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@XJKTALI K
@XEYDCZLDALIJ@EPQPTJFAL @BAMJ
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Das`mkafjrs
@epyraibt © 8>;: Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg. Tbas werg as ma`jlsjd uldjr k @rjktavj @effels
AIE 0.> Kttrahutael-Lel@effjr`akm-LeDjravktavjs (@@-AIE HQ-L@-LD 0.> AIE) ma`jlsj (bttp?//`rjktavj-
`effels.eri/ma`jlsjs/hy-l`-ld/0.>/aie/mjikm`edj) kld fky hj rjpredu`jd watb kttrahutael te tbj
ADH kld cer kly lel-`effjr̀ akm purpesj. Le djravktavj werg as kmmewjd.
Kly dasputj rjmktjd te tbj usj ec tbj wergs ec tbj ADH tbkt `kllet hj sjttmjd kfa`khmy sbkmm hj suhfat-
tjd te krhatrktael pursuklt te tbj ZL@ATXKM rumjs. Tbj usj ec tbj ADH‑s lkfj cer kly purpesj etbjr
tbkl cer kttrahutael, kld tbj usj ec ADH‑s meie sbkmm hj suhoj`t te k sjpkrktj wrattjl ma`jlsj kirjjfjlt
hjtwjjl tbj ADH kld tbj usjr kld as let kutberazjd ks pkrt ec tbas @@-AIE ma`jlsj.
Letj tbkt malg prevadjd khevj al`mudjs kddataelkm tjrfs kld `eldataels ec tbj ma`jlsj.
Tbj epalaels jxprjssjd al tbas puhma`ktael krj tbesj ec tbj kutbers kld de let lj`jsskramy rjj`t tbj
vajws ec tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg, ats Hekrd ec Darj`ters, er tbj `eultrajs tbjy rjprjsjlt.
FAC stk kld `elsumtklts wbe `eltrahutjd te tbas study al`mudj @jskr Hujlkda`bk, @kremalk @krrks`e,
Fkræk Fa`kjmk @erdjre, @kremalk Mkldshjrijr, Jvjmyl Mepjz, Ijeri Ljufkll, kld Jmazkhjtb Tjrry. Tbj
FAC kmse tbklgs Ijrkrde ^ujmmjs ec tbj Falastry ec tbj J`elefy ec @bamj cer bas `eltrahutaels.
© FZMTAMKTJXKM ALSJPTFJLT CZLD
Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg
;0>> Ljw Qerg Kvjluj LY
Yksbalitel, D@ 8>>>:
www.cefal.eri
fac`eltk`tNakdh.eri
Kmm raibts rjsjrvjd
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
;.
8.
0.
4.
@eltjlts
Khhrjvaktaels :
Jxj`utavj Puffkry 3
Altredu`tael ;8
Tbj @rewdculdali Xjvemutael ;4
@bamj as Yjmm ^esataeljd cer @rewdculdali ;:
Hjljts kld Typjs ec @rewdculdali ;2
Hjljts ec @rewdculdali 8>
Typjs ec @rewdculdali 88
Tbj Cmew ec @kpatkm al Jquaty kld Djht @rewdculdali 89
Ybjrj @rewdculdali Cats al tbj @kpatkm Ptk`g 81
Imehkm Trjlds al tbj Kdeptael ec @rewdculdali 08
Tbj @rewdculdali J`esystjf al @bamj 03
Bew Dejs @bamj @efpkrj5 02
Jlikiali Culdjrs kld Ptkgjbemdjrs 01
@rewdculdali ^mktcerfs al @bamj 41
Tbj Ck`ters Lj`jsskry te Djvjmep k @rewdculdali J`esystjf :4
@umturkm :3
Pe`akm :2
Tj`blemeia`km :2
Xjiumktery 3>
K Crkfjwerg te ^refetj @rewdculdali 3;
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ4
Kheut tbj FAC
Tbj Fumtamktjrkm Alvjstfjlt Culd as k fjfhjr ec tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg Ireup.
Culdjd hy 01 deler `eultrajs, tbj FAC as tbj mkrijst tj`bla`km kssastkl`j prevadjr te tbj pravktj
sj`ter al Mktal Kfjra`k kld tbj @krahhjkl, prevadali evjr ZP$;>> fammael pjr yjkr te preoj`ts
rjk`bali ferj tbkl 4 fammael sfkmm predu`jrs, jltrjprjljurs, kld peer kld mew-al`efj beusjbemds.
Tbj FAC sjrvjs ks k glewmjdij hregjr kld ks tbj buh ec k ljtwerg ec ;,>>> me`km kld altjrlktaelkm
pkrtljrs tbkt sbkrj FAC djvjmepfjlt iekms. At as k prevadjr ec irklts, mekls kld jquaty alvjstfjlts
watb kl kvjrkij irklt sazj ec ZP$ ;.: fammael, kld sjrvjs ks k iktjwky cer glewmjdij kld jxpjrtasj
el pravktj sj`ter semutaels cer j`elefa` djvjmepfjlt al tbj rjiael. Tbreuib tbas preoj`t, tbj FACkafs te cummm ats fassael te k`t ks k djvjmepfjlt mkherktery cer jxpjrafjltali, paeljjrali, kld
tkgali rasgs te jfpewjr dylkfa` jltrjprjljurs kld peer kld vumljrkhmj pepumktaels.
:.
3.
K ^repesjd Xjiumktery Crkfjwerg cer @rewdculdali al @bamj 34
Kpprek`b te Huamdali Xj`effjldktaels 33
Pj`uratajs-Hksjd @rewdculdali Crkfjwerg Xj`effjldktaels 39
Xj`effjldktaels cer @kpk`aty-Huamdali cer Xjiumkters 94
Xj`effjldktaels cer Alvjster Kwkrjljss, Jdu`ktael, kld Trkalali 94
@el`musael 93
Kppjldax K. Yergsbep Tepa`s cer Alvjsters kld Jltrjprjljurs 2>
Kppjldax H. Mast ec @eltrahuters 28
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
K^A Kppma`ktael ^rete`em Altjrck`j
H8H Husaljss-te-husaljss
H8@ Husaljss-te-`elsufjr
H@A Hkl`e dj @rádate j Alvjrsaeljs
@M^ @bamjkl pjse (ulat ec `urrjl`y)
@erce @erperk`aðl dj Cefjlte dj mk ^redu``aðl dj @bamj
JHATDK Jkrlalis hjcerj altjrjst, tkxjs, djprj`aktael, kld kfertazktael
A^E Alatakm puhma` ejrali
^8^ ^jjr-te-pjjr `rewdculdali
^J ^ravktj jquaty
PFJ Pfkmm kld fjdauf jltjrprasjs
PSP Pupjraltjldjl`ak dj Skmerjs y Pjiures (@bamjkl Pj`uratajs Xjiumkter)
ZC Zladkd dj Cefjlte (@bamjkl ulat ec k``eult)
S@ Sjlturj `kpatkm
Khhrjvaktaels
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JRJ@ZTASJ
PZFFKXQ
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ2
@rewdculdali ejrs @bamj tbj eppertulaty te stafumktj alvjstfjlt al allevktavj
stkrtups kld sfkmm kld fjdauf jltjrprasjs (PFJs), jl`eurkij jltrjprjljursbap,
`rjktj oehs, kld spur irewtb al tbj @bamjkl j`elefy. Al etbjr `eultrajs kreuld tbjwermd, `rewdculdali bks djfelstrktjd tbj khamaty te djmavjr `kpatkm ferj jff`ajltmy te
k mkrijr lufhjr ec husaljssjs kld jltrjprjljurs tbkl bks hjjl pessahmj al tbj pkst.
@bamj as wjmm pesataeljd te mjkrl cref tbj jxkfpmjs kld fastkgjs ec tbjsj `eultrajs te
rkpadmy djvjmep pema`y altjrvjltaels, preirkfs, kld rjiumktaels cer `rewdculdali al
wkys tbkt wamm hetb prevadj k``jss te `kpatkm wbamj jlsurali prudjlt alvjster pretj`-
taels. Tbas ljw culdali fj`bklasf wamm darj`tmy kddrjss gjy lkl`ali `bkmmjlijs tbkt
uldjrfalj PFJ djvjmepfjlt al @bamj. Tbjsj al`mudj ;) al`rjksali k``jss te sjjd kld
jkrmy-stkij `kpatkm al pravktj fkrgjts te jlkhmj `urrjlt culdjrs te fevj upstrjkf alte
culdali ferj irewtb eppertulatajs7 8) tbj ”baib-cra`tael,‖ tafj-`elsufali pre`jssjs
tbkt krj usukmmy ksse`aktjd watb jkrmy stkij alvjstali7 kld 0) daff`umty jltrjprjljurskld alvjsters ck`j al ldali jk`b etbjr kld `rjktali predu`tavj, stkldkrds-hksjd dak-
meiuj.
Tbas rjpert wks `effassaeljd hy tbj Fumtamktjrkm Alvjstfjlt Culd (FAC), k fjfhjr ec
tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg (ADH) Ireup, ks pkrt ec kl jert te prefetj tbj
sustkalkhmj jvemutael ec k lkl`akm j`esystjf surreuldali @bamjkl FPFJs. Tbj rjpert
prevadjs k djtkamjd kssjssfjlt ec tbj `bkmmjlijs kld eppertulatajs ec tbj jfjriali
`rewdculdali fkrgjt al @bamj. Al kddatael, at jvkmuktjs tbj petjltakm cer `rewdculdali
te `bklljm culdali cref tbas levjm seur`j te allevktavj me`km husaljssjs kld jltrjprj-
ljurs. Hksjd el tbas kssjssfjlt, tbj rjpert cerfumktjd rj`effjldktaels kafjd kt
suppertali tbj sustkalkhmj djvjmepfjlt ec k `rewdculdali j`esystjf al @bamj.
