Chapter Sev en Conclusion 1 . Answer s to th e Ba si c Ques ti ons of t he Inves ti ga ti on First, whatis the ancie nt - pre -Chri sti an - ter min olo gy of cr uci fix ion ? The answer is th at th ere wa s no such te rmin ol og y. Th ere was on ly a termi- nol ogy ofsuspension - a group of wor ds and idi oms that we re used more or le ss int er ch ange ably wh en re fe rr in g to var io us fo rms of su spen si on (bot h hu ma n an d nonh uman suspensions in several cas es ). Wi th in th is gro up the re is a g rou p of su spe nsi on punishments, and wi th in the la tter is a group of executionary (ante-mortem) su sp ension punishments , an d wi th in th e la st is a gr ou p of pu ni shme nt s th at were carr ie d ou t by a limb suspension, in whi ch some ti mes nails we re use d, an d wh ic h somet imes re sult ed in an outd rawn suff ering on some ki nd of susp ension to ol . The pr oblem is that no spec if ic termino logy is linked to this pa rticul ar form of exe cution - before th e ex ecut ion of J estis. When it comes to the individual terms, some conclusions can be drawn. A "t aupo , is a pole in t he broadest sens e. It is not the equi va lent of a "cr oss" (t). In some cases, it is a kind of susp ension de vi ce, us ed for the suspensi on of corpses, torture or in a fe w cases execut ionary suspen- sion s. Ver y li tt le or nothin g is said abou t wh at it was mad e of or ho w it looked. (a.va)O''tcxupouv and &vCUjKo/..o1ti~Etv ar e us ed mo r e or less inter- cha nge ably. There mig ht hav e been a d ist inction bet wee n them occasi on- all y - as Herodot us' usa ge shows - bu t th at dist in ctio n is now in e ssence lo st. The on ly cl ea r di ff erence is tha t th e ve rb s are us ed in a way wh ic h cont radicts their et ymology. (i xv a)"taupo \) v ha s a cl eare r tendency to be connec ted wit h pointed pol es than ixv a"l<oA.o1tl~etv, whic h is peculiar in the light of the usage of "l<OA.01jf. crux and patibulum ar e no t us ed in the sense "cross or stan di ng ba re po le" and "c ross be am." A crux is s ome kind of tor tu re or exe cu tion de- vice, an d so is patibulum. The di ff erence is that crux to a hig her degr ee than patibulum refers to a standi ng pole . crux is mo re fir mly con nec ted wi th the susp en sion of humans than "t aupo ,. Th e ecclesiast ic al ly pr eg- nan t ter m crucifigere di d not evol ve unti l th e fi nal ye ar s be fore the Co m-
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