1 D.D. / 1st of September 2010 European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1 European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010 Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Cryogenics at CERN D. Delikaris, on behalf of the Cryogenics Group, Technology Department, CERN
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1 D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010 Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Cryogenics at CERN
D. Delikaris, on behalf of theCryogenics Group, Technology Department, CERN
2 D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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Agenda
Brief introduction to CERNCryogenics at CERN
» LHC collider (accelerator and detectors)» Fixed target detectors» Test bench facilities and general services» Cryogen management & distribution» Cryogenics operation; present status
Conclusions
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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CERN, European Organization for Nuclear ResearchAn Intergovernmental Organisation for the High Energy Physics Research
The LHC project (accelerator & detectors)
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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CERN, European Organization for Nuclear ResearchAn Intergovernmental Organisation for the High Energy Physics Research
Several (main) questions:
Origin of the mass? Coupling with Higgs field via Higgs boson?
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
LHC proton-proton collider @ 14 TeV
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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Cryogenics at CERN; Main users (1/2)
LHC helium refrigeration systems
LHC accelerator:Cooling at 1.9 K of superconducting magnets (37’000 t of cold mass) distributed over the 26.7 km underground accelerator
LHC physics detectors:ATLAS, cooling at 4.5 K of toroidalsuperconducting magnetic system & central solenoid (1275 t of cold mass)CMS, superconducting solenoid (225 t of cold mass)
First events from the LHC @ 7 TeV
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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Cryogenics at CERN; Main users (2/2)
CERN wide helium refrigeration systems
Several helium cryogenic plants are in continuous operation supplying refrigeration capacity for:
Large superconducting magnetic spectrometers for fixed target physics detectors (on beam or standalone)
Cryogenic test benches of superconducting accelerator magnets, cables, wires, cavities (scheduled visit Wed. 1st of September)
LHC detector components tests (magnets and sub-detectors)
Cryogenic laboratory test bench facilities (scheduled course Thu. 2nd of September)
In situ helium liquefaction & distribution for users without dedicated cryogenic system
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Evolution of the helium cryogenic power at CERN
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
kW @
4.5
K
OMEGA, BEBCISR Low-Beta
ALEPH, DELPHI,LEP Low-Beta
LEP2
LHC, ATLAS, CMS
LEP2+
LHC
Increase of the heliumrefrigeration capacity at CERN for accelerators,detectors & test benchfacilities (leading to updatedconditions and infrastructure forcryogen procurement and storage(helium and nitrogen)
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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Temperature Overall installed capacity LHC Non-LHC
Number of
plantsLHC Non-
LHC
80 K 5.2 MW 5 MW 0.2 MW 13 11 2
20 K 60 W - 60 W 2 - 2
4.5 K 163.6 kW 151.5 kW 12.1 kW 23 10 13
1.8 K 19.65 kW 19.2 kW 0.45 W 12 8 4
300 mK 350 mW - 350 mW 1 - 1
Totals 51 29 22
Plants & ancillary equipment to be operated with respect to CERN’s scientific program
Refrigeration capacity at CERN
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Refrigeration capacity @ CERN
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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1E‐01
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
S1‐2
S2‐3
S3‐4
S4‐5
S5‐6
S6‐7
S7‐8
S8‐1
ATLAS magnets
ATLAS Shields
ATLAS Calorimeter
CMS
CAST
Fix target
Compass magnet
Compass detector
Compass fix target
NA62
NA62
NA62
Kr calorimeter
Bloc 4
ATLAS H8
CMS H2
B163
SM18
Main
SM18
CWU
SM18
CCU
Central liquefier
Cryogenic labo
ratory
West A
rea
Ex‐ALEPH
Coldex
LHC LHC detectors
Other dectors Teat areas and services Stand‐by
Refrigeration
capa
city [W
]
80 K
20 K
4.5 K
1.8 K
300 mK
Refrigeration capacity per user at CERN
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LHC accelerator in the tunnel
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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36’000 t of cold mass (1232 dipoles, 474 quadrupoles &7612 correctors superconducting magnets) distributed over 26.7 km of the underground accelerator to be cooled at 1.9 K
The LHC accelerator cryogenics; General
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
The LHC accelerator cryogenics; typical cryogenic “island”
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LHC Accelerator Cryogenics
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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8 x 18 kW @ 4.5 K units
TypicalHelium Compressors station
&Cold Boxes
The LHC accelerator cryogenics; 4.5 K units
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LHC Accelerator Cryogenics
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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IHI- Linde Air Liquide8 x 2.4 kW @ 1.8 K units
Warm Compressors &Cold Boxes
The LHC accelerator cryogenics; 1.8 K units