Tbj study wks `krrajd eut uldjr tbj supjrvasael ec @áskr Hujlkda`bk ec tbj FAC‑s
K``jss te Fkrgjts kld Pgamms ulat kld prjpkrjd hy @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers, k
rjsjkr`b kld kdvasery rf spj`akmazali al sj`uratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali.
Oksel Hjst, Pbjrweed Ljass, kld Bkhah Okfkm ec @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers wretj
tbj fkal tjxt ec tbas rjpert. @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers `eldu`tjd rst-bkld survjy
rjsjkr`b al Pkltakie, @bamj watb me`km `rewdculdali pmktcerfs, husaljssjs, kld puhma`
kld pravktj alstatutaels. Ppj`akm tbklgs ie te Ijrkrde ^ujmmjs, Klkmyst cer tbj Falastry ec
J`elefy ec @bamj, cer bas alvkmukhmj suppert al `eerdalktali altjrvajws kld prevadali
suhstkltavj cjjdhk`g el tbj rjpert atsjmc.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Huamdali k @rewdculdali J`esystjf al @bamj
Tbj rjpert kssjssjs tbj petjltakm cer `rewdculdali al @bamj hy ce`usali el tbj ck`ters tbkt krj `ru`akm al
huamdali k su``jsscum `rewdculdali j`esystjf, al`mudali `umturkm, se`akm, tj`blemeia`km, kld rjiumktery
kspj`ts. Al kddatael, tbj rjpert jxkfaljs tbj hjljts kld typjs ec `rewdculdali, kld tbj `urrjlt stktus
ec `rewdculdali al @bamj al `efpkrasel te etbjr `eultrajs. Drkwali upel djsg rjsjkr`b kld altjrvajws
watb gjy stkgjbemdjrs al @bamj, al`mudali jltrjprjljurs, alvjsters, mkwyjrs, rjiumkters, al`uhkters, k`kdjf-
a`s, se`akm fjdak jxpjrts, kld ievjrlfjlt eff`akms, tbj rjpert prepesjs k rjiumktery crkfjwerg cer `rewd-
culdali al @bamj. Ppj`a` rj`effjldktaels krj prepesjd te jstkhmasb sj`uratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali, te
huamd rjiumktery `kpk`aty, kld te rkasj alvjster kwkrjljss tbreuib jdu`ktael kld trkalali.
Tbj @bamjkl j`elefy bks irjkt petjltakm cer jltrjprjljurakm kld PFJ irewtb kld kmrjkdy bks fkly ec tbj
rjquarjd jmjfjlts cer k `rewdculdali j`esystjf al pmk`j. Ats j`elefy bks irewl strelimy al rj`jlt dj-
`kdjs, kmtbeuib at bks let hjjl affulj cref tbj imehkm j`elefa` smewdewl. Tbas, bewjvjr, bks heestjdtbj lufhjr ec huddali jltrjprjljurs al @bamj wbe, ulmagj tbjar ZP `eultjrpkrts, typa`kmmy bkvj ferj
pravktj sj`ter jxpjrajl`j hjbald tbjf.
Tbj rst ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerf al @bamj wks ceuldjd al 8>;;. @urrjltmy, tbjrj krj vj `rewdculdali pmkt-
cerfs k`tavj al @bamj? twe djht `rewdculdali pmktcerfs (@ufpme kld Hj`ukm), elj jquaty `rewdculdali
pmktcerf (Hreetk), kld twe rjwkrds-hksjd pmktcerfs (Dkmj Afpumse kld Celdjkderk). Tbjsj pmktcerfs bkvj
`efpmjtjd culdali cer ljkrmy ;:>> preoj`ts tetkmali evjr ZP$ :: fammael. Tbj sazj ec culdrkasali vkrajs hy
pmktcerf ‐ cref tjls ec tbeusklds te tjls ec fammaels ec demmkrs.
Ybamj tbj aldustry as e te k streli stkrt, huamdali k semad rjiumktery crkfjwerg cer `rewdculdali al @bamj,cer hetb jquaty kld djht `rewdculdali, wamm irjktmy jxpkld tbj eppertulaty cer hetb trkdataelkm stkrtups
kld PFJs te k``jss tbj `kpatkm tbjy ljjd te stkrt kld irew. Hy fedjrlazali sefj lkl`akm rjiumktaels
kld mjvjrkiali ats jxpjrajl`j al huamdali k stkrtup j`esystjf, @bamj bks tbj eppertulaty te usj tbas ljw
lkl`akm allevktael let elmy te mjkpcrei etbjr `eultrajs al tbj rjiael, hut kmse te k`t ks k hjk`el cer tbj
rjiael. Jmj`tjd eff`akms kld rjiumkters bkvj tbj eppertulaty te werg watb tbj mjkdjrs ec `rewdculdali
pmktcerfs kld tbj jltrjprjljurakm j`esystjf te cerf pema`y kld rjiumktael al k `emmkherktavj wky. Jxj`u-
tavjs cref djht kld jquaty `rewdculdali pmktcerfs kld etbjr alvjstfjlt rfs bkvj kffrfjd tbjar ce`us
el alvjster pretj`tael kld trklspkrjl`y wbamj prevadali k``jss te `kpatkm cer tbjar `ustefjrs.
Tbj `rewdculdali eppertulaty cer djvjmepali `eultrajs tedky as klkmeieus te tbj fehamj `effula`k-taels rjvemutael wj bkvj watljssjd evjr tbj pkst dj`kdj. Al tbj pkst, tbj djvjmepfjltkm `elstrkalts ec
alvjstfjlt rjquarjd te djvjmep pjljtrktael al xjd-malj tjmjpbelj systjfs mjct pepumktaels al k lufhjr
ec `eultrajs watbeut k``jss te fedjrl `effula`ktael. Fehamj `jmmumkr tj`blemeiy bks jlkhmjd fkly ec
tbesj skfj pepumktaels te mjkpcrei tbesj xjd-malj systjfs, `rjktali irjktjr pjljtrktael tbkl weumd hj
cjksahmj uldjr tbj prjvaeusmy-jxastali tj`blemeiy. Al k safamkr wky, lkl`akm tj`blemeiy, kld spj`a`kmmy
`rewdculdali, `kl `ellj`t ulhklgjd kld uldjrhklgjd aldavadukms kld husaljssjs te tbj ljxt ijljrk-
tael ec lkl`akm alstatutaels te prevadj `kpatkm, oehs, kld allevktael.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ;>
Caldalis kld Xj`effjldktaels
Hksjd el tbj study‑s ldalis kld klkmysas, tbj rjpert `el`mudjs watb k sjt ec spj`a` rj`effjldktaels al-
tjldjd te suppert tbj djvjmepfjlt ec k `rewdculdali j`esystjf al @bamj. Tbjsj rj`effjldktaels ce`us
el sj`uratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali, `kpk`aty huamdali cer rjiumkters, kld rkasali alvjster kwkrjljss tbreuib
jdu`ktael kld trkalali. Pefj ec tbj rjpert‑s gjy ldalis kld rj`effjldktaels al`mudj?
n @urrjlt pravktj `kpatkm fkrgjt k`ters al @bamj krj jxpjrajl`ali `bkmmjlijs al djpmeyali `kpatkm kt tbj
sjjd/jkrmy stkij, mjkvali k vead cer irewtb `kpatkm. @rewdculdali pema`y kld tj`blemeiy fky kmmew
tbjsj k`ters te rjdu`j rasg, ce`us el adjks tbkt bkvj prevjl fkrgjt k``jptkl`j, kld bjmp prefetj k
fkoer @bamjkl `efpkly su``jss stery tbkt `eumd al`mudj k imehkm jxat.
n Ievjrlfjlt-hk`gjd preirkfs, magj Ptkrt-Zp @bamj, bkvj kmrjkdy sjjl sefj su``jss kld bkvj rj`javjd
wadjsprjkd fjdak kpprevkm, hut tbj mk`g ec cemmew-el `kpatkm as cer`ali fkly ec tbjsj `efpklajs te
mjkvj @bamj te ld culds te s`kmj tbjar husaljssjs. @rewdculdali fky kddrjss tbas culdali vead hy
jl`eurkiali @bamjkls te `e-alvjst watb me`km husaljss klijms kld vjlturj `kpatkm alvjsters.
n Yatb kmfest k dj`kdj ec imehkm jxpjrajl`j al kmm ceur cerfs ec ̀ rewdculdali (pjrgs, prj-erdjr, djht, kld
jquaty) te drkw upel, @bamj `kl mjkrl cref `rewdculdali su``jssjs kld ckamurjs te djvjmep pema`y kld
`rjktj k rjiumktery crkfjwerg tbkt as ulaquj te ats `ar`ufstkl`js, kld ferj magjmy te su``jjd.
n Ybjl `efpkrali @bamj te etbjr j`elefajs tbkt bkvj rehust `rewdculdali j`esystjfs al pmk`j, @bamjbks 23 pjr`jlt ec kmm tbj vkrakhmjs (al se`akm, `umturkm, tj`blemeia`km, kld rjiumktery tjrfs) lj`jsskry cer
`rewdculdali te su``jjd.
n @bamj‑s haiijst `bkmmjlijs te su``jjdali watb `rewdculdali al`mudj k mk`g ec rasg temjrkl`j al
alvjstali, k mk`g ec trust hjtwjjl aldavadukms, kld tbj mk`g ec kl k`tavj jkrmy-stkij alvjstfjlt faldsjt.
