Crude+Drugs+ +II+ND+YEAR

7/29/2019 Crude+Drugs+ +II+ND+YEAR

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THE STUDY OF CRUDE DRUGS

BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF

MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE

Zingiberaceae

Ginger

Curcuma


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GINGER:

Vernacular Name:Adrak

Bio logical Source:Ginger consists of either thescraped or unscraped rhizomes of Zingiber

officinale belonging to family Zingiberaceae.

Parts Used:Rhizome

Chemical Const i tuents:Ginger contains about

0.25-3% of volatile oil, 5-8% resinous matter, 56%

starch and protein. Volatile oil contains a mixture

of more than 25 constituents containingmonoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The pungent

taste of ginger is due to the presence of gingerol.


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The pungency of gingerol is destroyed byboiling in 2% solution of KOH. Zingerone, a

pungent compound also occurs in therhizome but possesses a sweet odor.Shogaol is a component of oil but is notpresent in fresh rhizomes, it is formed by

dehydration of gingerol.Uses:Ginger is used as condiment.

Medicinally it is used as aromatic,

carminative, flavourant, stimulant andstomachic. The oil of ginger is used asmouthwashes and beverages (as flavoringagent)


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Z.officinale is acrid, thermogenic, laxative,

digestive, emollient, appetizer, stimulant,

rubefacient, aphrodisiac, expectorant, anti-helmintic, carminative, anodyne, useful in

anorexia and inflammations. Ginger root

can relieve symptoms of motion sicknessdue to gingerols and shoagols.

It is also useful in the treatment of following

conditions: dropsy, otalgia, cephalagia,asthma, cough, colic, flatulance, anorexia,

cholera, nausea, vomiting, thrombosis and

elephantiasis.


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Adverse effects and Interact ion s:

The findings that ginger is positive in E.coli

bacteria test for mutagenesis raisesconcerns about its use in pregnant

women. It is a potent inhibitor of

thromboxane synthetase, there is apossibility that ginger could increase the

risk of bleeding or bruising if given

concomitantly with anticoagulants orplatelet-inhibiting drugs.


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Curcuma longa:

Vernacular Name:Haldi

Bio logical Source:Turmeric consists of fresh,dried rhizomesof Curcuma longa, belonging tofamily Zingiberaceae.

Chem ical cons t i tuents:Turmeric contains about

5% curcumanoids as a coloring matter. Thecurcumanoid contains curcumine-I, curcumine-II,curcumine-III. Turmeric contains about 5% volatileoil. Their volatile oil contains sesquiterpenes,

alcohol and ketone and monoterpene example,zingiberone, turmerone, arturmerone, alcohol-p-tolylmethyl, carbenol, cineole, borneole, etc. Italso contains arabinose, fructose, glucose andstarch grains.


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Parts Used:Rhizomes and tubers

Uses:It is used as stomachic, carminative,

aromatic, antiperiodic, blood purifier andstimulant. It is also an anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic, carminative

and digestant and anti-fertility. It is alsoused in menstrual pain, liver diseases andto produce choleritic and chologogueaction. Turmeric is used in curry powders,

sauces and paper impregnated with itstincture is used for the borate and boricacid detection.


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It is employed as coloring agent for

formulations like ointments and creams.

Ethanolic extract of curcuma longa showsanti-ulcerogenic property. Rhizome extract

has anti-diabetic action. Curcuma is used

in conjunctivitis.A recent study involving mice has shown

that turmeric slows the spread of breast

cancer in to lungs and other body parts.Turmeric also enhances the effect of taxol

in reducing metastasis of breast cancer.


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The rhizome is well-known for its anti-gastric

ulcer and cholagogic properties. It is

prescribed in the therapy of gastric and

duodenal ulcer, hepatitis, jaundice, pain inthe extrimities, boils and impetigo.It is also

used as a poultice for wounds.


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Toxico logy:

The clastogenic potential of Curcuma longa

in experimental rats in invivo conditions

has been evaluated. A single acute dose

treatment 500mg/kg body weight could not

significantly induce micronucleated

polychromatic erythrocytes but caused

considerably higher chromosomalabberations.


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Adverse react ion s and Interact ion s:

Fetal effects are unknown, and use during

pregnancy, other than as food spice, isprobably best avoided. Prolonged use has

been associated with gastrointestinal upset

and may increase the risk of peptic ulcer.Use in patients with biliary obstruction or

gallstones is contraindicated. There is a

potential for interaction with NSAIDs andplateletinhibiting drugs because of its effect

on prostaglandin synthesis.


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HERBAL GLOSSARY

Pungent= sharp or biting, somewhat acrid

Condiment= A sauce, spiceAromat ic= A pleasant smelling and tasting

herb that stimulates the GI system, and

improves the taste of medicine and food.

Carminat ive= A preparation to relieve

flatulence and any resultant griping


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Stimulant= A drug or other agents that

increases the activity of an organ orsystem within a body

Stomachic= Name given to drugs that treat

stomach disorders

Acr id= pungent, producing an irritation

Thermogenic= producing heat

Laxat ive= A substance that is taken to

evacuate a bowel or soften stools


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Digest ive= pertaining to digestion, digestant

Emol l ient= Substances which have softeningand soothing effect upon the skin

Rubefacient= Irritation of the skin causes

congestion of the parts immediately belowthe skin

Aphrodis iac= stimulates sexual excitementand desire

Expectorant= Drugs assisting the removal ofsecretions from the air passages


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Ant i -helmint ic= Substances causing death

or expulsion of parasitic worms

Anodyne= Relieves or soothes pain

Anorex ia= loss of appetite

Inf lammation= Reaction of tissues to any

injury yielding redness, heat, pain and

swelling


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Mutagenesis= The production of change, theinduction of genetic mutation

Ant iper iodic= Prevents periodic recurranceof symptoms, as in malaria

Choleret ic= Increases the production of bileby the liver

Chologogue= Substances which increasethe flow of bile by stimulating evacuation ofgall bladder

