Crt & language theories

Culturally Responsive Teaching

Culturally Responsive Teaching

or CRT is an approach to teaching and learning that builds on the:• Cultural Knowledge;• Prior Experiences;• Frames of Reference; and• Performance of style of

ethically diverse students to make learning encounters more relevant and effective for them.

Is also referred to as:Culturally Relevant Culturally Congruent; and Culturally Compatibleapproach to working with students of diverse backgrounds

Culturally Responsive Teaching

CRT Comprehensive List

1. Culturally Responsive Teaching Is Validation

Encourages students to value their own personal cultural identities and histories as well as those of others.

2. Culturally Responsive Teaching Is ComprehensiveCulturally responsive teachers Identify, Value and Utilize these information networks to support students academic and personal growth.

3. Culturally Responsive Teaching Is

MultidimensionalThe scope of this approach is:Far-reaching; Encouraging

collaboration across content areas; and

Disciplines as well as beyond the school building integrating students to gain a more accurate and robust understanding of course content.

4. Culturally Responsive Teaching Is Empowering

Students are encouraged to assume responsibility for their own learning and view education as a process by sophisticated and active participants in democracy.

5. Culturally Responsive Teaching is Transformative

CRT requires a transformation in the approach to teaching and learning from one that requires students to shed of their identities to one that affirms them – and results in all of the participants in the classroom • Community being

positively transformed.

6. Culturally Responsive Teaching is Emancipatory

Centering on students’ experiences and histories of their cultural communities, transforming curriculum content and pedagogical practices to be closely aligned with students’ identities. Represents departure from traditional methods

Culturally Responsive Teaching is not solely for ethic and/or linguistic minority Students can and do benefit from culturally responsive teaching as well.

CultureA Closer Look at the “C” in CRT

Reconceptualizing the “C” within CRT

• It requires that teachers acknowledge and value the role of race/ ethnicity;

• Encourages teachers to consider other sites from which youth draw to inform their:

•Identities•Diversity

CRT help teachers

think about cultureand its

critical role in the

teaching and learning

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= UNIQUE HYBRID IDENTITIES

A culturally responsive teacherworks to become familiar with

intercultural knowledge influences and uses it to engage and work collaboratively

with students.

CURRICULUM DESIGN

Theory

an article of faith a philosophy, or

a philosophical view

It is a statement of belief of a product

of someone else’s research.

Strategy

Is the learning techniquethat is utilized by teachers

to achieve a theory.

Methodology

Refers to various sets of

teaching devices and

procedural strategies to achievethe theory.

Factors that Influence Curriculum Design

1. Political Factors

Politics define the goals, content, learning experiences and evaluation strategies.

The following are influenced by politics:› Curricular materials› Hiring of personnel› Funding education› Entry into educational institution and exam

systems

2. Social Factors

Curriculum should be anchored on the society’s expectation, aims and objectives.

The teaching of curriculum should be considered as well as the society’s acceptance.

Gender sensitivity and other organization.

3. Economic Factors

Education is financed by government to improve the country’s economy through its quality graduates.

skills, learning content and experiences in the classroom through its curriculum design and implementation should gear towards economic growth and government.

market forces dictate what should be included in the national curriculum.

Employers have basic requirements. It is imperative that educational institutions find themselves working to meet this basic requirement academically and professionally.

Textbooks, charts, equipment, chemicals and science experiments must supply the need.

4. Technological Factors

Technology must be up to date having significant impact on education and society.

In this digital world and era, students must have a good facility of skills and knowledge in computer.

5. Environmental Factors

Consideration for the environment and its preservations› Such as:

Natural resources; Land; Sea; and Ozone layer

are necessities that influence curriculum design to ensure the survival of future generation.

6. Theories of Child Psychology Children are primary recipients in

learning, therefore, it influence the:

› Curriculum content and delivery methods;

› Scheduling; and

› Time tabling.

Mantra in Designing Curriculum

In Designing Curriculum,it is imperative to:

1.Establish or obtain general goals of education

2.Reduce the general goals to specific instructional objectives that cover different domains and levels

3.Assess prior student knowledge and abilities

4. Break learning into small sequential steps

5. Identify teacher behavior

6. Identify Student behavior

7.Write a description of the lesson

8.Evaluate to see if the intended outcomes have been achieved.

LANGUAGE THEORIES

6 Theories:1. Language Acquisition Theory2. Davids Crystal’s theory on

language acquisition3. Functional Theory4. Behaviorism Theory of Language5. Interactionist Theory6. The Structural View/Theory

Language Acquisition Theory

Noam Chomsky

Believes that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any human language.

claims that certain linguistic structures with children must be imprinted on their minds.

posited that every child has a “Language acquisition device” or LAD which encodes the major principles and grammatical structures into the child’s brain.

Theory #1

Proponents: Chomsky, Crystal, Piaget and Aitchison

claims that every language its extremely complex.

Since language structure is already imprinted he said that learners have to learn new vocabulary and apply syntactic structures to form sentence and fluency <FL> Should be attained at age 5 or 6

posited that all languages contains: noun, verb, consonants, vowels, and they are “ Hard Wired” to acquire grammar.

claimed that children do not learn the language through imitation alone.

[Noam Chomsky]Theory #1

Davids Crystal’s Theory on Language Acquisition

5 stages of Language Acquisition:

STAGE 1: HELOPRHASTIC Built on the 3 operational purposes:1. To get something they want2. To get someone’s attention3. To draw attention to something

Theory #2

Professor Crystal is best known for his 2 encyclopedias • The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language•The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language

STAGE 2: QUESTIONING

Children build concepts on what and where questions;

They begin to classify things, persons, and places;

Concepts on opposition are clear

example: Big and Small hot and cold

Theory #2

STAGE 3: - characterized by more1. Complexities in grammar use

2. Children use information to make/ express their wants/ needs

3. They can start meaning construction/ negation/ negotiation

example: Yes means yes No means no junk food is bad, why?

Theory #2

STAGE 4:

1. Characterized by increasingly complex sentence structure.

2. Children can now use abstract meaning, pragmatic comprehension and situational analysis.

3. Rich in explanation.

Theory #2

STAGE 5:

1. They can give information

2. Ask and answer questions

3. Suggest/ offer/ state/ express opinions

Theory #2

Functional Theory

1. Language is seen as to have experiential meaning example:

Kiss Hug Wine

2. It is participative where language events is highly interpersonal.

3. Language is seen as having contextual, logical, and functional meaning, therefore, it could be imaginative and explorative.

Theory #3

Proponents: Halliday

Behaviorism Theory of Language

1. Language acquisition, according to behaviorists, depends on:

Human role models; Imitation; Rewards; and practice.

2. The focus is on reading and writing.

3. It is rule governed.

4. Error is treated with caution.

Theory #4

Proponent: B. F. Skinner

Interactionist Theory

1. Language development is both biological and social.

2. It is influenced by the desire of children to communicate with others.

3. This theory claims that children are born with a powerful brain that matures slowly, which predisposes many to acquire new understandings as they socialize, interact with others.

Theory #5

Proponent: Yygotsky

The Structural View/Theory1. The structural view of language is regarded as a

system of structurally related elements for the transmission of meaning.

Those Elements are: Phonological units (morphological) Grammatical Units Grammatical Operations lexical items

2. Areas of research drawn are: Linguistic Analysis Textual Discourse Analysis

Theory #6

Methods on the structural view:

1. Audio-lingual method;

2. Total physical response; and

3. The silent way.

Theory #6