@rewdculdali prevadjs `kpatkm al k ferj trklspkrjlt, tafj-jff`ajlt, kld darj`t wky tbkl bks jvjr hjjl
kvkamkhmj hjcerj. At fky kddrjss sefj ec tbjsj assujs hy kmmewali @bamjkls te jxpmerj alvjstali al PFJs
al k mafatjd, rjiumktjd, mewjr-rasg wky.
n Tbj @bamjkl ievjrlfjlt, tbreuib `e-alvjstfjlt preirkfs spelserjd hy @erce kld ievjrlfjlt-hk`gjd mjldali preirkfs vak tbj hklgs, bks `rjktjd k streli ceuldktael cer `rewdculdali te hj
al`mudjd al kmtjrlktavj lkl`ali fj`bklasfs. Tbjsj stkgjbemdjrs `kl hj `bkfpaels cer `rewdculdali
al @bamj.
n Magj fkly etbjr `eultrajs, @bamj bks kl PFJ culdali vead tbkt ievjrlfjlt preirkfs, hklgs, klijms,
kld vjlturj `kpatkm bkvj hjjl ulkhmj te mm. @rewdculdali as sbewali prefasj al mmali tbas vead.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
n @bamjkl lkl`j kld tj`blemeiy paeljjrs krj kmrjkdy jxpmerali sj`uratajs ̀ rewdculdali, jvjl tbeuib ats
mjikmaty bks hjjl qujstaeljd. Tbjsj pmktcerfs krj baibmy fetavktjd te ̀ rjktj k trklspkrjlt, jff`ajlt, kld
`emmkherktavj aldustry tbkt wergs watb tbj @bamjkl ievjrlfjlt te suppert tbj `rjktael ec k rjiumktery
kpprek`b te cestjr k su``jsscum `rewdculdali fkrgjtpmk`j.
n Tbus, `rewdculdali pema`y cer @bamj sbeumd kddrjss assujs tbkt `urrjltmy albahat jkrmy-stkij culdali kld
`rkct k rjiumktjd crkfjwerg tbkt sjjgs te prevadj alvjster pretj`tael, ̀ kpatkm cer PFJs, kld trklspkrjl`ycer rjiumkters, al erdjr te cestjr tbj premacjrktael ec `rewdculdali pmktcerfs.
n Calkmmy, k @bamjkl `rewdculdali ksse`aktael sbeumd hj al`erperktjd te hetb sjrvj ks k sjmc-rjiumktery
hedy te prevadj evjrsaibt te tbj aldustry kld k`t ks tbj ulajd vea`j ec tbj aldustry. Curtbjr, ks k Mktal
Kfjra`kl @rewdculdali Ksse`aktael as cerfjd, tbj @bamjkl Ksse`aktael sbeumd pmky kl k`tavj remj al at.
Afpmjfjltali k `rewdculdali pema`y wamm let elmy prevadj k rjiumktery crkfjwerg uldjr wba`b kmm cerfs ec
`rewdculdali fky epjrktj, hut kmse ejrs tbj eppertulaty cer @bamj te kddrjss assujs magj lkl`akm al`musael,
jlkhmali k irjktjr prepertael ec tbj pepumktael te `rjktj wjkmtb vak alvjstfjlts kld jltrjprjljursbap.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
ALTXEDZ@TAEL
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ;4
Tbj @rewdculdali Xjvemutael
Al mjss tbkl k dj`kdj, `rewdculdali bks fkdj saila`klt afpk`ts el `kpatkm cerfktael kld oeh `rjktael al k
lufhjr ec `eultrajs. At as hjst djs`rahjd ks kl elmalj cerf ec culdrkasali cer jatbjr jxastali er prefasali ljw
husaljssjs cref k davjrsj ireup ec sfkmm kld mkrij ̀ eltrahuters, alvjsters, er mjldjrs. At ̀ efhaljs tbj ̀ ellj`-
tavaty ec Altjrljt tj`blemeiy, tbj trklspkrjl`y ec tbj daiatkm ceetpralt, tbj jff`ajl`y ec rjkm-tafj dktk, kld tbj
fumtack`jtjd altjrjsts ec tbj `rewd te darj`t `kpatkm te tbesj tbkt ljjd at fest. At ikaljd trk`tael durali tbj
imehkm lkl`akm `rasas al 8>>2-;8, kld al 8>;4 wks jxpj`tjd te hj k ZP$ ;> hammael aldustry.
Zltam lew, at bks hjjl fest su``jsscum al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, tbj Zlatjd Galidef, kld Kustrkmak, hut tbjrj fky
hj kl jvjl irjktjr eppertulaty cer `eultrajs magj @bamj tbkt bkvj djfelstrktjd tbj khamaty te tkgj allevktavj
stjps te qua`gmy huamd kl jltrjprjljurakm j`esystjf. Yatb ats rjmktavjmy mew `ests hut vjry sepbasta`ktjd werg
cer`j ks wjmm ks etbjr pra`ali dajrjltakms, @bamj ejrs tbj eppertulaty cer altjrlktaelkm alvjsters te alvjst
kld mjvjrkij. Tbj hjljts ec su`b kl eppertulaty jxtjld let elmy cref alatakm culdali ec stkrtups, hut kmse al
cestjrali `eltalujd `efpjtatavj epjrktaels watb tbj petjltakm te jxpert ieeds, sjrva`js, kld adjks. @rewd-
culdali as fjrjmy tbj ljxt stjp al @bamj‑s das`apmaljd kpprek`b te huamdali alcrkstru`turj, aldustrajs, kld jltrj-
prjljurakm kld alvjster `kpk`aty.
Tbj irewtb ec se àkm ljtwergs bks prevjl te hetb jlikij `effulatajs kld jlkhmj tbjf te sbkrj adjks kld
epalaels kt k fefjlt‑s leta`j. Al tbj mktj 8>>>s, ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerfs magj Ga`gstkrtjr rjkmazjd tbj petjltakm
ec mkyjrali tbj se`akm ljtwerg elte k tj`blemeiy pmktcerf cer lkl`ali irjkt adjks. Hy Fkr`b 8>;:, Ga`gstkrtjr
bkd culdjd k ̀ ufumktavj tetkm ec evjr 2>,>>> jltrjprjljurs, allevkters, kld ̀ rjktavj aldavadukms watb wjmm evjrZP$ ;.: hammael al `kpatkm. @rewdculdali pmktcerfs bkvj prevjl tbkt irjkt adjks `kl kttrk`t culdali cref hetb
alsadj kld eutsadj ec trkdataelkm, fkoer feljy `jltjrs (cer jxkfpmj, Pama`el Skmmjy, Ljw Qerg, Hestel).
^jjr-te-pjjr (^8^) kld pjjr-te-husaljss (^8H) djht `rewdculdali bks kmse sjjl trjfjldeus irewtb ks hklgs
bkvj hetb `ut hk`g el tbjar sfkmm kld fjdauf jltjrprasj (PFJ) mjldali kld al`rjksjd uldjrwratali rjquarj-
fjlts cer tbas typj ec `majlt. Xktbjr tbkl rjpmk`ali tbj remj tbkt hklgs pmky, djht `rewdculdali pmktcerfs krj
hjiallali te werg al tkldjf watb trkdataelkm mjldjrs wbamj stamm ejrali mewjr altjrjst rktjs. Tbjrj krj lew lu-
fjreus jxkfpmjs ec pkrtljrsbaps tbkt hklgs kld hklgali ksse`aktaels krj cerfali watb ̂ 8^ kld ̂ 8H mjldjrs.;
Ybamj ̀ rewdculdali wks alatakmmy fjt watb ̀ el`jrl kld rjsastkl`j, at as lew hjali k``jptjd al fkly ̀ eultrajs
tbkt wasb te hjljt cref tbj allevktael al `kpatkm cerfktael kld j`elefa` djvjmepfjlt. Tbj ljxt stkij ec`rewdculdali ‐ jquaty kld cerfs ec djht ‐ as k``jmjrktali imehkmmy. @bamj as wjmm pesataeljd te tkgj kdvkltkij
; Fktt P`ubkf (8>;4), ”Pkltkldjr ZG te rjcjr sfkmm husaljssjs te pjjr-te-pjjr mjldjr,‖ Xjutjrs, ;2 Oulj, bttp?//ug.rjutjrs.`ef/ krta`mj/8>;4/>3/;2/ug-hratkal-mjldali-skltkldjr-pjjrtepjjr-adZGGHL>JT;AT8>;4>3;27 ”^respjr Fkrgjtpmk`j Klleul`js
^krtljrsbap Yatb Yjstjrl Aldjpjldjlt Hklgjrs‖ @rewdculdHjkt, bttp?//`rewdculdhjkt.`ef/8>;:/>8/80/prespjr-
fkrgjtpmk`j-klleul`js-pkrtljrsbap-watb-wjstjrl-aldjpjldjlt-hklgjrs/.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
ec tbas irewtb kld djvjmep pema`y te suppert k vahrklt `rewdculdali j`esystjf, jlsurali at as kmailjd watb
Ptkrt-Zp @bamj kld etbjr @erperk`aðl dj Cefjlte dj mk ^redu``aðl dj @bamj (@erce) alataktavjs.
Bewjvjr, at as `rata`km tbkt pema`y fkgjrs uldjrstkld tbkt jlkhmali mjiasmktael sbeumd prevadj rjiumkters watb
jxpma`at, prjs`raptavj darj`tael rjikrdali tbj mjiasmktavj altjlt ec jlk`tali `rewdculdali, kld `rjktj k maibt-
teu`b rjiumktery crkfjwerg el k `mjkr s`bjdumj cer jlk`tfjlt. Kmtbeuib at fky bkvj k dajrjlt lkl`akm sys-
tjf kld rjiumktery crkfjwerg, tbj Zlatjd Galidef ejrs k vkmukhmj jxkfpmj cer @bamj ec hetb jj`tavj kldjff`ajlt evjrsaibt kld trklspkrjl`y. Pu`b kl kpprek`b te rjiumktael wamm bjmp te k`bajvj k ce`usjd rjiumktery
rjvajw pre`jss kld falafazj tbj kdfalastrktael kld `ests tbkt bkvj hjjl ehsjrvjd al sefj etbjr `eultrajs,
su`b ks tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs.
