CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems Impact Pathways for East and Southern Africa DRAFT – 27 March 2013 Contents Contents......................................................................................................................................1 Fig. 1: Draft Framework for CRP 1.1 Impact Pathways....................................................... 2 Table 1: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2............................................................................... 3 Table 2: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3............................................................................. 11 Table 3: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3, Satellite Sites......................................................16 This document is an attempt to present the impact pathways as envisioned in the inception reports for the SRT 2 and SRT 3 sites for East and Southern Africa. Figure 1 is a framework that attempts to be broad enough to include all of the impact pathways envisioned last year at inception stage for East and Southern Africa and South Asia. Please note, because of the origin of these impact pathways, impact pathways relating to SRT 1 and SRT 4 are lacking. CRP 1.1 ESA Impact Pathways – Draft – 27/03/13 Page 1
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CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems : Impact Pathways for East and Southern Africa
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Fig. 1: Draft Framework for CRP 1.1 Impact Pathways.......................................................2Table 1: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2...............................................................................3Table 2: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3.............................................................................11Table 3: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3, Satellite Sites......................................................16
This document is an attempt to present the impact pathways as envisioned in the inception reports for the SRT 2 and SRT 3 sites for East and Southern Africa. Figure 1 is a framework that attempts to be broad enough to include all of the impact pathways envisioned last year at inception stage for East and Southern Africa and South Asia. Please note, because of the origin of these impact pathways, impact pathways relating to SRT 1 and SRT 4 are lacking.
Table 1: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2Problem Component/Outcome Output B1 to B8 (esp. B2-B4)(1) Although the multiple
drivers of vulnerability of dryland commun-ities are well docu-mented, attempts to reduce it are under-mined by a limited understanding of how many people are vulnerable, and to what extent, in different dryland populations (urban:rural, NRM:non-NRM based, aridity zones)
A51.1.1 Nationally / widely agreed frameworks to define and measure vulnerability are in place and integrated into existing government / development partners household classification and monitoring systems
A2/A31.1.1.1 Widely accepted and contextually specific definitions of
vulnerability (and resilience) exist for communities and households in the target site
A51.1.1.2 Government approved monitoring frameworks in place to
monitor levels of vulnerability / resilienceA2/A31.1.1.3 Vulnerability/ resilience of dryland populations being mapped
and classified according to agreed indicators in frameworkA51.2.1 Vulnerability framework being used to model impact of long and short term variables (drivers) and inform policy and programming interventions
A51.2.1.1 Framework used to create/ enhance modelling systems that can
predict long and short term shifts in vulnerability /resilience based on multiple variables.
A51.2.1.2 Vulnerability / resilience modelling integrated into government
Problem Component/Outcome Output B1 to B3(2) Low political will to
develop drylands and ineffective governance systems result in increased vulnerability
B1/B2/B42.1.1 Improved multi-sectoral (government) NRM plans (national and local) are developed, implemented and enforced
A4/A52.1.1.1 Validated model for local level NRM governance established
and disseminatedA52.1.1.2 Model used to develop govt standards and guidelines A52.1.1.3 Capacity built / support given to develop quality plans in all
areas B42.1.1.4 # plans developed using guidance
D32.2. Insecure land rights, weak strategic and land use planning are increas-ingly undermining the productivity and envi-ronment of the drylands
B42.2.1 The quality of local strategic and land use plans and applica-tion is improved processes are improved by being more holistic and participatory
A4/A52.2.1.1 Effective models for participatory planning processes are
identified and inform practiceB42.2.1.2 Quality local strategic plans developed following effective
participatory processes B42.2.1.3 Quality land use plans in place developed in full consultation
with all parties B12.2.1.4 Representative and participatory governance structures in place
to monitoring the Implementation of local plansB3 D12.3.1 Sufficient and appropriate investment secured for basic services and infrastructure directly boosting pastoral (and non) productivity