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LHC Accelerator Cryogenics
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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LHC Cold Compressors (speed range 100 – 800 Hz)
IHI-Linde Air Liquide
The LHC accelerator cryogenics; 1.8 K units
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ATLAS & CMS LHC Detectors
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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ATLAS, cooling at 4.5 K of a toroid superconducting magnetic system and central solenoid (1’275 t of cold mass)
ATLAS, liquid argon (83’000 liters) calorimeter system (660 t cold mass)
CMS, cooling at 4.5 K of a superconducting solenoid (225 t of cold mass)
The LHC detectors cryogenics; General
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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HELIUM1 central superconducting solenoid; 5.3 m
length, 2.4 m inner diameter, 2 T; cooled by thermo-siphon effect;
8 super-conducting toroid magnets cooled by saturated He flow forced by centrifugal pumps (1200 g/s); one barrel and two end caps; 26 m length, 20 m external diameter; 1.8 GJ stored energy
LIQUID ARGONOne calorimeter detector (subdivided in a barrel
and two end caps) using Liquid Argon as ionization mean; 13 m length , 9 m external diameter, 45 m3 + 2x19 m3 = 83 m3 of LAr
Operating temperature at 87 K in sub-cooled condition preventing bubble formation
Cooled by a two phase flow of LN2 forced by centrifugal pumps
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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The LHC detectors cryogenics; ATLAS Helium Cryogenics architecture
Coo
ldow
n &
shie
ldre
frige
rato
r
Distribution valve box
Centrifugalpump
ATLASSolenoid
Pro
xim
ity C
ryog
enic
Syst
em (P
CS
)
ATLA
S ca
vern
s
4.5
K re
frige
rato
r
Phaseseparator
ATLAS Toroid
End
cap
Bar
rel
End
cap
Surfa
ceHe Main Refrigerator:
6 kW @ 4.5 K
He Shield Refrigerator:20 kW 40 - 80 K60 kW 300 - 100 K
PCS Valve boxand Phase Separator Centrifugal pump
(1200 g/s of LHe)
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ATLAS Detector Cryogenics (LHC)
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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The LHC detectors cryogenics; ATLAS Liquid Argon Cryogenics architecture
20kW@84KN2 refrigerator
2x50m3 LAr storage tanks
2x50m3 LN2 storage tanks 1x80m3 GN2 Buffer
15m3 N2 phase separator dewar
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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The LHC detectors cryogenics; CMS
Large superconducting solenoid: 13 m length, 5.6 m inner diameter, 4 T, 2.6 GJ of stored energyIndirectly cooled at 4.5 K by thermo-siphon
effect
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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4.5 K refrigerator
6000 l LHe dewar(back-up system)
Phaseseparator
CMS Solenoid
Pro
xim
ity C
ryog
enic
Sys
tem
(PC
S)
CM
S c
aver
nsS
urfa
ce
The LHC detectors cryogenics; CMS Helium Cryogenics architecture
1.5 kW @ 4.5 K unit
He Compressors Hall
Phase separator &6’000 l LHe dewar
Cold box arrival at surface test location
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NA58 Compass Detector (SPS)
D.D. / 1st of September 2010 European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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The COMPASSmagnet & dilution Refrigerator
Cryogenic units:
400 W @ 4.5 K&350 mW @ 300 mK
Cryogenics for fixed target detectors; COMPASS detector (SPS)
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NA61, NA62 Detectors (SPS)
European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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NA62: Liquid Krypton calorimeter(10’000 liters)
NA61 2 cryogenic units of 400 W @ 4.5 K2 spectrometer magnets
Cryogenics for fixed target detectors; NA61 & NA62 detectors (SPS)
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CAST Detector
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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CERN Axion Solar TelescopeCryogenic unit:800 W @ 4.5 K
Cryogenics for fixed target detectors; CAST detectors (sun particle flux)
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Test Facilities for ATLAS & CMS (SPS)
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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CMS RD5 H2 beam, Cryogenic unit400 W @ 4.5 K
ATLAS H8 beam, Cryogenic unit
400 W @ 4.5 K
Cryogenics for fixed target detectors; Test facilities for ATLAS & CMS (SPS)
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Test facilities & general services
European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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…auxiliary superconductingmagnets
Cryogenic unit:400 W @ 4.5 K
Cryogenic unit:400 W @ 4.5 K
Cryogenic test benches for wires, cables and…
Cryogenics for test bench facilities; Superconducting cables, wires and magnets
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SM18 Test benches (LHC magnets)
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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Test facilities & general services
12 cryogenic test benches for the LHC superconducting magnets nominally tested before underground installation (several years of 24h/24, 7d/7 cryogenic operation)
Originally: tests performed with one 18 kW@ 4.5 K unit from LHC
Presently: tests performed with one cryogenic unit of 6 kW @ 4.5 K
Cryogenics for test bench facilities for superconducting magnets, cavities
Visit organised for Wed. 1st of September!