@bamj as Yjmm ^esataeljd cer @rewdculdali
Tbj @bamjkl j`elefy bks irjkt petjltakm cer jltrjprjljurakm kld PFJ irewtb. At as peasjd te djvjmep rkpadmy
tbreuib fedjrlazali ats rjiumktery crkfjwerg kld huamdali ljw hjst prk`ta`js cer PFJs kld stkrtups tbkt krj
sjjgali culdali. Al erdjr te k`bajvj tbas irewtb, allevktavj jltrjprjljurs, ievjrlfjlt eff`akms, mjiasmkters,
kld rjiumkters fust jk`b pmky tbjar pkrts. Cemmewali etbjr `eultry jxkfpmjs, mjkdjrs al @bamj bkvj tbj khamaty
te sjazj tbj eppertulaty `rjktjd hy `urrjlt fk`rej`elefa` cer`js kld fkgj pesatavj `bklijs al tbj wky
@bamjkls de husaljss.
@bamj bks watljssjd pbjlefjlkm irewtb al rj`jlt dj`kdjs7 tbj Yermd Hklg bks rj`jltmy irkduktjd ats stktus
te k Baib Al`efj `eultry hksjd el Iress Lktaelkm Al`efj. Tbas fkgjs @bamj, kmeli watb Zruiuky, tbj elmy
lel-@krahhjkl `eultrajs watb tbas stktus al tbj rjiael. Ljvjrtbjmjss, @bamj as let affulj cref imehkm j`e-
lefa` cer`js, kld tbj smewdewl al djvjmepali j`elefajs, wbesj jxperts krj hksjd el rkw fktjrakms, bks
bkd kl afpk`t, pkrta`umkrmy el ats falali sj`ter. Tbas, bewjvjr, bks kmse stafumktjd tbj lufhjr ec huddali
jltrjprjljurs al @bamj.
Zlmagj tbjar ”ljt ijljrktael‖ ̀ eultjrpkrts al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, tbj typa`km jltrjprjljur al @bamj bks ferj jx-
pjrajl`j al tbj pravktj sj`ter kld, k``erdali te tbj IJF rjsjkr`b, evjr 4> pjr`jlt ec @bamjkl jltrjprjljurskrj wefjl.8 Zldjrstkldali tbas djfeirkpba` kld tbj ulaquj @bamjkl `umturj krj afpertklt `elsadjrktaels
wbjl cerfumktali ievjrlfjlt pema`y te curtbjr jlkhmj @bamj‑s jltrjprjljurakm `mkss. Certulktjmy, Ptkrt-Zp
@bamj bks hjjl k mjkdjr al kttrk`tali imehkm jltrjprjljurs te `efj te @bamj kld werg al k suppertavj jlvarel-
8 bttp?//www.ej`d.eri/se`akm/al`efj-dastrahutael-dktkhksj.btf.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ;3
fjlt te stkrt kld irew tbjar husaljssjs. Ykyrk kld etbjr k``jmjrkters bkvj kmse `eltrahutjd saila`kltmy te
irewali k vahrklt j`esystjf.
Magj tbjar Lertb Kfjra`kl `eultjrpkrts, bewjvjr, ljw jltrjprjljurs al @bamj ck`j `bkmmjlijs al irewali al
kl jstkhmasbjd j`elefy tbkt ckvers `elsjrvktavj alvjstfjlts kld trkdataelkm aldustrajs. Kmm tee ectjl, `efpk-
lajs tbkt krj suppertjd hy Ptkrt-Zp @bamj, er etbjr k``jmjrkters kld al`uhkters, krj ulkhmj te sj`urj cemmew-el
culdali te djvjmep tbjar husaljssjs. Tbas as wbjrj `rewdculdali `kl hj utamazjd te `ellj`t wammali mjldjrs/ alvjsters/`eltrahuters watb husaljss eppertulatajs kld te `rjktj tbesj eppertulatajs tbkt fky djmavjr kttrk`-
tavj rktjs ec rjturl cer alvjsters kld kt altjrjst rktjs tbkt krj petjltakmmy ckverkhmj te PFJs.
Kmtbeuib @bamj rklgs khevj `eultrajs su`b ks Hjmiauf kld Muxjfheuri al tbj Yermd Hklg‑s Deali Husaljss
aldjx klkmyzali husaljss rjiumktaels kreuld tbj wermd, at rklgs mjss `efpjtatavjmy el spj`a`, rjmjvklt alda`k-
ters, su`b ks jksj ec hklgrupt`y (kl alsemvjl`y alda`kter) kld k``jss te `rjdat. @bamj‑s mew rklgali al k``jss te
`rjdat fky rjsumt cref tbj mafatjd kfeult ec alcerfktael kvkamkhmj te kssjss tbj rasg ec petjltakm herrewjrs.
@bamj bks djvjmepjd k `rjdat systjf cer tbesj wbe pjrcerf peermy, hut tbjrj as k mk`g ec alcerfktael kheut
tbesj wbe pjrcerf wjmm. Ljvjrtbjmjss, al `efpkrasel te fu`b ec Mktal Kfjra`k, tbj @bamjkl lkl`akm systjf
as wjmm djvjmepjd, kld evjrkmm, k``jss te `rjdat cer mkrij eriklazktaels dejs let kppjkr te hj k saila`kltprehmjf.
K``erdali te tbj Iala aldjx, k fjksurjfjlt ec `eultrajs‑ mjvjms ec aljqukmaty, @bamj bks tbj irjktjst aljquaty
ec kly EJ@D `eultry,0 wba`b baibmaibts tbj ljjd te prefetj lkl`akm al`musael. Elj ec tbj gjy ldalis cref
tbas study as tbkt @bamj sbeumd wadjl k``jss te hklgali al k systjfkta` kld trklspkrjlt wky. Al erdjr te de se,
@bamj sbeumd ̀ elsadjr bew te kddrjss tbj ̀ est ec culdali cer PFJs, pkrta`umkrmy cer fa`re kld sfkmm husaljssjs.
Cer alstkl`j, sefj ck`terali `efpklajs `bkrij baib altjrjst rktjs cer prevadali wergali `kpatkm te PFJs7
`rewd-hksjd mjldali ̀ eumd bjmp te mewjr tbj evjrkmm ̀ est ec ̀ kpatkm hy al`rjksali herrewali eptaels cer PFJs.
Fkrgjt cer`js bkvj ̀ el`jltrktjd tbj fkoeraty ec hklgali sjrva`js al ceur mkrij hklgs.4 @bamj faibt kddrjss tbj
assuj ec `efpjtatael al tbj PFJ mekl fkrgjt hy jlkhmali `rewd-hksjd mjldjrs te jxpkld tbjar `urrjlt ejr-
alis te prevadj mekls te husaljssjs tbkt krj `urrjltmy let k``jptjd hy tbj hklgs.
@bamj `eltalujs te hj k mjkdjr al Mktal Kfjra`k al k`tavjmy cestjrali kl jltrjprjljurakm j`esystjf kld bks
jloeyjd saila`klt pesatavj fjdak `evjrkij watb Ptkrt-Zp @bamj kld etbjr rjmktjd preirkfs. Bewjvjr, k`-
`erdali te altjrvajws `eldu`tjd durali tbas preoj`t, @bamjkl jltrjprjljurs bkvj yjt te jxpjrajl`j k ”befj
rul‖ ‐ kl jltrjprjljurakm `efpkly watb k mkrij kld su``jsscum jxat kctjr fumta`eultry jxpklsael. Al `eltrkst,
kmtbeuib Krijltalk bks k struiimali jltrjprjljurakm j`esystjf, at bks k rasg-tkgali `umturj kld bks predu`jd
;> su``jsscum jltrjprjljurs hy tbas djlatael, k``erdali te altjrvajws cer tbas rjsjkr`b. Hjali kl jltrjprjljur
as al`rjksalimy sjjl ks ”`eem,‖ kld @bamj kmrjkdy bks sjvjrkm alataktavjs tbkt krj su``jsscummy suppertali jltrj-
prjljurakm k`tavatajs kld hjljtali tbj j`elefy. @efpklajs tbkt ie tbreuib Ptkrt-Zp @bamj‑s preirkf, cer
alstkl`j, krj barali ;.9 pjepmj el kvjrkij, k pesatavj heest cer oeh `rjktael. Ac tbjsj `efpklajs wjrj khmj te
tkgj tbj ljxt stjp al tbjar djvjmepfjlt, tbjy `eumd bkvj kl jvjl irjktjr afpk`t el jfpmeyfjlt.
0 Imehkm Jltrjprjljursbap Felater (8>;4), 8>;4 Imehkm Xjpert, bttp?//www.ijf`elsertauf.eri/de`s/dewlmekd/03;3.
4 Hjrlkrdatk ̂ ajdrkhujlk (8>;0), @efpjtjl`ak jl jm fjr`kde hkl`krae djm ̀ rádate jl @bamj, Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg,bttp?//www.akdh.eri/wfsmjs/predu`ts/puhma`ktaels/de`ufjlts/02;93299.pdc.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Ybamj kmm trkdataelkm cerfs ec lkl`ali (husaljss klijm, vjlturj `kpatkm, pravktj jquaty, hklg, puhma` irklts, kld
se el) `urrjltmy jxast al @bamj, rj`jlt kttjltael bks ce`usjd el culdali jkrmy stkij djvjmepfjlt. Tbj ievjrl-
fjlt kld @erce bkvj hjjl `rata`kmmy afpertklt al sjjdali fkly ljw `efpklajs. Kddataelkmmy, tbj @bamjkl
Pj`uratajs Xjiumkter (PSP) bks `rjktjd spj`a` rjiumktael cer PFJs te ck`amatktj `kpatkm cerfktael, kmtbeuib
utamazktael se ckr bks hjjl mew.