Tincture= An alcoholic or hydroalcolholicsolution preparedfrom animal or vegetabledrugsor from chemical substances


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Ant i d iabet ic= alleviates diabetes or the effects ofdiabetes

Metastasis= The transfer of disease from one

organ or part to another not directly connectedwith it

Impet igo= A contagious pyoderma caused bydirect innoculation of group A streptococci or

Staphylococcus aureus into superficialcutaneous abrasions or compromised skin

Poult ice= A soft, moist mass spread betweenlayers of muslin, linen, gauze or towels andapplied hot to a given area in order to createmoist local heat or counter irritation

Clastogenic= Giving rise to or inducing disruptionor breakages, as of chromosomes


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Liliaceae

Garlic

Colchicum

Aloe


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Garlic

Vernacular Name: Lasan

Biolog ical Source: Garlic consists of ripe bulbs ofAllium sativum, belonging to family Liliaceae.

Parts Used: Bulb, oil, leaves and seeds

Chem ical Const i tuents: Garlic containscarbohydrates, proteins, fats, mucilage, and

essential oil (volatile oil). The volatile oil is the

main active constituent. It contains allicin, allyl

propyl disulphide and alliin. Alliin is converted intoallicin by action of enzyme allinase. Ajoene is also

one of the important constituents of garlic formed

by self condensation of allicin.


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Uses: The allicin and alliin are the potent

antibacterial ingredients in garlic. The

ajoene is an antithrombotic, aphrodisiac,

stimulant, used in treatment of chronic

bronchitis, in reduction of hypertension,

and decreasing cholesterol level. It isused as alternative, anthelmintic, anti-

rheumatic, anti-diabetic, , blood purifier,

carminative, diaphoretic, disinfectant,diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant,

gastric tonic, stimulant ,antiseptic


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Adverse Effects and Interact ion s:

Garlic has significant potential to interfere

with AIDS therapy. Patients taking

anticoagulants, platelet-inhibiting drugs,

anticholesterolemic drugs, antiviral

protease inhibitors, and antihypertensivesare not good candidates for garlic

supplementation. Concomitant use of

garlic and antidiabetic medication shouldbe monitored closely. Some individuals

may be allergic to garlic.


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Colchicum

Vernacular Name: Suranjan , meadow saffron

Biolog ical Source: Colchicum ripe seeds andcorms are derived from Colchicum autumnale.

Indian colchicum is obtained from plant

Colchicum leutum belonging to family Liliaceae.

Parts Used: Corm, seeds

Chem ical Const i tuents: Colchicum contains

alkaloids: colchicine, colchciene, colchicoresin

and demecolcine. Apart from alkaloids, flavonoidsare also present. Colchicine is a weak base,

readily dissolve in water, alcohol or chloroform.


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Uses: Colchicum preparations are used to relieve

pain , and inflammation in gout. It is also usedin biological experiment to produce polyploidy. Itis also reported to have anti-tumor activity.

Colchicine has a number of other pharmacological

actions, including lowering body temperature,depressing the respiratory center, andenhancing the action of central depressants. Ithas also been shown to activate T-lymphocytes.

Colchicum is use as an anodyne, antispasmodic,emetic, local irritant, purgative and resolvent.

Externally, it is applied to relieve neuralgia anditchiness.


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Adverse Effects andInteract ions:

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal

pain result from the anti mitotic effect of

colchicine on the rapidly proliferating

intestinal epithelial cells. Leukopenia alsomay occur. Because of the signs and

symptoms of colchicum poisoning are

similar to those of radiation sickness.Aplastic anemia and other blood

dyscrasias have been reported.


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Debiliated patients , elderly patients, and

those with organ disease (heart, kidney,

liver) are not appropriate candidates for

treatment with colchicum, nor are children

and pregnant women.


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Aloe:

Vernacu lar Name: Indian aloe, Ailwa

B iological Source: Aloe is the dried juice of

the leaves of various species of aloe,belonging to family Liliaceae. There are

many species of aloe:Aloe perryi,Aloe

barbadensis, andAloe feroxand its

hybrids.

Parts Used: Leaves


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Chemical Const i tuents: Aloe contains 10-

30% aloin. It is a mixture of three

substances, barbaloin, -barbaloin and

iso-barbaloin. Aloe also contains a resin

ester formed from ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid and cinnamic acid.

Polysaccharides aloeferon and aloeulcin

are also present in aloe. It also containsglycoprotein, alocutin A & B.


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Uses: Aloe is used as irritant purgative. Its

activity is increased when it isadministered with small amounts ofalkaline salts or soaps. Aloe gel is viscousviscid juice. It is a mucilaginous andcolorless, widely used in the cosmeticindustry as a protective in the treatment ofsunburn. It is one of the ingredients of

compound benzoin tincture. It may beused as anthelmintic, detersive,emmenagogue, laxative, resolvent, skinaid, stomachic tonic.


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The plant is bitter, sweet, cooling, aperient,

carminative, deobstruent, depurative,

diuretic, ophthalmic, alexeteric. The juice

is used in dyspepsia, amenorrhoea, burns,

colic, hyperadenosis, hepatopathy,splenopathy, constipation,

spanomenorrhea, abdominal tumors,

dropsy, carbuncles, sciatica, lumbago andflatulance.


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The chronic use of aloe is not recommended.Similar to all strong cathartics, aloe may causegriping, colicky pain and excessive laxativeeffect. Chronic use may lead to electrolyteimbalance, especially potassium depletion.

Aloe may cause pelvic engorgement and increasemenstrual bleeding and the risk of spontaneousabortion. Aloe cathartic is contraindicated inpregnancy, nursing mothers, children youngerthan 12 years of age, and suspected intestinal

obstruction. Large doses may produce nephritis.The use of aloe and other related herbal

preparations is contraindicated in pregnancy.


