Attribute names must be unique within an element.

<title>Macbeth</title><author>William Shakespeare</author>

<title language="English"> Macbeth</title><author nationality="British" gender="male"> William Shakespeare</author>



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An empty element has no content and no child elements.

An empty element can be “self closed”.

Comments:

<ebook></ebook><printed pages="256" />





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Begin every XML document with the processing instruction:

Every XML document must have a single root element:

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<library> <book> ... </book> <book> ... </book> <journal> ... </journal> ...</library>



8

XML Namespaces

Prevent element name clashes. An element name can be in the scope of a

namespace.

A namespace name must be unique.

Use a URI (uniform resource identifier) as the name. Start with your unique domain name.

A URL is a common form of URI. The URL doesn’t have to point to an actual file.



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XML Namespaces, cont’d

Declare a namespace in an element tag.

The scope of the namespace is that element and its children.

Example: A namespace declared in the root element has the entire XML document in its scope.



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Declare the default namespace. Example:

All elements in its scope are in the default namespace.

Elements not in any namespace scope are “in no namespace”.

<library xmlns="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/library"> ...</library>



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Declare a non-default namespace with a prefix. Example:

Prefix element names that are in the namespace scope (e.g., au). The element containing the declaration

is itself in the scope. The prefix is considered part of the element name.

<au:author xmlns:au="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/author"> ...</au:author>



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Nested namespaces:

Why both the book and author namespaces? Prevent the book title and the author title

name clash.

<library xmlns="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/library" xmlns:bk="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/book" xmlns:au="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/author"> <bk:book> <bk:title>Java Programming</bk:title> <au:author> <au:title>Dr.</au:title> ... </au:author> </bk:book></library>



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Alternate:

<library xmlns="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/library"> <bk:book xmlns:bk="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/book"> <title>Java Programming</title> <au:author xmlns:au="http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/cs157b/author"> <title>Dr.</title> ... </au:author> </bk:book></library>



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Common XML Tools

XPath “Path expressions” to locate a specific node

(element, attribute, or content) or node sets within an XML document.

Functions to compare, count, do arithmetic, extract substrings, etc.

XSLT Extensible Style Language for Transformation. Transform XML from one form to another

(such as to HTML).



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Common XML Tools, cont’d

DTD Document Type Definition. Specify the schema of XML documents.

The DTD is itself not an XML document. Validate an XML document against its schema.



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XML Schema XML Schema Definition (XSD). An way to specify the schema of XML documents.

An XML Schema is itself an XML document. A valid XML document is an instance of its schema.

XML schema : XML document Java class : Java object

XQuery A query language for data stored as XML.



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XML parsers Parse an XML document to obtain its information.

Object-XML mapping Perform object bindings.

Web services A way to transport XML data between applications.



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XML Data on the Server

A data source for the web server can be XML.

The server must parse the XML data in order to understand its structure and extract its information.

Example: Parse XML data and convert it to HTML

for download to a web browser.



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Expat: An “Event-Driven” XML Parser

The Expat parser is an XML parser for PHP.

As it parses XML data from start to end, “events” are fired each time it reads

a start element tag an end element tag element contents

Callback functions process each event.



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Example XML Data: Courses

<?xml version="1.0"?><courses> <course> <title>CS 149 Operating Systems</title> <description> Fundamentals: Contiguous and non-contiguous memory management; processor scheduling and interrupts; concurrent, mutually exclusive, synchronized and deadlocked processes; files. Substantial programming project required. </description> <prequisites> CS 146 or SE 146 (with a grade of "C-" or better). </prequisites> </course>

courses.xml



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Example XML Data: Courses, cont’d

<course> <title>CS 153 Compiler Design</title> <description> Theoretical aspects of compiler design, including parsing context free languages, lexical analysis, translation specification and machine-independent code generation. Programming projects to demonstrate design topics. </description> <prequisites> CS 47 or CMPE 102, CS 146, and CS 154 (with a grade of "C-" or better in each) or instructor consent. </prequisites> </course>

courses.xml



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<course> <title>CS 174 Web Programming</title> <description> Development and deployment of multi-tier web-based applications. Introduction to HTML, XML, enterprise design patterns, web services and database access. </description> <prequisites> CS 46B (with a grade of "C-" or better). </prequisites> </course>

courses.xml



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<course> <title>CS 235 User Interface Design</title> <description> We will study the principles of designing, developing, and evaluating a compelling and effective user interface (UI) and experience (UX) for desktop, web, and mobile applications. </description> <topics> <topic>User requirements and use cases</topic> <topic>UI and UX design patterns</topic> <topic>Usability testing</topic> </topics> <prequisites> CS 46B (with a grade of "C-" or better). </prequisites> </course></courses>

courses.xml



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Expat Parsing for Structure<html><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(init); function init() { $("#output").load("structure.php"); } </script> <title>Structure</title></head>