K `effel tbjfj tbkt jfjrijd al sjvjrkm altjrvajws `eldu`tjd cer tbas study wks tbkt, wbamj tbj kvkamkham-aty ec jkrmy er sjjd stkij `kpatkm as streli, at as fu`b ferj daff`umt te sj`urj cemmew-el lkl`ali al tbj ZP$
;:>,>>>-2>>,>>> rklij. Tbas as tbj ”Skmmjy ec Djktb‖ cer @bamjkl stkrtups. Pj`uratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali fky
prevadj teems te kddrjss tbas `bkmmjlij, ks wjmm ks te tk`gmj tbj assuj ec prevadali culdali cer trkdataelkm PFJs
wbamj suppertali lkl`akm al`musael.
Ks al etbjr EJ@D ̀ eultrajs, kdvkl`js al tj`blemeiy kld tbj Altjrljt bkvj hj`efj ̀ effelpmk`j al tbj mavjs
ec @bamjkls. Tbj sbkrali j`elefy as irewali kld prevali tbkt trust `kl hj djvjmepjd elmalj, wba`b as curtbjr
mjkdali te puhma` `eldjl`j al elmalj fkrgjts. Jxkfpmjs ec tbas `kl hj sjjl watb `efpklajs su`b ks Mjvj,
wba`b `kl hj tbeuibt ec ks tbj Zhjr cer Pkltakie, kld Krrjltks, tbj _ap`kr jquavkmjlt, ks wjmm ks `ewergali
spk`js tbkt krj pepumkr kld irewali. Bewjvjr, `efpkrjd te ats EJ@D `eultjrpkrts, tbj baib-tj`b aldustry asuldjrrjprjsjltjd al @bamj, wba`b ejrs k irjkt eppertulaty cer `rewdculdali te bjmp `bklij tbkt.
Hy studyali bew tbj ̀ rewd as altjrk`tali elmalj, elj ̀ kl hjial te uldjrstkld bew levjm cerfs ec elmalj ̀ kpa-
tkm cerfktael `kl hj kppmajd te stkrtup kld PFJ irewtb. Jxkfpmjs cref k`ress tbj wermd djfelstrktj tbj jc-
cj`tavjljss kld sustkalkhamaty ec tbas hettef-up kld pjjr-te-pjjr kpprek`b? at mjvjrkijs se`akm ljtwergs, daia-
tkm tj`blemeiajs, kld `rewdculdali j`esystjfs te spur j`elefa` k`tavaty kld djfe`rktazj k``jss te `kpatkm.
Tbj rjsumts ec tbas study alda`ktj tbkt tbjrj as k saila`klt eppertulaty cer allevktavj ievjrlfjlt pema`y kld
rjiumktael kld `emmkherktael watb pravktj aldustry te cestjr tbj irewtb ec tbj PFJ kld jltrjprjljursbap sj`-
ters tbreuib levjm hut prevjl lkl`akm vjba`mjs wbamj prevadali rehust alvjster pretj`tael. Al kdeptali kl
jlmaibtjljd `rewdculdali strktjiy, @bamj `kl curtbjr djfelstrktj ats mjkdjrsbap al dravali PFJs kld jltrj-
prjljursbap, ks wjmm ks `rjktali vkmukhmj ljw oehs.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
HJLJCATP
KLD TQ^JP EC
@XEYDCZLDALI
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ8>
@rewdculdali bks jfjrijd imehkmmy evjr tbj pkst sjvjl yjkrs, watb fkoer pmktcerfs, su`b ks Aldajieie kld
Ga`gstkrtjr (wba`b mkul`bjd al 8>>2 kld 8>>1, rjspj`tavjmy), rkasali hammaels ec demmkrs cer buldrjds ec tbeu-
sklds ec jltrjprjljurs. Ks k fedjm ec culdrkasali, at bks jvemvjd qua`gmy cref kl ulrjiumktjd cerf ec delkt-
ali er spelserali preoj`ts pepumkr watb krtasts kld hksjfjlt jltrjprjljurs te al`mudj rjiumktjd sj`uratajs
trklsk`taels cer rfs sjjgali irewtb `kpatkm.
Hjljts ec @rewdculdali
@rewdculdali bks djfelstrktjd k lufhjr ec hjljts tbkt al`mudj?
Al`rjksjd k``jss te `kpatkm? @rewdculdali `kl al`rjksj tbj suppmy ec `kpatkm seur`js te uldjrsjrvjd fkrgjts
er sjifjlts.
Jff`ajl`y? @rewdculdali ̀ kl prevadj ljw kld ckstjr k``jss te alvjstfjlt eppertulatajs cer trkdataelkm alvjs-
ters al jatbjr k `mesjd jlvarelfjlt (kl klijm ireup) er kl epjl jlvarelfjlt (puhma` `rewdculdali).
@rewdculdali `kl djmavjr `kpatkm te `efpklajs al dkys er wjjgs rktbjr tbkl feltbs er yjkrs. Sartukmmy
kmm ^8H mjldali `kfpkails `mesj al mjss tbkl 8; dkys kld jquaty `kfpkails `mesj al mjss tbkl 1> dkys.
Ybamj tbjsj alvjstfjlts krj ectjl sfkmmjr tbkl wbkt trkdataelkm alvjsters suppmy, al hetb `ksjs at as k
fu`b ckstjr pre`jss tbkl as typa`km watb alvjstfjlt cref trkdataelkm seur`js.
Alvjster/jltrjprjljur trklspkrjl`y? ”@rewd-vjttali‖ kld ”`rewd-damaijl`j‖ `kl kssurj tbj mjiatafk`y ec
`efpklajs kld jltrjprjljurs ks tbjy sjjg te rkasj cemmew-el `kpatkm. Trklspkrjl`y kld k``eultkhamaty
krj irjktmy al`rjksjd watb `rewdculdali. Kmm usjrs ec tbjsj pmktcerfs fust hjial hy jltjrali tbjar @bam-
jkl lktaelkm AD lufhjr. Tbj khamaty cer kmm tbjsj trklsk`taels te tkgj pmk`j elmalj, watb tbj tjrfs ec tbj
ejralis al k dktkhksj, prevadjs irjkt glewmjdij kld evjrsaibt eppertulatajs cer tbj pmktcerfs, tbj
aldustry kt mkrij, kld cer rjiumkters.
Trklspkrjl`y cer tbj rjiumkter? Elj ec tbj fest saila`klt hjlj`akrajs ec `rewdculdali as tbj rjiumkter,
hj`kusj cer tbj rst tafj, rjiumkters `kl bkvj tafjmy, pjraeda` (cer alstkl`j, qukrtjrmy) kld ulcjttjrjd
k``jss te dktk el k`tavatajs al pravktj `kpatkm fkrgjts. Tbas al`rjksjd trklspkrjl`y kld tafjmaljss fky
prevadj eppertulatajs te afprevj rjiumktery evjrsaibt. Kmse, hy `rjktali rjiumktael tbkt as ”dktk altjl-
savj kld prjs`raptavjmy maibt,‖ rjiumkters `kl `rjktj rumjs tbkt krj mjss hurdjlsefj te aldustry, wbamj stamm
prevadali rehust alvjster pretj`tael tbreuib tbj usj ec ljkr rjkm-tafj dktk cjjds cref djht kld jquaty
`rewdculdali pmktcerfs.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
@rewdculdali as k saila`klt, jvemutaelkry stjp al fevali tbj kl`ajlt prk`ta`j ec mjldali kld alvjstali el-
malj. @rewdculdali `kl `rjktj ljw `kpk`aty al tbj jxastali lkl`akm systjf, kmmewali cer mewjr `est ec
`rjdat kld hjttjr k``jss te lkl`akm sjrva`js cer tbesj wbe faibt prjvaeusmy bkvj hjjl ulhklgkhmj.
Bewjvjr, tbj hjljts ec `rewdculdali ie hjyeld lkl`akm jff`ajl`y kld trklspkrjl`y. Tbjsj kddataelkm
hjljts al`mudj?
Al`rjksjd vasahamaty kld `rjdahamaty kfeli alvjstali kudajl`js? Hy `jltrkmazali k``jss te dktk el kvkamkhmj
alvjstfjlt eppertulatajs, `rewdculdali ck`amatktjs tbj ew ec alcerfktael te petjltakm alvjsters ferj
rkpadmy tbkl bks jvjr hjjl pessahmj hjcerj. Trkdataelkm fedjms rjquarj `efpklajs te bemd dezjls er
buldrjds ec fjjtalis te sjjg `kpatkm, wba`b as hetb mkher kld `kpatkm altjlsavj, kld baibmy aljff`ajlt.
@rewdculdali pertkms kmmew petjltakm alvjsters te alvjstaiktj lufjreus ejralis elmalj kt elj tafj
kld te qua`gmy djtjrfalj ac tbj alvjstfjlt eppertulaty ts tbjar pertcemae strktjiy, rasg kppjtatj, er al-
tjrjsts. Ferj afpertkltmy, al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, alvjsters lew felater delktael-hksjd `rewdculdali
pmktcerfs te adjltacy allevktavj `efpklajs kld predu`ts. K ljw `mkss ec klkmyst: as jfjriali te dassj`t
`rewdculd alvjstfjlt eppertulatajs te prevadj hjttjr klkmyta`s te bjmp alvjsters dj`adj ac k husaljss as
wertby ec culdali. Kmm ec tbas mjkds te trklspkrjl`y, vasahamaty, kld `rjdahamaty al tbj aldustry.