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GLOSSARY

Volati le oil: These compounds are formed from an alcoholand a hydrocarbon

Protein: Higly complex, nitrogenous compounds, found in allanimal and vegetable tissues

Carbohydrates: These compounds are formed in plants as aresult of photosynthesis

Fat: An oil which may be of animal or plant origin, and may

be either solid or liquidMuci lage: A gum-like substance found in cell walls or seedcoats of plants. They are polysaccharides that have asoothing effect on inflammed tissues

Anti-bacter ial:Any agent which destroys bacterias

Ant i - thrombot ic: Any measure that prevents or curethrombosis

Aphrodis iac: A compound that excites the sexual organ


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Stimulant: A drug or other agent that increases theactivity of an organ or system within a body

Bronchi t is: Inflammation of the bronchi

Alternat ive: A term given to a substance thatspeeds up the renewal of the tissues so that theycan carry out their functions more effectively.

Diaphoret ic: Aterm given to drugs that promotes

perspirationDisinfectant: Germicides which are too corrosive or

toxic to be applied to tissues, but which aresuitable for application to inanimate objects

Diuret ic: A substance that stimulates the kidneysand increases urine and solute production

Emenagogue: A compound that is able to excite themenstrual discharge


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Expectorant: A group of drugs that are taken to

help in the removal of secretions from the lungs,

bronchi and tracheaAnt isept ic: A substance that prevents the growth

of disease causing microorganisms. It is applied

to wounds to cleanse them and prevent infection

Alkaloid: These are organic substances, found in

association with organic acids in particularly the

flowering plants

Polypoid: Many footedEmetic: A drug that induces vomiting


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Irr i tant: A general term encompassing any agentthat causes irritation of a tissue

Purgat ive: A drug causing evacuation of bowelNeuralgia: Pain extending along the course of one

or more nerves

Colic: Severe pain resulting from periodic spasm

in an abdominal organNausea: A feeling of sickness without actual

vomiting

Ant i -mitot ic: Any agent which prevents

reproduction of cells by mitosisLeucopenia: Decresed number of leucocytes in

blood


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Dyscrasias: A morbid general stae resulting from

the presence of toxic materials in the blood

Resin: A mixture of complex organic substanceswhich can occur naturally or manufactured

synthetically

Detersive: Detergent

Stomachic: Name given to drugs that treat

stomach disorders

Laxat ive: A substance that is taken to evacuate

the bowel or soften stoolsAperient: A medicine that produces a natural

movement of the bowel.


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Carminat ive: Apreparation to relieveflatulance and any resultant griping

Deobstruent: A medicine which removesobstruction

Depurat ive:used for or capable of

depurating; purifying; purgativeDyspepsia: Indigestion

Ammenorrhea: Absence of menstrual

periods in a women of reproductive ageBitter: A drug that is bitter tasting and is used

to stimulate appetite


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Hyperadenosis: Enlargement of glands,especially of the lymph glands.

Hepatopathy: A disease or disorder of theliver.

Splenopathy: Disease of the spleen.

Dropsy: edemaCarbuncles: An acute inflammation

involving several hair follicles and

surounding subcutaneous tissue, formingan extensive slough with severaldischarging sinuses


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Sciat ica: is a set of symptoms including pain thatmay be caused by general compression and/orirritation of one of five nerve roots that give rise to

the sciatic nerve, or by compression or irritationof the sciatic nerve itself.

Lumbago: low back pain

Flatulance: Flatulence is the expulsion through the

rectum of a mixture of gases that are byproductsof the digestion process of mammals and otheranimals.

Engorgement: An over fullness or obstruction ofthe vessels in some part of the system;

congestion.Nephri t is: Inflammation of kidney


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Labiatae

Peppermint

Thyme

Spearmint

Salvia

Ocimum


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Peppermint:

Vernacular Name: Pudina

Biolog ical Source: Mentha piperata is a stronglyscented perennial herb belonging to family

Labiatae

Parts Used: LeavesChemical Const i tuents: Peppermint oil mainly

contains menthol (about 70%). It also contains

menthone, menthyl acetate, and other terpene

derivatives like cineole, pinene, isopulegone,camphene, limonene, Zasmone, menthofurone,

menthyl isovalerate


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Uses: The dried flowering tops are used to

prepare beverages like peppermint tea and inthe formulation of liqueurs and bitter. The

current use of peppermint is mainly for colic and

irritable bowl syndrome.

Peppermint oil is used as carminative , aromatic,stimulant and flavoring agent. It is widely used

as an antiseptic in various preparations and in

mouth fresheners. It is also used as antipruritic

and counter irritant over skin and mucous

membrane.


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Peppermint may relax the lower esophageal

sphincter and therefore is contraindicatedor patients with reflux disease. Peppermintshould probably not be used in patientswith biliary tract obstruction, cholecystitis,or severe liver damage.

Peppermint oil has been shown to be amoderately potent inhibitor of cytochrome

P450 3A4, raising the possibility thatis li kegrapefruit , juice also may inhibit themetabolism of felodipine.


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Thyme:

Vernacu lar Name: Garden or common

thyme.

B iological Source: Thymus vulgaris is a

herb belonging to family Labiatae

Parts Used: Leaves

Chemical Const i tuents: Thyme oil contains

the phenols, thymol and carvacrol, as well

as cymene, pinene and borneol.


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Uses:

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, tonic,

carminative. The fresh herb in syrup formsa safe cure for whooping cough, as is an

infusion of the dried herb. The infusion of

tea is beneficial for catarrh, sore throat,wind spasms, colic and in allaying fevers

and colds. Thyme is generally used in

conjunction with other remedies in herbalmedicine.


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Spearmint:

Vernacu lar Name: Green mint

B iological Source: Mentha virdis is the herbbelonging to family Labiatae

Parts Used: The herb and the essential oil

Chemical Const i tuents: The maincomponents found in the essential oilderived from the herb are: carvone,phellandrine, limonene, and dihydrocarveol

acetate. The oil also has the esters ofacetic, butyric, and caproic acids within it.