A62.3.1.1 Evidence for lobbying produced linking poor productivity with
gap in infrastructural / basic services investmentA2/A42.3.1.2 Models/ research exists to assess the benefits of large scale
investment in infrastructure / basic services A42.3.1.3 Model uses to assess the relative benefits of different
investments in different dryland contexts to secure investment
Problem Component/Outcome Output D1(3): Despite strong growth in demand for livestock in both domestic and international markets, the productivity of many (most) smaller pastoralists in the drylands is declining resulting increasing poverty and vulnerability
D53.1.1 Smaller pastoralists access and integration into national livestock markets is increased
A23.1.1.1 Systems in place for tracking utilisation of livestock markets by size of
producer B63.1.1.2 Livestock market infrastructure and operation improved in remote areasA4 B6/C73.1.1.3 Effective interventions for increasing business acumen of small
pastoralists and achieving better prices through joint ventures etc scaled upA63.1.1.4 Expanded price information networks using new and existing technologies
D13.2.1 Smaller pastoralists improve their productivity (not necessarily herd size) increasing incomes and resilience
B73.2.1.1 Effective systems for comprehensive provision of quality animal health
care in place B73.2.1.2 Expanded systems to ensure year round access to feed and fodder B73.2.1.3 Expanded access to year round (drought resistant) watering points B13.2.1.4 Access to credit as required
C53.3.1 Dryland technicians and pastoralists have improved access to quality technical advice and support
B43.3.1.1 Best practice incorporated into government rangeland/ NR management B73.3.1.2 Expanded numbers of livestock / pastoral outreach workers B73.3.1.3 Improved access to consistent quality technical advice on enhancing local
breeds and production methods B13.3.1.4 Improved regulation and monitoring of animal health care services
Problem Component/Outcome Output D1(4) The productivity of smaller pastoralists is further undermined by a lack of investment in the production of, or commercial markets for, other livestock related products, particularly milk but also other dairy products, fodder and forage
D14.1.1 Small holder commercial milk (and other dairy) production/sales/ income in the dry lands is increased
A54.1.1.1 Systems in place to monitor dryland milk / dairy production
(and sale)D14.1.1.2 Increased milk production for saleD14.1.1.3 Improvements in milk quality D54.1.1.4 Expanded number of commercial milk processing enterprises D1/D64.1.1.5 Expanded milk supply to markets out of drylands
D84.2 Milk production in the dry-lands is primarily managed by women and is a key element of child nutrition. How can women continue to control and benefit from the commercialisation of the milk industry without any negative impacts on child nutrition?
D1 or D54.2.1 Investment in commercialisation are gender and nutrition sensitive OR Increased milk sales result in increased incomes for women in the drylands
A2/A34.2.1.1 Gender assessment undertaken to ensure commercialisation of
milk markets is gender sensitive and pro-nutritionB3/B64.2.1.2 Subsidies provided to enable women to expand and realise the
income generating potential of milk production
D1 E34.3.1 Fodder and forage production and incomes sustainably expanded by vulnerable groups in the drylands
A44.3.1.1 Pro-poor models of community managed fodder and forage
production enterprises identified and disseminated A24.3.1.2 Fodder and forage production capabilities of different dryland
habitats assessed and mapped A14.3.1.3 Improved fodder and forage seeds and species identified
B34.3.1.4 Government / donors invest resources to expand best practice
Problem Component/Outcome Output D2(5): Growing populations in the drylands depend on non-pastoral economic activities that do not generate sufficient returns, are environmentally unsustainable and can undermine pastoral production systems
B1/B45.1.1 Standard cost – benefit- environmental assessments undertaken by government and donor agencies before funding alternative / diversified livelihood programmes
B1/B45.1.1.1 Improved and institutionalised environmental assessments of
new investment options A55.1.1.2 Validated tool for ecosystem-scale impact assessment that
accounts for impacts on pastoral landscape managementA55.1.1.3 Validated tools for evaluating community-level food-security
impact of public investments A65.1.1.4 Monitoring system established to track long-term economic and
other impactsB1/B45.2.1 All irrigation schemes are subject to an approval process that ensures compliance with local level NRM plans
A1/A45.2.1.1 Standard guidelines in place and utilised to promote models of
irrigated agriculture that do not impact negatively on the wider drylands environment
A1/A65.2.1.2 Information on irrigation options are available to communities
and government planners at all levels (e.g. good practice guidelines/minimum standards)
B25.2.1.3 Recognition in government policies and plans that pastoralism
should remain principle agricultural system in the dry lands.