Fkrgjt tjstali kld djfkld fjksurjfjlt? @rewdculdali typa`kmmy kmmews rfs te vkmadktj tbjar predu`ts
er sjrva`js watbeut tbj jxpjlsj ec fkluck`turali, predu`t mkul`b, er stkrtali epjrktaels. Ac culdali
iekms krj fjt, tbjsj rfs bkvj k``jss te tbj `kpatkm ljjdjd te mkul`b tbjar alatakm predu`t. Cref kl
alvjster‑s pjrspj`tavj, tbas dj-rasgs tbj alvjstfjlt te k `jrtkal jxtjlt, sal`j tbj fkrgjt bks kmrjkdy
djfelstrktjd djfkld cer tbj predu`t. Pefj mkrij ZP-hksjd klijm ireups, su`b ks Bjkrtmkld Klijms
(@ba`kie) kld Imehkm Klijm Alvjsters Ljtwerg (Ijeriak), krj `rjktali tbjar ewl `rewdculdali pertkms
watb tbj jxpj`tktael tbkt rfs sjjgali `kpatkm fust prevj fkrgjt k``jptkl`j tbreuib k su``jsscum
`rewdculdali `kfpkail. Ac su``jsscum, tbjsj klijm alvjsters wamm tbjl suppmy kddataelkm culds.
K``jss te jkrmy-stkij suppert ljtwergs? Hy ejrali k `rewdculdali ̀ kfpkail, ̀ efpklajs jlikij k baibmy
fetavktjd ireup ec `ustefjrs tbkt k`t hetb ks predu`t jvklijmasts kld ks k ra`b kld djtkamjd cjjdhk`g
seur`j. Hy jxpkldali alte `rewdculdali, `efpklajs kmse k``ruj kl jkrmy-stkij suppert ljtwerg ec al-
vjsters watb k vjstjd altjrjst al tbjar su``jss, kld fky bkvj sgamms tbkt jltrjprjljurs ̀ kl hjljt cref al
kddatael te tbj ̀ kpatkm. Klj`detkm dktk suiijst tbkt tbjsj jkrmy alvjsters wamm fkgj altredu`taels cer tbj
rfs, wergali al fkly wkys ks kdvasers kld predu`t jvklijmasts ‐ k`tavatajs tbkt wamm suhstkltakmmy bjmp
suppert tbj rfs tbreuib tbj `bkmmjlijs ec jkrmy irewtb.
Fkrgjts kld pkrtljrsbaps? Jltrjprjljurs wamm kmse rj`javj jkrmy cjjdhk`g el tbj vakhamaty ec tbjar altjldjd
fkrgjts kld fkrgjtali. Tbj jxtjlsavj cjjdhk`g cref `ustefjrs kld alvjsters `kl mjkd te k rjvasael ec
tbjar pmklljd husaljss fedjm, kmmewali rfs te `bklij tbjar ce`us te ljw fkrgjts ks lj`jsskry, er te
sjjg eut strktjia` pkrtljrsbaps watb ljw suppmajrs er vjlders. Tbj epjl jx`bklij ec alcerfktael kheut
predu`t adjks, husaljss `el`jpts, kld altjldjd fkrgjts drkfkta`kmmy al`rjksjs fkrgjt jff`ajl`ajs.
: Cer alstkl`j, @rewdljta` kiirjiktjs, klkmyzjs, kld rjperts dktk kld trjlds vak Tbefsel Xjutjrs kld @LH@ (bttp?//www.`rewdljta`.`ef).
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ88
Xjsjkr`b bks kmse baibmaibtjd sjvjrkm etbjr kdvkltkijs ec `rewdculdali. Cer alstkl`j, at bks tbj petjltakm
te `ellj`t daksperk `effulatajs te jlikij al ferj tbkl rjfattkl`j pkyfjlts te bjmp suppert dylkfa`,
baib-afpk`t jltrjprjljurs kld `efpklajs. Hj`kusj ec al`rjksjd vasahamaty kld ljtwergali, `rewdculdali ec-
cjrs stkrtups k``jss te sgammjd aldavadukms cer jfpmeyfjlt, kld kmmews mkrijr husaljssjs te adjltacy jkrmy stkij
allevktael cer alvjstfjlt er djkm ew.
Typjs ec @rewdculdali
Tedky, tbjrj krj sjvjrkm `rewdculdali fedjms tbkt kmmew dajrjlt mjvjms ec lkl`akm jlikijfjlt kld `em-
mkherktael watb kld cref husaljssjs kld hetb lelpret kld cer-pret preoj`ts. Tbjsj al`mudj delktael kld
rjwkrds ̀ rewdculdali, ”prj-skmj‖ ̀ rewdculdali fedjms, kld djht kld jquaty ̀ rewdculd alvjstali.
Delktael kld Xjwkrds @rewdculdali
Delktael `rewdculdali as tbj emdjst kld jksajst cerf ec `rewdculdali te uldjrstkld. Al fkly wkys
at as adjlta`km te tbj delktael dravjs tbkt `bkratajs kld lelprets bkvj meli usjd te rkasj culds usali
spj`akm jvjlts magj `bkraty fkrktbels kld tjmjtbels. Bewjvjr, watb tbj rasj ec tbj Altjrljt kld se`akmljtwergs, tbas pre`jss ec culdrkasali as fevali cref efflalj eff`j peems kld tjmjtbels te elmalj culdali
pmktcerfs. Al k typa`km delktael `rewdculdali jert, kl aldavadukm er ireup sema`ats delktaels cer k preo-
j`t tbkt k pjrsel wklts te mkul`b, su`b ks k `rjktavj jldjkver, k `effulaty preoj`t, er k ljw predu`t.
Delktael ̀ rewdculdali ̀ eumd hj usjd hy s`beems sjjgali te pur`bksj suppmajs, crajlds sjjgali te rkasj
culds cer kl alourjd ckfamy fjfhjr, er jvjl lelprets sjjgali te best k rjiaelkm pjk`j `elcjrjl`j al
tbj Faddmj Jkst kfeli @brastakl, Ojwasb, kld Fusmaf `emmjij studjlts. Al delktael `rewdculdali, tbj
`rewd delktjs feljy te suppert k preoj`t watb le jxpj`tktael ec k lkl`akm rjturl.
Delktael `rewdculdali bks qua`gmy jvemvjd te k rjwkrds `rewdculdali fedjm al wba`b preoj`t hk`g-
jrs er delers rj`javj rjwkrds er al`jltavjs tajd te tbjar mjvjm ec `eltrahutael. Pefj ec tbjsj rjwkrds krjtkliahmj ehoj`ts ‐ k T-sbart, kl atjf ec fjr`bkldasj, k sailjd `epy ec k s`rapt cer k pmky, kld se el. Pefj
ec tbj rjwkrds kmmew kld jl`eurkij tbj deler te pkrta`apktj al tbj predu`tael, kttjld k rjbjkrskm, er
rj`javj k `rjdat er `atktael. Ikfa`ktael kld ikfj fj`bkla`s krj usukmmy kl afpertklt pkrt ec rjwkrds
`rewdculdali? fkgali k rjwkrd ”s`kr`j‖ al`rjksjs tbj djsarj cer hk`gjrs te irkh tbkt rjwkrd hjcerj at as
ielj. Bewjvjr, tbj iekm watb tbas typj ec `rewdculdali as te hetb rjwkrd delers cer tbjar pkrta`apktael
kld jl`eurkij tbjar alvemvjfjlt al tbj preoj`t. Tbjrj as k ferkm ehmaiktael te prevadj tbj prefasjd
rjwkrd, hut le `eltrk`tukm ehmaiktaels krj `rjktjd.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Xjwkrds ̀ rewdculdali as baibmy jxahmj kld kmmews tbj ̀ kfpkail eraialkter te ̀ rjktj k sjrajs ec rjwkrds
tbkt kppjkm te dajrjlt deler djfeirkpba`s kld al`efj mjvjms. Pal`j ̀ kfpkails krj erikla`, tbj spel-
ser ̀ kl kdd ljw rjwkrds, ̀ bklij fjsskiali, er ̀ bklij k vadje durali tbj ̀ kfpkail, prk`ta`js tbkt krj
usukmmy ammjikm al jquaty trklsk`taels, ks jxpmkaljd hjmew. Hy `rjktali ulaquj rjwkrds, kl eriklazktael
`kl kmail tbj rjwkrds watb ats fassael kld `rjktj ulaquj predu`ts er jxpjrajl`js te kppjkm te tkrijtjd
deler ireups wbamj rjalcer`ali ats hrkld fjsskiali. Delktael kld rjwkrds `rewdculdali kmse kvead
tbj stjjp `efpmakl`j `ests kld mjikm rasgs ksse`aktjd watb jquaty-hksjd `rewdculdali. Hj`kusj at asfkalmy ulrjiumktjd imehkmmy, tbas cerf ec `rewdculdali as kmse tbj jksajst te prefetj al tjrfs ec se`akm
al`musavaty, al tbkt at kmmews klyelj te pat`b kl adjk er prj-sjmm k predu`t te tbjar `effulaty kld rkasj
culds watbeut ullj`jsskramy `rjktali mjikm er `efpmakl`j assujs.
”^rj-Pkmj‖ @rewdculdali Fedjms
K vkraktael ec rjwkrds `rewdculdali as k fedjm al wba`b kl eriklazktael er jltrjprjljur ejrs k pred-
u`t cer skmj hjcerj ats fkluck`turj tbreuib k prj-skmj `rewdculdali `kfpkail. Tbj jltrjprjljur tjsts
tbj fkrgjt ‐ ”Ac A huamd at, wamm yeu huy at5‖ ‐ watbeut `effattali tbj upcrelt fkrgjtali, predu`tael, kld
dastrahutael `ests rjquarjd te cummy `effjr`akmazj k ljw predu`t. Pefj ec tbj fest su``jsscum prj-skmjpreoj`ts usjd `kfpkails te sema`at let elmy `kpatkm hut kmse cjjdhk`g cref `eltrahuters, wba`b wks
al`erperktjd alte tbj predu`t djsail kld fkrgjtali. Pefj rj`jlt `kfpkails, magj tbj ^jhhmj Tafj
sfkrtwkt`b, rkasjd fammaels ec demmkrs, jssjltakmmy culdali tbj pre`jss ec tkgali k pretetypj alte pre-
du`tael.3 Jltrjprjljurs tbkt rul su``jsscum prj-skmj `kfpkails ikal k strelijr bkld wbamj ljietaktali
watb alvjsters, wbamj alvjsters `kl mewjr tbjar rasgs hy fkgali alvjstfjlts al predu`ts tbkt bkvj hjjl
vkmadktjd hy `ustefjrs.
Djht kld Jquaty @rewdculd Alvjstali
Djht kld jquaty `rewdculd alvjstali krj dastal`t cref delktael/rjwkrds/prj-skmj fedjms al tbkt jl-
tatajs krj mjikmmy kmmewjd te assuj sbkrjs, helds, er djht alstrufjlts, wbamj pkrta`apklts bkvj tbj ep-
pertulaty te pret cref tbjar alvjstfjlts rktbjr tbkl safpmy prevadj lkl`akm suppert cer tbj preoj`t,
eriklazktael, er rf sjjgali culdali.
Djht/Fala-held @rewdculdali
Ybjrj de sfkmm fkluck`turjrs er jltrjprjljurs turl cer djht lkl`j kctjr tbjy bkvj jxbkustjd fa-
`rejltjrprasj mjldali ck`amatajs5 Al fest `ksjs, hklgs kld etbjr alstatutaels wamm let mjld te k fa`rejl-
tjrprasj (ac kt kmm) ultam tbjy bkvj k fumta-yjkr trk`g rj`erd ec pesatavj jkrlalis ‐ al etbjr werds, kctjr tbj
ljjd cer irewtb `kpatkm as evjr. Jvjl cer trkdataelkm, su``jsscum PFJs ldali k``jss te wergali `kpatkm er
jxpklsael `kpatkm as k saila`klt `bkmmjlij. Djht `rewdculdali as jfjriali ks k fj`bklasf cer sfkmm
jltjrprasjs te rj`javj djht ̀ kpatkm cer irewtb, alvjltery, er ̀ ksb rjsjrvjs kld ̀ eumd jvemvj ks kl afper-
tklt pkrt ec tbj culdali `y`mj cer allevktael al jfjriali fkrgjts.
3 bttps?//www.ga`gstkrtjr.`ef/preoj`ts/:19:>9>;2/pjhhmj-j-pkpjr-wkt`b-cer-apbelj-kld-kldread.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ84
Al djht-hksjd `rewdculdali, aldavadukms mekl feljy te jatbjr etbjr aldavadukms (^8^) er te sfkmm husa-
ljssjs (^8H). Tbj djht pmktcerfs s`rjjl tbj kppma`klts, uldjrwratj tbj mekls, kssail altjrjst rktjs (usu-
kmmy hksjd el kl ku`tael haddali ec altjrjst rktjs hjtwjjl wammali mjldjrs), kld tbjl `rjktj kl ku`tael
fkrgjt wbjrj alvjsters krj khmj te sjj kvkamkhmj mekls kld suppmy pkrts ec tbj tetkm mekl kfeult te tbj
preoj`ts er husaljssjs. ^8^ pmktcerfs culd jvjrytbali cref djht `elsemadktael, te befj afprevjfjlt,
te mjksjs, te rjkm jstktj, kld jvjl `emmjij tuatael.
Tbjsj pmktcerfs krj irewali rkpadmy k`ress tbj wermd kld bkvj k`bajvjd hammaels ec demmkrs al trklsk`-
taels. Cer jxkfpmj, al 8>;0 Mjldali@muh eraialktjd evjr ZP$ ; hammael al ulsj`urjd mekls cref `elsuf-
jrs. Lerfkmmy, ulsj`urjd mekls `efj kt k baibjr djckumt rktj, hut kt tbj 8>;4 Mjldat @elcjrjl`j al Pkl
Crkl`as`e at wks sbewl tbkt tbj djckumt rktjs el tbjsj mekls wjrj le irjktjr tbkl trkdataelkm mekls kld
tbjy bkvj k baibjr yajmd. Tbj su``jsscum alatakm puhma` ejralis (A^Es) ec Mjldali@muh kld ElDj`g cur-
tbjr djfelstrktj tbj k``jptkl`j ec tbjsj lkl`ali pmktcerfs.
@efpklajs kld aldavadukms tbkt usj djht-hksjd `rewdculdali rjpert tbkt tbj s`rjjlali kld uldjr-
wratali pre`jss as ckstjr tbkl trkdataelkm mekl uldjrwratali. Tbas fky hj pkrta`umkrmy hjlj`akm te rfs
tbkt etbjrwasj weumd bkvj te turl te jxpjlsavj rj`javkhmjs das`eultali cer tbj ckstjst kpprevkm wbjlsjjgali `kpatkm. Al `eultrajs magj @bamj, wbjrj fkly PFJs ljjd te lkl`j tbjar wergali `kpatkm el `rjdat
al erdjr te stky al husaljss kld k mktj pkyfjlt as k rjksel cer hklgrupt`y, tbas `eumd hj tbj dajrjl`j
hjtwjjl macj kld djktb.
Al tbj ZPK, `rjdat alcerfktael as usjd te predu`j CA@E `rjdat s`erali, wba`b as usjd cer jvkmuktael kld
rasg kssjssfjlt wbjl prevadali ulsj`urjd mekls.9 Tbas kssurjs tbkt ieed herrewjrs ijt culdjd, kld
jlsurjs tbj qukmaty ec tbj kssjts tbkt krj al turl huldmjd kld semd ks sj`uratajs te alstatutaelkm alvjsters
ks mew-rasg sj`uratajs. Ljw elmalj pmktcerfs krj mjvjrkiali kmm kvkamkhmj alcerfktael el petjltakm herrew-
jrs al erdjr te kssjss tbjar `rjdatwertbaljss.
Mkrij alstatutaelkm ireups kmse pkrta`apktj al tbjsj fkrgjts hy pur`bksali mekl pertcemaes er hy tkgali
pertaels ec k mkrij lufhjr ec mekls (tbj stru`turj ec jk`b krrklijfjlt as ljietaktjd hjtwjjl tbj
lkl`akm alstatutael, precjssaelkm kdvasers, kld alvjsters). Elj ec tbj haiijst `bkmmjlijs al tbj djht
`rewdculdali fkrgjt as tbkt tbj djfkld cer mekls lew jx`jjds tbj suppmy ec alvjsters. Tbjrj as epta-
fasf tbkt tbas wamm hj rjsemvjd ks tbj fkrgjt jvemvjs kld fkturjs kld ks alvjster kwkrjljss ec djht-
hksjd `rewdculdali irews kld alstatutaelkm alvemvjfjlt kmse al`rjksjs.
Djht `rewdculdali wamm kppjkm fkalmy te husaljssjs tbkt bkvj `ustefjrs kld `ksb ew. At fky kmse
hjljt rjtkam husaljssjs sjjgali sbert-tjrf mekls. Tbj hjljt ec sjjgali tbas typj ec `kpatkm vak `rewd-
culdali fky hj mewjr yajmds kld irjktjr `ustefjr jlikijfjlt (”A‑f deali fy pkrt te bjmp fy `ef-
fulaty husaljss‖). ^mktcerfs al tbj spk`j krj ce`usjd el uldjrwratali hj`kusj tbjy uldjrstkld tbas
fkrgjt as irewali rkpadmy, hut ac tbj uldjrwratali as peer, tbj qukmaty kld yajmds wamm sujr. K``erdali
te @bkrmjs Femdew ec Ceuldktael @kpatkm, tbas `eumd hj`efj k ZP$ ; trammael imehkm fkrgjt watbal ;>
9 bttp?//www.`e.`ef/jl/.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
yjkrs,2 kl jlerfeus iurj tbkt weumd stamm elmy rjprjsjlt ; pjr`jlt ec tbj ZP$ ;>> trammael imehkm djht
fkrgjt.1
Al @bamj, at fky hj prjcjrkhmj te `rjktj k predu`t tbkt k`ts magj djht hut as k`tukmmy stru`turjd ferj magj k
held. Tbas ̀ eumd rjsemvj tbj assuj ck`jd hy etbjr ̀ eultrajs al wba`b djht ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerfs bemd
culds er fkgj mekls tbkt ckmm watbal hklgali rjiumktaels tbkt prebahat kly `efpkly, etbjr tbkl k hklg,
te bkvj `ustedy ec `majlt culds. Tbas as das`ussjd al irjktjr djtkam mktjr al tbas rjpert.