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Salvia:

Vernacu lar Name: Garden sage

B iological Source: Salvia officinalis is the

herb belonging to family labiatae

Parts Used: Leaves, Whole herb

Chemical Const i tuents: The herb contains

a volatile oil, tannin and resin and is

distilled to produce sage oil. The oil is

made up of salvene, pinene, cineol,vorneol, thujone and some esters.


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Uses: Stimulant, astringent, tonic,carminative, aromatic. Sage makes anexcellent gargle for relaxed throat andtonsils, bleeding gums, laryngitis andulcerated throat. Sage tea is valuableagainst delirium of fevers , nervous

excitement and accompanying brain andnervous diseases; as a stimulant tonic instomach and nervous system complaintsand in weak digestion. It also works as an

emmenagogue, in treating typhoid fever,bilious and liver problems, kidney troublesand lung or stomach haemorrhages.


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The infusion is used in head colds, quinsy,

measles, painful joints, lethargy, palsy and

nervous headaches. Fresh leaves arerubbed on the teeth to cleanse them and

strengthen gums. Even today sage is

included in tooth powders. The oil of sagewas used to remove mucus collections

from the respiratory organs and is included

in embrocations for rheumatism. The herb

is also applied warm as a poultice.


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Ocimum:

Vernacu lar Name: tulsi, basil

Bio logical Source: Ocimum sanctum is the

herb belonging to family labiatae

Parts Used: Leaves, seeds and roots

Chemical Const i tuents: Essential oils,

ascorbic acid, carotene, calcium,

phosphorus and insoluble oxalates. It also

contains terpenes, fixed oil, mucilage andfatty acid


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Uses: It is used to treat bronchitis, catarrah,

cough, earache, gastric disorders, hepatic

disorders, inflammation, otitis, otorrhoea,syphilis, malarial fever, cardiac debility,

gonorrhea, palpitation, urino-genital

complaints.

HERBAL GLOSSARY


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HERBAL GLOSSARY

Colic: Colic is a form of pain in the abdomen which starts andstops abruptly.

Ir r i table bowl syndrom e: It is a functional bowel disordercharacterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort,bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence ofany detectable organic cause.

Ant iprur i t ic: Preventing or relieving itching, or an agent that

does this.Coun ter irr i tant: A counter-irritant is a remedy applied to the

body externally which relieves a discomfort somewhere elseby producing a local irritation. They effect relief by reflex

action due to the sensation they impart to the nerves of theskin below. The term is more specifically applied to suchirritating substances as, when applied to the skin, redden orblister it, or produce pustules, purulent issues, etc.


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Reflux: Reflux is the regurgitation of acidstomach contents back into the esophagus,

and is the cause of heartburn - that unpleasant,burning feeling that wells up from the pit of thestomach, and travels up your chest and intoyour throat after a rich or fatty meal.

Cholecyst i t is: Cholecystitis is inflammation ofthe gallbladder, usually resulting from agallstone blocking the cystic duct.

Delir ium: A sudden state of severe confusionand rapid changes in brain function, sometimesassociated with hallucinations andhyperactivity, in which the patient isinaccessible to normal contact.


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Catarrh: Inflammation of the mucous

membranes with discharge, especially

inflammation of the air passages of thenose and the trachea.

Otit is: Inflammation of the ear

Otorrhoea: A discharge from the earSyphi l is: an infectious venereal disease caused by

a spirochete (Treponema pallidum) and usually

transmitted by sexual intercourse or acquired

congenitally: if untreated, it can ultimately lead tothe degeneration of the heart, bones, nerve

tissue, etc.


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Gonorrhea: A sexually transmitted disease

caused by gonococcal bacteria that affects

the mucous membrane chiefly of the genitaland urinary tracts and is characterized by

an acute purulent discharge and painful or

difficult urination, though women often haveno symptoms.

Palpitat ion: Unpleasant sensations of

irregular and/or forceful beating of the heart.Embrocat ions: The act of moistening and

rubbing a diseased part with spirit, oil, etc.


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Scrophular iaceae

DigitalisVerbascum


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Digitalis:

Vernacular Name:Foxglove leaves

Bio logical Source:Digitalis consists of driedleaves of Digitalis purpurea belonging to familyScrophulariaceae.

Parts Used:Leaves

Chem ical cons t i tuents:Digitalis purpureacontains 35 glycosides. The primary glycosidesare : Purpurea A, Purpurea B, Odoroside H. Thedigitoxigenin, digitoxin, gitoxigenin, gitaloxin are

important medicinal compounds. They are alsocalled secondary glycosides. They also containanthraquinone derivatives, saponin, flavonoid,tannin and pectin.


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Uses:It is a cardiac stimulant. The drug

directly stimulates the cardiac muscles. It

is used in various forms, like tablets orcapsule in the treatment of congestive

cardiac failure, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation

and peroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Thepreparation of digitalis produce cumulative

effect on cardiac muscles due to digoxin.

Hence it should be administered understrict medical supervision. It is also used

as a diuretic.


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Contraindicat ions/caut ions:

Contraindicated in allergy to digitalis

preparations, Ventricular tachycardia,

Ventricular fibrillation,

Heart block, Sick sinus syndrome,

IHSS, (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic

stenosis)

Acute MI, (Myocardial infaraction)

Renal insufficiency and

Electrolyte abnormalities (decreased K+,

decreased M ++ increased Ca++ .


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Verbascum:

Vernacular Name:Mulleins

B iolog ical Source:The Mulleins; genusVerbascum, are a genus of about 250 species of

flowering plants in the figwort family

Scrophulariaceae.

Parts Used:Leaves, flowers and roots

Chemical Const i tuents:The primary chemical

constituents of Mullein include resin, saponins,

glycoside (aucubin), flavonoids (hesperidin,verbascoside), choline, magnesium, mucilage,

tannins and carotene. Mullein also contains

iron, magnesium, potassium, sulfur and calcium

phosphate.