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Test facilities & general services
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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Central liquid helium production in situ and distribution by means of mobile containers(from 100 to 2000 liters)of up to 250’000 liters per year, CERN wide
CERN wide cryogenic support for testing and validating technical solutions
Operation and development of special laboratory measuring equipment for CERN users.
Consultancy for scientific, technical studies and development for cryogenic engineering
D.D. / 1st of September 2010 European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Cryogenic Laboratory (Cryolab)
Course scheduled for Thu. 2nd of September!
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Cryogen storage and distribution
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Cryogen management & storage
Helium & Liquid nitrogen Inventory
Present total helium inventory at CERN: 160’000 kgLHC (accelerator & detectors) helium full inventory: 136’000 kgLHC accelerator storage capacity: 75’000 kg in situ, 55’000 kg of “virtual storage” in collaboration with industrial suppliers; infrastructure update for a full storage capacity in situ is ongoing
LHC (accelerator & detectors) liquid nitrogen needs for a full cool down: 11’500 ton(LHC accelerator full cool down: 10’000 ton in 33 continuous days; equivalent to 500 standard transportable containers delivered byindustrial suppliers)
In situ helium liquefaction for central services (up to 250’000 liter per year) and distribution by means of mobile containers ranging from 100 to 2’000 liter (users without dedicated cryogenic plant)
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Cryogen storage and distributionStorage infrastructure (in brackets: capacity dedicated to LHC)
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Gas & liquid helium storage capacity at CERN
Liquid nitrogen storage capacity at CERN
Gas tank capacity [m3] 250 (at 2.1 MPa) 80 (at 1.5 & 2.1 MPa)
Number of units at CERN 58 (58) 65 (40)
Liquid tank capacity [liter] 120’000(fixed)
25’000(fixed)
11’000(mobile)
6’000(fixed)
Number of units 2 (2)* 1 2 1
Container capacity [liter] 50’000 40’000 27’000 20’000 15’000 10’000 6’000Number of units 14 (13) 2 1 2 2 1 7
*6 (6) by end of 2010
Cryogen management & storage
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LHC helium storage & Distribution (high grade helium ring line, 2 MPa, 27 km long, for LHC operation)
[Completing the existing CERN helium recovery system: high grade, 20 MPa, 5 km long and low grade, 3 kPa & 20 MPa, 3 km long each]
Cryogen management & storage
Visit organised for Wed. 1st of September!
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Cryogen storage and distribution
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Cryogen management & storage (Nitrogen)
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Cryogen storage and distribution
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Cryogen management & storage (Helium)
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Cryogenics operation methodology
Cryogenics operation at CERN (2010):
48 out of the 51 cryogenic plants & ancillary equipments in operation or active stand by (may be used on request)All LHC (accelerator & detectors) cryogenic plants in full operationAll fixed target cryogenic plants in full operability with respect to the scientific program & beam availabilityAll test facilities cryogenic plants in full operationOnly 3 helium cryogenic plants are in long term stand by (not immediately operational)
Approximately 85 persons from CERN & contractual Industrial Support staff are participating to the Operation, Maintenance, Technical Support and Consolidation tasks of the cryogenic systems at CERN
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Cryogenics operation; present status
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ConclusionsCryogenics at CERN: since 1960’s for cooling components on accelerators, physics detectors & test facilitiesVery large spectrum of cryogenic engineering & working conditions (applications and refrigeration capacity @ T K)Implementation & successful operation of “state of the art”industrial cryogenic equipment at the edge of the present technology: The LHC cryogenic system is the largest, the longest and the most complex cryogenic system worldwide (26.7 km, cooling @1.8 K, 80 ton of He II)Procurement and management of very important cryogen inventory (helium and nitrogen)Cryogenic operation availability to the users:Before the LHC era: nearly 590’000 running hours have been cumulated over 15 years with a mean availability rate of 99%The present LHC mean availability is already situated at 90%; progress is very impressive! Peaks at 99% are observed for several week periods!
D.D. / 1st of September 2010European Graduate Course in Cryogenics 2010, Helium Week, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland