East Meets West The Crusades The Crusades
Jun 01, 2015
East Meets WestEast Meets West
The CrusadesThe CrusadesThe CrusadesThe Crusades
R.E.M.A.P Changing the WorldR.E.M.A.P Changing the World
R – Religious PietyR – Religious Piety E – European ExpansionE – European Expansion M – Muslim ExpansionM – Muslim Expansion A – Adventure A – Adventure P – Papal AuthorityP – Papal Authority
Causes: AdventureCauses: Adventure After After Christianization of the Christianization of the
Vikings, Slavs, and MagyarsVikings, Slavs, and Magyars there there was an entire class of warriors who was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population.the peasant population.
A A plea for help from the Byzantine plea for help from the Byzantine EmperorEmperor Alexius I in opposing Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure. their sense of adventure.
Causes: Religious PietyCauses: Religious PietyIntense Religious PietyIntense Religious Piety Due in part to the Due in part to the Investiture ControversyInvestiture Controversy (a (a
significant conflict between secular and significant conflict between secular and religious powers over the issue of who would religious powers over the issue of who would control appointments of church officials).control appointments of church officials).
People became personally engaged in the People became personally engaged in the dramatic religious controversydramatic religious controversy
The Results:The Results: Intense Christian pietyIntense Christian piety Public interest in religious affairsPublic interest in religious affairs Popular support for the First Crusade Popular support for the First Crusade The religious vitality of the 12th centuryThe religious vitality of the 12th century
Emperor Henry IV at the Feet of Pope Gregory VII
Causes: Papal PoliticsCauses: Papal PoliticsRoman-Byzantine RivalryRoman-Byzantine Rivalry Cluniac (Benedictine) reformCluniac (Benedictine) reform
caused the church in the West to caused the church in the West to be more attentive to business and be more attentive to business and provided provided impetusimpetus to attempt to to attempt to reassert control reassert control
The Great SchismThe Great Schism, 1064, was, 1064, wasa division of Christianity into a division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause wasCatholic. The primary cause wasa dispute over papal authority.a dispute over papal authority.
Causes: European ExpansionismCauses: European Expansionism
In theIn the Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings in 1066, William in 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and brought unity and strength to England and brought unity and strength to that country.that country.
After theAfter the capture of Toledo capture of Toledo from the from the Muslims in 1087, it became the residence Muslims in 1087, it became the residence of the kings of of the kings of CastileCastile and the and the ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain
The The Normans captured SicilyNormans captured Sicily from the from the Muslims in 1091 and paved the way for Muslims in 1091 and paved the way for the unification of that country.the unification of that country.
Causes: Muslim AdvancesCauses: Muslim AdvancesEvents in MuslimWorldEvents in MuslimWorld
The The Battle of ManzikertBattle of Manzikert, , 1071, resulted in the 1071, resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of Empire and the capture of the Emperor by the Seljuk the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (Muslims).Turks (Muslims).
The Byzantines also lost The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks.Anatolia to the Turks.
The Turks The Turks disrupted disrupted pilgrim trafficpilgrim traffic. .
Great SchismGreat Schism10641064
Great SchismGreat Schism10641064
Battle of Battle of HastingsHastings
10661066
Battle of Battle of HastingsHastings
10661066
Battle of Battle of Manzikert Manzikert
10711071
Battle of Battle of Manzikert Manzikert
10711071
Christianization of Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, the Vikings, Slavs,
and Magyarsand Magyarsc. 1000c. 1000
Christianization of Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, the Vikings, Slavs,
and Magyarsand Magyarsc. 1000c. 1000
Capture of Capture of Toledo from Toledo from
Muslims Muslims 10871087
Capture of Capture of Toledo from Toledo from
Muslims Muslims 10871087
Cluniac Cluniac ReformReformc. 1024c. 1024
Cluniac Cluniac ReformReformc. 1024c. 1024
Capture of Capture of Sicily from Sicily from
MuslimsMuslims10991099
Capture of Capture of Sicily from Sicily from
MuslimsMuslims10991099
ConstantinopleConstantinopleConstantinopleConstantinopleRomeRomeRomeRome
ExpansionismExpansionismExpansionismExpansionism
Papal PoliticsPapal PoliticsPapal PoliticsPapal PoliticsAdventureAdventureAdventureAdventure
Religious PietyReligious PietyReligious PietyReligious Piety
PilgrimagesPilgrimagesPilgrimagesPilgrimages
EuropeEurope 1000-11001000-1100
InvestitureInvestitureControversyControversy
1075+1075+
InvestitureInvestitureControversyControversy
1075+1075+
Call for a CrusadeCall for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for Pope Urban II called for
a Crusade in 1095 a Crusade in 1095 ObjectivesObjectives
Drive Turks from Anatolia Drive Turks from Anatolia
Obligate the Byzantines Obligate the Byzantines
Provide occasion for healing Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Great Schism on Rome's terms
CaptureCapture Holy Land Holy Land
Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades First Crusade 1097-1098 First Crusade 1097-1098
Achieved all major objectivesAchieved all major objectivesin Holy Landin Holy Land
Turkish threat blunted, thoughTurkish threat blunted, thoughnot eliminatednot eliminated
Area not strategic to Muslims, Area not strategic to Muslims, could have been held indefinitely could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. with a little skill.
Initial gains lost through Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.diplomatic bungling.
Crusaders attempted to Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighborsdestabilize neighbors
Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades
Second Crusade, 1147-1148Second Crusade, 1147-1148 Military failure, discredits Military failure, discredits
Crusaders as military threatCrusaders as military threat
Third Crusade, 1189-1191Third Crusade, 1189-1191 Well-known in literature (Robin Well-known in literature (Robin
Hood)Hood)
Involved Richard I of England, Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire
Saladin on Muslim side. Saladin on Muslim side.
Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades
Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204 Western-Greek relations always Western-Greek relations always
strained, mutual contempt. strained, mutual contempt. To finance crusade, Crusaders To finance crusade, Crusaders
worked for Venetiansworked for Venetians Crusaders sacked Constantinople, Crusaders sacked Constantinople,
1204 1204 Chance to heal Great Schism Chance to heal Great Schism
utterly lost. utterly lost. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, In 1453, when attacked by Turks,
Byzantines preferred surrender to Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.asking Rome for aid.
Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219
Captured Damietta, swapped for JerusalemCaptured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem Muslims agreedMuslims agreed Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt,
were routedwere routed
Sixth Crusade, 1229Sixth Crusade, 1229 Frederick II of Germany did little Frederick II of Germany did little
fighting and a lot of negotiationfighting and a lot of negotiation Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem
and all the other holy cities and a and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years truce of ten years
He was widely condemned for conducting He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting. fighting.
Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254
Led by Louis IX of FranceLed by Louis IX of France Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth CrusadeNearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
Eighth Crusade, 1270Eighth Crusade, 1270 Led by Louis IX of FranceLed by Louis IX of France LouisLouis’’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of brother, Charles of Anjou, king of
Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. Louis died.
The last Crusader cities on the mainland of The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 Palestine fell in 1291
One small island stronghold lasted until 1303. One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.
The Crusades Died OutThe Crusades Died Out
Lack of interest, rising Lack of interest, rising European prosperity European prosperity
Repeated military defeatsRepeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" Discredited by "crusades"
against Christians (e.g., against Christians (e.g., Albigensians) Albigensians)
Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades
Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. many Europeans.
Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
Need to transfer large sums of money Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. development of banking techniques.
Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of armsarms
Romantic and imaginative literature.Romantic and imaginative literature.
Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Knowledge introduced to
EuropeEurope Heavy stone masonry, construction of Heavy stone masonry, construction of
castles and stone churches. castles and stone churches.
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Muslim minarets adopted as church Muslim minarets adopted as church spiresspires
Weakening of nobility, rise of Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little East to West--Europe had little to give in return.to give in return.
ReferencesReferences Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005
<<http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/WestTechPPT/Crusades.ppt>.>. The Crusades." The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the
Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005<<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades#Historical_background>.>.
The Church and the Crusades." The Church and the Crusades." Medieval CrusadesMedieval Crusades. 24 Sept. 2005 . 24 Sept. 2005 http://www.medievalcrusades.com>.>.
Assignment: Crusades Game or Assignment: Crusades Game or Recruitment PosterRecruitment Poster
Use your notes and the textbook pages 255-260 to create either Use your notes and the textbook pages 255-260 to create either a recruitment poster or a crusades board game. Your project a recruitment poster or a crusades board game. Your project should include:should include:
1.1. A definition of the crusades.A definition of the crusades.2.2. The main causes of the crusades.The main causes of the crusades.3.3. Pope Urban II’s call for defeat of the Turks to return the. holy Pope Urban II’s call for defeat of the Turks to return the. holy
land top the Christians.land top the Christians.4.4. Who answered or needs to answer the call.Who answered or needs to answer the call.5.5. A description the first four crusades.A description the first four crusades.6.6. The results of the crusades.The results of the crusades.
Assignment: Game or PosterAssignment: Game or PosterThe Game Requirements and
Materials: 50 pointsThe Recruitment Poster
Requirements and Materials: 50 points
•You will be provided with a sheet of paper, you can use your own dice or other materials to play.
•All writing must be on the game. You may want to establish rules on the back.
•You can design your game however you want, but consequences and game advancement should be based on circumstances/events that would have actually happened.
•Be creative, your project should be colorful
•For full credit make sure that 1-6 above are included in your game
•You will be provided with a sheet of paper.
•You are trying to entice Christians to join the first crusade, so use language that is persuasive!
•You will need have a place on your recruitment poster that gives a history of the first 4 Crusades
•Be creative, your project should be colorful