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Uses:

Different parts of the plant cover different

properties. Leaves are anodyne, antibacterial,antispasmodic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic,

expectorant, mucilaginous, sedative and

vulnerary; and the flowers are antispasmodic,

demulcent, emollient, mucilaginous, nervine andsedative. In general, Mullein reduces

inflammation of the trachea and soothes irritated

tissues. Due to its high mucilage content, Mullein

has also been used topically by herbalists as asoothing emollient for inflammatory skin

conditions and burns.

E t ll t t f thi h b d i


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Externally, an extract of this herb made inolive oil is excellent for soothing and

healing any inflamed surface or easing earproblems. Mullein flowers are also madeinto an oil for the treatment of frostbite,ringworm, hemorrhoids and bruises, and

the leaves have been smoked to treatasthma and bronchitis (although this useseems somewhatcounterproductive). Mullein has also been

known to relieve constipation, counteractsleeplessness, protect the kidneys andhelp ease nervous tension.


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Contraindicat ions:

Pregnant or nursing women should not

use Mullein, and people with a history of

cancer should consult their physiciansbefore taking this product.

HERBAL GLOSSARY


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HERBAL GLOSSARY

Congestive cardiac failure = Congestive heartfailure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart'sfunction as a pump to deliver oxygen rich bloodto the body is inadequate to meet the body'sneeds.

Atrial flutter = Atrial flutter is an abnormal heartrhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart

Atrial fibrillation = Atrial fibrillation is the mostcommon cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heartrhythm)

Peroxysmal atrial tachycardia = A period of veryrapid and regular heart beats that begins andends abruptly.

Diuretic = A diuretic is any drug that elevates the


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Heart block = Heart block refers to a delay in thenormal flow of electrical impulses that cause theheart to beat. They are further classified as first-,second-, or third-degree block.

Sick sinus syndrome = Sick sinus syndrome is adisorder of the sinus node of the heart, whichregulates heartbeat. With sick sinus syndrome,

the sinus node fails to signal properly, resultingin changes in the heart rate.

Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis =Obstruction of the flow of blood out of the leftventricle due to hypertrophy of the ventricularseptum.

Myocardial infaraction = Myocardial infarction or


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Myocardial infaraction = Myocardial infarction oracute myocardial infarction, commonly known asa heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply

to part of the heart, causing some heart cells todie.

Renal insufficiency = Renal failure or kidney failureis a situation in which the kidneys fail to functionadequately.

Astringent = Causing contraction of tissues, arrestof secretion, or control of bleeding

Ventricular tachycardia = Ventricular tachycardia isa rapid heartbeat that starts in the ventricles.

Ventricular fibrillation = An abnormal irregular heartrhythm whereby there are very rapiduncoordinated fluttering contractions of the lowerchambers (ventricles) of the heart.

D l t S i t th ft


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Demulcent = Serving to soothe or soften.

Expectorant = Promoting or facilitating the

secretion or expulsion of phlegm, mucus, orother matter from the respiratory tract.

Mucilaginous = having the sticky propertiesof an adhesive

Sedative = A drug that calms a patient down,easing agitation and permitting sleep

Vulnerary = used for or useful in healing

woundsNervine = having a soothing or calming effect

upon the nerves


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Solanaceae

Belladonna

HyoscyamusStramonium

Capsicum

B ll d


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Belladonna

Vernacular Name:Luffah, Mako siyah, Belladonna

Bio logical Source:Belladonna consist of driedleaves and flowering tops ofAtropa belladonna,

belonging to family solanaceae.

Parts Used:roots and leaves

Chem ical Cons t i tuents:Belladonna contains 0.3-

0.6% of tropone alkaloids. The chief alkaloids are

hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. It also

contains small quantity of bases like pyridine, N-methylpyrroline. The leaves also contain

florescence substance -methyl aesculetin and

calcium oxalate.

U


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Uses:

It is used as anticholinergic, narcotic, sedative, and

diuretic. It is used for the spasm of gut andrespiratory tract. Herb is used to reduce secretion

of salivary, gastric and sweat glands and in

bronchial asthma, GIT, hyper motility, peptic

ulcer, motion sickness. The aqueous extract ofatropine is applied as sulphate for the dilation of

pupil of the eyes. It is important antidote for

opium, muscarine, and chloral hydrate poisoning.

Atropa belladonna leaves are used in internalpreparations whereas roots are mainly used

externally.

H


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Hyoscyamus:

Vernacular Name:Ajwain Khurasani, Henbane

Bio logical Source:It consist of dried leaves andflowering tops of plant Hyoscamus niger,

belonging to family Solanaceae.

Parts Used:Leaves and seeds

Chem ical Cons t i tuents:Hyoscyamus leaves

contain tropane alkaloids. Atropine is main active

constituent of leaves. It also contains

scopalamine. In seeds the percentage ofalkaloids is less than the leaf. It also contains

apohyoscine, and belladonine, ascorbic acid

and other amino acids.


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Uses:The leaves are used as mydriatic

(atropine and hyoscine), antispasmodic,

laxative, anodyne, antiseptic and inasthma and whooping cough. The oil

prepared from leaves and seeds of

henbane is useful as anthelmintic,narcotic, stomachic and in inflammation

and swellings. Atropine is a CNS

stimulant. Hyoscyamus has weak

parasympatholytic action than belladonna

and stramonium; prevent gripping pain

when added to cathartics.


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Stramonium:

Vernacu lar Name:Thorn apple, Dhaturah

B iological Sou rce:Datura stramonium is a

common weed belonging to family

Solanaceae.

Parts Used:Leaves and seeds

Chemical Const i tuents:Datura contains

tropane alkaloids. The drug contains

hyoscine

(scopolamine) and hyoscyamine (atropine).


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Uses:Datura is an anticholinergic andparasympatholytic drug. It is used

as anaesthetic, anticatarrhal, anti-

spasmodic, aphrodiasic, hypnotic,

narcotic and sedative

C i


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Capsicum:

Vernacu lar Name:Lal mirch, chillies

B iological Sou rce:It is the dried ripe fruit of

capsicum annum, belonging to family

Solanaceae.