<body> <h1>Structure</h1> <pre id='output'></pre></body></html>

structure.html



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Expat Parsing for Structure, cont’d

$file = "courses.xml";$depth = array();

function startElement($parser, $name, $attrs){ global $depth;

if (!isset($depth[$parser])) { $depth[$parser] = 0; }

for ($i = 0; $i < $depth[$parser]; $i++) { echo " "; } echo "$name\n"; $depth[$parser]++;}

structure.php



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function endElement($parser, $name){ global $depth; $depth[$parser]--;}

$xml_parser = xml_parser_create();xml_set_element_handler($xml_parser, "startElement", "endElement");

if (!($fp = fopen($file, "r"))) { die("Could not open XML input.");}

structure.php



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while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) { if (!xml_parse($xml_parser, $data, feof($fp))) { die(sprintf("XML error: %s at line %d", xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($xml_parser)), xml_get_current_line_number($xml_parser))); }}

xml_parser_free($xml_parser);?>

Demo

structure.php



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Expat Parsing: XML to HTML <html><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(init); function init() { $("#output").load("courses1.php"); } </script> <title>Expat Parser</title></head>

<body> <h1>Courses by Expat Parser</h1> <div id='output'></div></body></html>

courses1.html



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Expat Parsing: XML to HTML, cont’d

function openElement($p, $element, $attributes) { switch ($element) { case "COURSE": { echo "<div>"; break; } case "TITLE": { echo "<h2>"; break; } case "DESCRIPTION": { echo "<p>"; break; } courses1.php



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case "PREQUISITES": { echo "<dl><dt>Prerequisites</dt><dd>"; break; } case "TOPICS": { echo "<ul>"; break; } case "TOPIC": { echo "<li>"; break; } }} courses1.php



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function closeElement($p, $element) { switch ($element) { case "COURSE": { echo "</div><hr />"; break; } case "TITLE": { echo "</h2>"; break; } case "DESCRIPTION": { echo "</p>"; break; } courses1.php



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case "PREQUISITES": { echo "</dd><dl>"; break; } case "TOPICS": { echo "</ul>"; break; } case "TOPIC": { echo "</li>"; break; } }}

courses1.php



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function characterData($p, $cdata) { echo $cdata;}

$parser = xml_parser_create();xml_set_element_handler($parser, "openElement", "closeElement");xml_set_character_data_handler($parser, "characterData");

courses1.php



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$file = "courses.xml";$fp = @fopen($file, "r") or die("<p>Could not open a file called '$file'." . "</p></body></html>");

while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) { xml_parse($parser, $data, feof($fp));}

xml_parser_free($parser);?>

courses1.php

Demo



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Expat Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

Very fast One pass Can handle arbitrarily large XML data.

Disadvantages

Inflexible Must process the stream of “events” as they occur. The parser may become large.



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“Simple”: A DOM-Based Parser

“Simple” is a DOM-based XML parser for PHP. As it parses XML data, it builds a DOM tree. Walk the tree in order to obtain its information.



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“Simple”: A DOM-Based Parser, cont’d<?php$xml = simplexml_load_file("courses.xml");

foreach ($xml->course as $course) { echo "<div><h2>$course->title</h2>"; echo "<p>$course->description</p>";

if (isset($course->topics)) { echo "<ul>"; $topics = $course->topics; foreach ($topics->topic as $topic) {

echo "<li>$topic</li>"; } echo "</ul>"; } echo "<dl><dt>Prerequisites</dt><dd>$course->prequisites</dd></dl>"; echo "</div><hr />";}?>

courses2.php

Demo



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“Simple” Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

More straightforward, structure-aware code. The parser can be small.

Disadvantages

Must understand the structure of the XML datain order to walk the DOM tree properly.

Building the DOM tree in memory limits the size of the XML data that can be parsed.

CS 174: Web Programming November 4 Class Meeting Department of Computer Science San Jose State University Spring 2015 Instructor: Ron Mak mak.

Documents

element tag

contdan xml element

namespace scope

mak computer science

element child elements

prefix element names

web page

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