Problem Component/Outcome Output D4/RV(6). High levels of conflict among three ethnic groups who compete for resources leads to high levels of vulnerability
B46.1.1 Improved management of existing natural resources
B46.1.1.1 Improved rangeland and upland forest management strategies B46.1.1.2 Improved water harvesting and management
D26.1.2 Enhanced natural resources base, including biodiversity
D26.1.2.1 Restored land D1/D26.1.2.2 Reduced erosion and improved soil health
B46.2 Immobility leading to inability to access resources and to over-use of resources
B4/D36.2.1 Improved land tenure, use and ownership systems
A26.2.1.1 Understanding of community-based land use, tenure and
demarcation systems B16.2.1.2 Community-based demarcation of land recognized and
sanctioned by government authorities ?6.3 Poorly defined and changing administrative, electoral and ethnic boundaries
B2/B46.3.1 Adoption of improved NRM and land management policies
A66.3.1.1 Improved linkages and information exchange between
administrative and community levels covering land use, conflict resolution, coordination and development efforts
Problem Component/Outcome Output D2/D4(7) Severe land degradation leads to increased vulnerability, food insecurity, conflict and poverty
D27.1 Severe pressure on natural resources due to increased numbers of people and animals
C1/C2/C47.1.1 Improved land and livestock management practices and diversification of income generating opportunities
B47.1.1.1 Improved rangeland and upland forest management strategies B47.1.1.2 Improved water harvesting and management A17.1.1.3 Defined options for income generation on and off farm and for
women in particular B77.1.1.4 Improved access to reproductive health care for women
D17.2.1 Increased productivity and profitability per unit of resource
B4/C27.2.1.1 Better, all year, fodder availability and management C2/C47.2.1.2 Managed spontaneous regeneration C2/C47.2.1.3 Controlling invasive species C27.2.1.4 Rotational grazing and other improved practices adopted D57.2.1.5 Improved livestock value chain
D37.3 Inappropriate and ill-defined land tenure policies and practices
B27.3.1 Appropriate policies defined, implemented and adopted
A57.3.1.1 Institutional framework to analyze the current situation,
prepare a reform strategy and plan and implement change.
B27.4.1 Strategies that are adapted to the dynamics of change
A47.4.1.1 Multiple community based strategy options defined and
developedB2/B77.5.2.1 Administrative support of good practices in land restoration,
combatting erosion, conservation and reforestation
Problem Component/Outcome Output D1/E3(8). Dryland ‘on-farm’ production, profitability and income generation do not reach their maximum potential
D1/D38.1.1 Improved yields and incomes
A1/C28.1.1.1 Improved breed and livestock management
C68.1.2 Profitable and diverse income generating opportunities for communities, groups, men and women realized
A18.1.2.1 Diverse income generating opportunities tried and testedA48.1.2.2 Optimal utilization and management strategies developed
D38.2 People’s access to productive natural resources are defined under legally pluralistic regimes, so rights to access are not commonly defined
A2/A68.2.1 Better understanding among communities and local authorities of how resource access is defined and controlled
A2/A68.2.1.1 Surveys and maps of legal and extra-legal definitions of rights
of access to land
B78.4.1 Improved community-based methods of controlling and managing Prosopis and Opuntia spp
A18.4.1.1 Technologies for controlling Prosopis and Oputia spp A18.4.1.2 Technologies for managing Prosopis spp including for high
quality charcoal production and for timber production C1(9). Poor livestock-crop integration
C69.1.1 Enhanced access to and uptake of key inputs such as seeds and fertilizer
A1/B79.1.1.1 Improved technologies and inputs developed and made
availableC19.1.2 Enhanced diversity of crops and forage plants
A69.1.2.1 Diverse crops and information about their cultivation, storage,
and marketing is made availableC1/C49.2.3 Farmers implement sustainable agronomic practices, including rotation, irrigation, soil fertility measures, and erosion control
A69.2.3.1 Information on appropriate technologies and interventions is
Table 2: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3Problem Component/Outcome Output
E11. Physical access to resources
D61.1.1 Farmers make use of better cash/credit availability
B51.1.1.1 Mechanisms developed to enable farmers to access credit
B81.1.2 Researchers understand, and give appropriate weight to, the role of household resource endowments in determining sustainable intensification opportunities
A31.1.1.2 Household constraints on, and potential for, sustainable
intensification characterized.
A21.1.1.3 Resource gaps quantified
A1/A41.1.1.4 Sustainable Intensification programs for household categories
developed
C4 1.3 Farmers manage their natural resources in a more sustainable ways
A21.3.1 Soil, land and water characteristics determined
A21.3.2 Input requirements for a sustainability threshold determined
A61.3.3 Information on Sustainable Natural Resource Management available
C6 D11.4 Farmers use additional resources, e.g. irrigation, improved varieties, sustainably to increase productivity and profitability.
A1/A21.4.1 Irrigation potential, e.g. water resources, topography identified
A1/A41.4.2 Sustainable irrigation systems identified, tested and promoted
C11.5 Farmers use resources more efficiently, e.g. better crop-livestock integration.
A11.5.1 Appropriate options for better crop-livestock integration developed
A51.5.5 DSS and Trade-off analysis tools developed and deployed