Parts Used:Fruits

Chemical Const i tuents:Fruits contain

pungent phenolic compounds;

capsaicinoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid,fixed oil and flavonoids.


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Uses:

It is used as absorbent, aphrodisiac, cardiac

tonic, carminative, counter irritant, diuretic,

irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue, stomachtonic, vesicant.

HERBAL GLOSSARY


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HERBAL GLOSSARY

Anticholinergic = The action of certain

medications that inhibit the transmission ofparasympathetic nerve impulses andthereby reduce spasms of smooth muscle

Narcotic = A drug derived from opium oropiumlike compounds, with potentanalgesic effects associated withsignificant alteration of mood and

behavior, and with the potential fordependence and tolerance followingrepeated administration.

Sedative = A drug that calms a patient down


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Sedative = A drug that calms a patient down,easing agitation and permitting sleep.

Antidote = A remedy that counteracts theeffects of poison

Mydriatic = A drug that dilates the pupil

Parasympatholytic = Pertains to a drug thatblocks the effects of the parasympatheticnervous system

Anaesthetic = A substance that causes lack

of feeling or awareness. A local anestheticcauses loss of feeling in a part of the body.

A general anesthetic puts the person tosleep.

Anticatarrhal = Efficacious against catarrh


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Anticatarrhal Efficacious against catarrh

(inflammation of nose and throat)

Hypnotic = tending to produce sleep

Sedative = An agent or a drug having a soothing,

calming, or tranquilizing effect.

Absorbent = A substance that is capable of

absorbing.Irritant = A source of irritation

Rubefacient = A substance that irritates the skin,

causing rednessSialagogue = A drug or other agent that increases

the flow of saliva

Vesicant = A substance that causes tissue blistering.


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Apocynaceae

Rauwolfia

Catharanthus

R lfi


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Rauwolfia

Vernacu lar Name:Serpentine root

B iological Sou rce:Rauwolfia consists ofthe dried roots and rhizomes ofRauwolfiaserpentina, belonging to family

Apocynaceae.Parts Used:Roots and Rhizomes

Chemical Const i tuents:The Rauwolfiaroots and rhizomes contain around 30-50alkaloids, other organic matter likephytosterol, fatty acid, unsaturatedalcohols and sugars are also present in

rauwolfia

Uses:


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Uses:

Rauwolfia serpentina and its preparation are

used as hypotensive agent and in certainneuropsychiatric disorders. Ajmaline isused for the treatment of cardiacarrhythmias similar to the action of

quinidine. Ajmalicine can also be isolatedfrom catharanthus species (vinca) and isused in circulatory diseases. The

decoction of root is used to increaseuterine contraction in difficult cases. Theextract is used for intestinal disorders andas anthelmintic , bitter, tonic and febrifuge.

Catharanthus


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Catharanthus

Vernacu lar Name:Sadabahar, Periwinkle

B iological Sou rce:It is a dried whole plantofCatharanthus roseus, belonging to

familyApocynaceae.

Parts Used:Whole plantChemical Const i tuents:Catharanthus

contains terpenes and more than 100

different alkaloids. The alkaloids are ofindole; dihydroindole and dimeric type.

The indole or dihydroindole derivatives are


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The indole or dihydroindole derivatives areajmalicine, tetra hydroalstonine,serpentine and lochnerine. The dimericalkaloids are active against malignanttumours namely vincristine andvinblastine. The vincristine is available in

0.0002% and vinblastine 0.003% in crudedrug.

Uses:

Vinca is used in cancer and hypertension.The Vincristine is used in leukemia whilevinblastine is used in Hodgkins diseaseand chlorionepithelioma.

HERBAL GLOSSARY


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Cardiac Arrhythmia = is a term for any of a large

and heterogeneous group of conditions in which

there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart.

The heart beat may be too fast or too slow, and

may be regular or irregular.

Decoction = The process includes mashing, andthen boiling in water to extract oils, volatile

organic compounds, and other chemical

substance.

Bitter = Bitters are herbs and herbal preparationsthat have a characteristically sharp effect on the

palate.

Febrifuge = A medication that reduces fever;


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Febrifuge = A medication that reduces fever;

an antipyretic

Leukemia = a progressive, malignant diseaseof the blood-forming organs, marked by

distorted proliferation and development of

leukocytes and their precursors in the bloodand bone marrow.

Hodgkins disease = a cancer of the lymphatic

systemChlorionepithelioma = a rare malignant

tumour of the placenta originating in the

chorion.


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Umbell i ferae

Fennel

Carum Coriander

Conium

Asafoetida

FENNEL


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FENNEL

Vernacu lar Name:Saunf, Fennel

B iological Sou rce:The drug consists of the

dried ripe fruit ofFoeniculum vulgare,

belonging to family Umbeliferae.

Parts Used:Whole plant and dried ripefruits

Chemical Const i tuents:Fennel contains

volatile oil, fixed oil and proteins. The chiefconstituents of volatile oils are a phenolic

ether anethole and the ketone fenchone.


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Uses:Fennel and its volatile oil are used

as a flavouring agent, carminative,

expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, and

anthelmintic. It is also useful in dental

and mouthwash preparations due topleasant taste of anethole. Fennel water

is useful in colic and flatulence in

children.

Carum


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Carum

Vernacu lar Name:Zira, Caraway

B iological Sou rce:Caraway consists ofdried, ripe fruits ofCarum carvi, belongingto family umbelliferae.

Parts Used:Fruits

Chemical Const i tuents:Caraway containsvolatile oil. The main constituents ofvolatile oil are carvone and limonene.

Caraway also contains fixed oils, resins,proteins, coloring matters and calciumoxalate crystal.


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Uses:Caraway is used as a

carminative, flavoring agent,

stomachic and spice. Its oils is used

in the preparation of mouth washes,

tooth pastes, chewing gums, soaps,

cosmetics etc.


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Coriander

Vernacu lar Name:Dhania, Coriander

B iological Sou rce:It is the dried ripe fruit ofCoriandrum sativum, belonging to familyUmbelliferae.

Parts Used:fruits and leavesChemical Const i tuents:Coriander fruits

contain volatile oil. The main constituents

of volatile oil are linalol and pinene. Italso contains fixed oils, malic acid, tanninsetc. coriander leaves also contain vitamin

A.


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Uses:Coriander fruits and volatile oils are

used as a carminative and flavoring

agents. It is also useful as anthelmintic,aromatic, diuretic, stimulant stomachic

and aphrodisiac. It is one of the

important ingredient for cooking.

Conium


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Conium

Vernacu lar Name:Poison hemlock

B iological Sou rce:Conium maculatum is aplant belonging to family Umbelliferae.

Parts Used:leaves, fruits and seeds

Chemical Const i tuents:The mostimportant content of hemlock leaves is thealkaloid coniine, which is poisonous with adisagreeable odour. Other alkaloids in the

plants include methyl-coniine, conhydrine,pseudoconhydrine, ethyl piperidine.


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Uses:Sedative, anti-spasmodic,

anodyne. It is used to remedy undue

nervous motor excitability, eg teething,

cramp and muscle spasm of the larynx

and gullet. When inhaled, hemlock isgood in relieving cough, bronchitis,

whooping cough and asthma. It is used

as an antidote to strychnine and othersimilar poisoning.

Asafoetida


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Asafoetida

Vernacu lar Name:Hing, Asafoetida

B iological Sou rce:Asafoetida is an oleo

gum resin obtained as exudation by

incision from living rhizomes and roots of

Ferula foetida, belonging to familyUmbelliferae.

Parts Used:Resinous exudates of the

root.Chemical Const i tuents:Volatile oils 4-

20%, resins 40-65% and gum 25%.


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Uses:The drug is used as carminative,

diuretic, expectorant, antispasmodic,

anthelmintic and applied externally to

ring worms. It is also used as veterinarypractice.


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Leguminosae

Acacia

Glycyrrhiza

Senna

Cassia

Tamarind

Acacia


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Vernacu lar Name:Babul, Kikar,

B iological Sou rce:Acacia gum is a driedgummy exudate obtained from the stemand branches of Acacia senegal and someother species of Acacia. It is a member of

leguminosae family.Parts Used:Bark, gum, leaves, seeds and

pods

Chemical Const i tuents:Acacia containsmainly arabin that is mixture of calcium,magnesium and potassium salt of arabicacid. In this calcium salt is found in

Arabic acid on hydrolysing with dilute


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y y gsulphuric acid forms L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, L-aldobionic acid and d-galactose. It also contains oxydase,pectinase, peroxidase and diastase. Barkcontains a large quantity of tannins; pods

contain about 22% of tannins. The watercontent is about 14%.

Uses:Acacia gum is used as an emulsifyingagent, suspending agent, emollient,

demulcent, binder, adhesive in tablets andlozenges. The gum acacia solution is givenas a plasma substitute in hemolysis.


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It is also applied externally on

inflammations, such as burns, soresand nodules in leprosy. It is useful in

constipation. Apart from that it is

useful as an astringent, demulcent,aphrodisiac, nutritive and expectorant.


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Glycyrrhiza

Vernacular Name:Mulathi, LiquoriceB iological Sou rce:Liquorice consists of

dried roots and rhizomes ofGlycyrrhiza

glabra and other species of glycyrrhiza,belonging to family Leguminosae.

Parts Used:Peeled roots

Chemical Const i tuents: It contain


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Chemical Const i tuents:It contain

triterpenoid saponin glycoside known as

glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhizin is 150 timessweeter than sugar. This on hydrolysis

produces glycyrrhetinic acid and 2 moles

of glucuronic acid. It also containsaspargine, sugar resin ,fat, etc. The yellow

color of liquorice is due to the presence of

flavinoids like liquiritin, isoliquiritin. It also

contains constituents like bitter principle

glycycamarin, coumarin, starch etc.


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Uses:Liquorice is used as an

expectorant and demulcent. It is also

used for gastric and duodenal ulcers. It

is used as a sweetening agent,antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and in

Addisons disease

Senna


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Senna

Vernacu lar Name:Indian Senna

B iological Sou rce:Senna consist of dried

leaflets of Cassia acutifolia , known as

Alexandrian senna, and Cassia

acutifolia, known as Tinnevelly senna.These are commonly known as cassia

senna, belonging to family leguminosae.

Parts Used:leaves


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Chemical Const i tuents:Senna contains

anthraquinone glycosides as sennoside

A,B,C,and D. emodin, chrysophanol, aloe

emodin, rhein, and two naphthalene

glycosides. It also contains yellow flavinol,coloring matter kaempferol and its

glucosides kaempfrin, sterol and its

glucoside, mucilage, resin and calciumoxalate


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Uses:Senna leaves are used as laxative

and cathartic. It acts as an irritant

purgative due to the presence of

anthraquinone derivative. Senna is

mixed with carminative drugs due to itsgripping action. Powdered senna is

mixed with vinegar and applied

externally to cure skin diseases.

Cassia


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Vernacular Name:Purging cassia, amulthus

B iolog ical Source:The dried roots and leaves aCassia fistula are commonly known as purging

cassia, belonging to family leguminosae.

Parts Used:Pulp, root, bark, flower, pods, leaves

Chemical Const i tuents:Sennoside A,B; volatile

oil; the pulp consists of sugar, gum, astringent

matter, glutin, coloring matter, rhein and its

glucoside, barbaloin, aloin, formic acid, butyricacid, their ethyl esters, oxalic acid,

thiocyanogen, tannins, phlobaphenes, reducing

sugars and oxyanthoquines.


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Uses:The fruits are laxative, improve

taste, cure leprosy and other skin

diseases. Roots act a s purgative, tonic

and febrifuge.

Tamarind


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Tamarind

Vernacu lar Name:Imli, tamarind

B iological Sou rce:It consists of dried fruits

of Tamarindus indica; belonging to family

leguminosae

Parts Used:Roots, leaves, fruits and seeds

Chemical Const i tuents:Organic acids and

their salts namely tartaric acid, citric

acid, maleic acid, sodium and potassiumtartarate and invert sugars.


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Uses:Bark of Tamarindus indica is

astringent, emmenagogue, tonic, anti-

diarrhoeal, thermogenic, anti-

inflammatory, anti-fungal, diuretic, useful

in swellings, fever, gastropathy, wounds,ulcers, jaundice, scabies and tumors.

Fruits are digestive, carminative, laxative,

antiseptic, ophthalmic and febrifuge. Theseeds are astringent, cooling, aphrodisiac,

stomachic, used in constipation and as

tonic.


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Papaveraceae

Papaver somniferum

Sanguinaria canadensis


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Papaver somniferum

Vernacu lar Name:Afim, poppyB iological Sou rce:Opium is the air dried

latex obtained by incision of unripe

capsule Papaver somniferum, belonging tofamilypapaveraceae.

Parts Used:The capsules and flowers

Chem ical cons t i tuents:Opium contains about 25

lk l id i hi h hi d i th b i


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alkaloids in which morphine, codeine, thebaine,

noscapine, narceine and papaverine are

important alkaloids. Generally these alkaloids arecombined with meconic acid. Morphine, codeine

and thebaine contain phenanthrene nucleus and

papaverine are freely basic and highly toxic

compounds whereas noscapine, narceine and

papaverine are freely basic in nature and less

toxic compounds. Morphine contains both

phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups, onacetylation converted in to Heroin.It also contains

other constituents like citric, tartaric acid, protein,

coloring matter, sugars etc.

Uses:Opium causes depression action ont l t d t ti


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central nervous system, due to narcoticprinciple. It is also used as sedative,analgesic, hypnotic and anti-spasmodicdrug. Codeine is less sedative thanmorphine and useful in cough preparations.

Papaverine is useful in muscular spasmsas smooth muscle relaxant action.Noscapine is a non-narcotic compound anduseful as antitussive agent. Opium is also

useful in diarrhoea, dysentry anddiaphoretic disease. Opium, morphine andheroin cause drug addiction in which heroinis a more dangerous drug.

Sanguinaria:


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Vernacu lar Name:Bloodroot

B iological Sou rce:Sanguinaria canadensisis a spring flower belonging to

papaveraceae.

Parts Used:RhizomeChemical Const i tuents:It has the alkaloids

sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protropine

and B.homochelidonineas its activecomponent. Protropine is one of the most

widely used opium alkaloids.

Uses:Emetic, cathartic, expectorant,


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emmenagogue. The plant is of great

benefit in dyspepsia, asthma, bronchitis,croupand pulmonart consumption. It can

be used in heart disease, heart weakness

and palpitations, nervous irritation, torpid

liver, scrofula, dysentry and to lower the

pulse rate. Externally, it can be applied to

cure ringworm, fungal growths, ulcers,

eczema and cancerous growths. Caremust be taken as toxic doses of

Sanguinaria can be deleterious to the

person


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Ranunculanceae

Aconitum

Larkspur

Pulsatilla

Hydrastis

Aconitum:


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Vernacular Name: Wolfsbane root

Biological Source: It consist of the dried tuberousroots ofAconitum napellus, belonging to familyranunculaceae.

Parts Used: The leaves used fresh and the rootwhen dried.

Chemical Constituents: The important alkaloids areaconitine, aconine and benzyl aconine. Aconitineon hydrolysis produce benzoyl aconine and

acetic acid. It also contains aconitic acid andabundance of starch. A traces of ephedrine,spartein, neoline, napelline, ascorbic acid arealso present.


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Uses: It is a cardiac drug as CVSdepressant. It is used in respiratory

failure, gout, rheumatism, neuralgia and

nervous debility and as antipyretic. It isextremely toxic in large dose and milk is

given as antidote in aconite poisoning.


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Larkspur

Vernacular Name: Field Larkspur

Biological Source: Delphinicum consolida is

a plant belonging to family ranunculaceae.

Parts Used: Seeds

Chemical Constituents: The active principle

in the plant is delphinine, an irritant poison.


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Uses: Parasiticide, insecticide. The tincture

of the seeds is used to destroy lice and

nits in the hair and given internally in

spasmodic asthma and dropsy. The

expressed juice from the leaves wasapplied to bleeding piles and an infusion

of the whole plant was said to benefit

colic.

Pulsatilla


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Pulsatilla

Vernacular Name: Pasque Flower

Biological Source: Pulsatilla vulgaris

(Pasque Flower) belongs to family

ranunculaceae.

Parts Used: whole plant

Chemical Constituents: The plant contains

lactones, saponins, anemone comphor,

tannins, and a volatile oil.


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Uses: Used for treatment ofColds and

coughs, Sinusitis, Sore throat, Chickenpox, Mumps, Measles, Fever, Painful

Menstruation, Varicose veins, Migraine,

Headaches, Backache, Joint pains,Cystitis, Varicose veins, Eye infections,

Conjunctivitis, Earache, Toothache,

Heartburn, Nausea, vomiting , diarrheaand Insomnia

Hydrastis:


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y

Vernacular Name: Golden Seal

Biological Source: Hydrastis canadensis is a

plant belonging to family ranunculaceae.

Parts Used: Rhizome

Chemical Constituents: It contains the

alkaloids berberine, hydrastine and

canadine, as well as resins, albumin,

starch, fatty matter, sugar, lignin andvolatile oil.

Uses: Tonic, stomachic, laxative, alternative,


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detergent. It is used as remedy for sore

eyes, general ulceration and disordereddigestion. The herb has a special action

on the mucous membranes of the body,

making it an excellent remedy for catarrah,dyspepsia, loss of appetite and liver

problems. Given as a tonic, the root is

highly effective in easing constipation and

is very good at stopping sickness and

vomiting It can be used to treat

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