Jquaty @rewdculdali
Yatb tbj `emmkpsj ec imehkm fkrgjts al 8>>2 kld tbj taibtjlali ec hklg mjldali kld jkrmy stkij lkl`j,
`rewdculd alvjstali bks jfjrijd ks k rehust kmtjrlktavj te etbjr cerfs ec trkdataelkm lkl`j cer stkrt-
ups kld PFJs. Tbas fedjm alvemvjs tbj skmj ec k sj`uratajs alstrufjlt (ste`g) al k `efpkly tbreuib k
rjiumktjd, elmalj pmktcerf. Ybjtbjr lkl`ali kl aldavadukm `efpkly, er lkl`ali k mkrijr fjdaktali
eriklazktael, `rewdculd alvjstali `kl rkasj fammaels ec demmkrs rkpadmy cref k dastrahutjd hksj ec alvjs-
ters. Zlmagj delktael er rjwkrds `rewdculdali, tbj pur`bksjr ec tbj sj`uraty wamm jxpj`t sefj gald ec
lkl`akm ikal cref tbj trklsk`tael.
Ks k rjsumt ec tbj saila`klt culds ewali alte `kfpkails watb irjkt adjks, kld tbj su``jss ec rjwkrds
kld prj-skmj `rewdculdali, jltrjprjljurs kld ievjrlfjlts kmagj krj rj`eilazali tbj petjltakm cer
ldali alvjsters tbreuib tbjar ljtwergs ec rjmktaelsbaps te rkasj `kpatkm kld kmail meli-tjrf altjrjsts
hy sjmmali jquaty al k vjlturj. Cer jkrmy stkij vjlturjs, jquaty ̀ rewdculdali as tbj jquavkmjlt ec fevali
tbj ”crajlds kld ckfamy‖ reuld ec lkl`ali elmalj kld al`mudali let oust crajlds kld ckfamy, hut kmse ”cem-
mewjrs kld ckls.‖ At `kl kmse hj k suhstatutj er `efpmjfjlt te klijm alvjstali.
Ks kl kmtjrlktavj, sefj ireups prjcjr te iavj kwky jquaty er tkgj eut mekls rktbjr tbkl damutj ewljrsbap
hy tkgali el alvjsters. At `kl hj k `efpmjfjlt te klijm alvjstali wbjl tbj klijm alvjsters rjquarj tbj`efpkly te djfelstrktj fkrgjt k``jptkl`j hy sbewali su``jss al `rewdculdali. Klijm ljtwergs,
vjlturj `kpatkm (S@) rfs, pravktj jquaty rfs, kld bjdij culds krj kmm jxpjrafjltali watb `rewdculd-
ali. Pefj klijm ljtwergs, magj KlijmMast, bkvj ̀ rjktjd tbjar ewl pmktcerfs ‐ wba`b hmurs tbj heuldkrajs
hjtwjjl tbjsj cerfs ec jkrmy alvjstali. Cer jltrjprjljurs kld sfkmm jltjrprasjs, `rewdculdali pmkt-
cerfs mewjr tbj hkrrajrs rjquarjd cer tbjf te ejr jquaty sbkrjs al tbjar `efpklajs, tbjrjhy jlbkl`-
ali tbjar k``jss te `kpatkm. Hraliali tbj pre`jss ec rkasali culds elmalj al`rjksjs tbj peem ec alvjsters,
jl`eurkijs tbj usj ec `effel pmktcerfs kld stkldkrdazjd das`mesurjs, spjjds tbj culdali macj`y`mj,
kld `rjktjs sbkrjd rjpesaterajs ec alcerfktael tbkt `kl hj k``jssjd kt kly tafj hy alvjsters er jltrj-
prjljurs.
Jquaty-hksjd `rewdculdali kmse bks kl afpertklt remj te pmky al suppertali jltrjprjljursbap kld jf-
pmeyfjlt `rjktael al djvjmepali `eultrajs. Dktk `emmj`tjd hy @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers sbew tbkt
`rewdculdali hy fa`rejltjrprasjs mjkds te rkpad al`rjksjs al rjvjluj kld `rjktjs jfpmeyfjlt, el
2 bttp?//www.mjldat.`e/kssjts/prjsjltktaels/@bkrmjs-Femdew-Ceuldktael-@kpatkm-MjldAt-8>;4.pdc.
1 bttp?//www.hmeefhjri.`ef/ljws/krta`mjs/8>;4->0->1/imehkm-djht-jx`jjds-;>>-trammael-ks-ievjrlfjlts-halij-has-skys.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ83
kvjrkij hy 8.8 ljw jfpmeyjjs tbj yjkr cemmewali k su``jsscum `kfpkail.;> Jkrmy dktk kmse sbew tbkt
wefjl kld fjl krj jqukmmy jj`tavj kt fjjtali tbjar iekms el ̀ rewdculdali preoj`ts.;; Tbas suiijsts
tbkt `rewdculdali hy kld cer wefjl `kl hj k gjy fj`bklasf cer `bklljmali culds te wefjl-rul/
ewljd jltjrprasjs, jspj`akmmy al krjks ec tbj wermd wbjrj wefjl fky hj me`gjd eut ec `kpatkm fkrgjts
hj`kusj ec trkdataelkm husaljss prk`ta`js.
Eriklazktaels tbkt cestjr jltrjprjljursbap er ce`us el j`elefa` eppertulaty sbeumd hj kwkrj tbkttbjsj ljw fedjms fky kttrk`t alvjsters cref eutsadj tbjar `eultry er rjiael, ejrali k `bkl`j te rj-
`ruat tbesj alvjsters te prefetj tbj eppertulaty kld bjmp rj`ruat curtbjr ljw alvjsters. Pu`b se`akm
lkl`ali wks jatbjr let pessahmj er jvjl ammjikm ultam rj`jlt rjiumktery `bklijs epjljd tbj deer te
jquaty-hksjd `rewdculdali al fkly `eultrajs kreuld tbj wermd.
;> @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers (8>;4), Bew Dejs @rewdculdali Afpk`t Oeh @rjktael, @efpkly Xjvjluj & ̂ recjssaelkm AlvjsterAltjrjst, bttp?//`rewdculd`kpatkmkdvasers.`ef/ljws/prjss-rjmjksjs/;94-`rewdculd-sailkms.btfm.
;; Dkl Fkref, Kma`ak Xehh kld Ermy Pkdj (8>;0), ”Ijldjr Dylkfa`s al @rewdculdali? Jvadjl`j el Jltrjprjljurs, Alvjsters, kldDjkms cref Ga`gstkrtjr,‖ pkpjr prjsjltjd kt Hjrgjmjy K`kdjfa` Pyfpesauf el @rewdculdali Xjsjkr`b, E`tehjr ;3.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Tbj Cmew ec @kpatkm al Jquaty
kld Djht @rewdculdali
Tbj wkys al wba`b `kpatkm ews al jquaty kld djht `rewdlkl`ali fedjms vkry sefjwbkt kld krj ammustrktjd
hjmew?
Jquaty s`jlkrae
K `efpkly masts ats ejrali (tbj kfeult at as sjjgali te rkasj kld tbj pjr`jltkij ec jquaty ejrjd) el
k rjiastjrjd `rewdculdali pertkm kctjr at fjjts kmm rjquarjfjlts (assujr vjra`ktael kld hk`gireuld
`bj`g, de`ufjlt damaijl`j ̀ bj`g, usj ec pre`jjds, kld se el). Tbj ̀ rewd fkgjs vkryali lkl`akm ̀ ef-
fatfjlts te alvjst (leta`j sjlt te `rewdculdali pertkm) kld feljy as trklscjrrjd te kl js`rew kijlt.
Ybjl ;>> pjr`jlt ec tbj culdali tkrijt as rjk`bjd, feljy as trklscjrrjd cref tbj js`rew kijlt te tbj
`efpkly. Tbj `efpkly assujs sbkrjs te alvjsters cer tbjar pertaels ec tbj jquaty pur`bksjd. Zpel jxat,
sbkrjbemdjrs rj`javj tbjar jquaty pjr`jltkij ec tbj vkmuj ec tbj `efpkly.
$8>,>>> $8>,>>> $8>,>>> $8>,>>> $8>,>>>
8>% MM@ALTJXJPT
8>% MM@ALTJXJPT
8>% MM@ALTJXJPT
8>% MM@ALTJXJPT
8>% MM@ALTJXJPT
@XEYCZLDALI^EXTKM
@EF^KLQ
$;>>,>>>
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ82
Djht/held s`jlkrae
K `efpkly masts ats ejrali, tbj kfeult at as sjjgali te rkasj, kld tbj altjrjst rktj ejrjd el k rjiastjrjd
`rewdculdali pertkm. Kctjr at fjjts kmm rjquarjfjlts, assujr vjra`ktael kld hk`gireuld `bj`g, de`ufjlt
damaijl`j ̀ bj`g, usj ec pre`jjds, kld se el, tbj `rewd fkgjs vkryali lkl`akm `effatfjlts te alvjst (leta`j
sjlt te `rewdculdali pertkm) kld feljy as trklscjrrjd te kl js`rew kijlt. Ybjl ;>> pjr`jlt ec tbj culdali
tkrijt as rjk`bjd, feljy as trklscjrrjd cref tbj js`rew kijlt te tbj `efpkly. Tbj `efpkly assujs letjs tealvjsters cer tbjar pertaels ec tbj mekl sjrva`jd.
Djht/held rjpkyfjlt s`jlkrae
K `efpkly fkgjs rjiumkr pral`apkm kld altjrjst pkyfjlts te tbj js`rew kijlt. Ybjl culds krj rj`javjd tbj
pertkm rj`javjs leta`j. Tbj pertkm alstru`ts tbj js`rew kijlt te dastrahutj tbj pral`apkm kld altjrjst pkyfjlts
te mekl prevadjrs.
@XEYCZLDALI^EXTKM
$;>>,>>>
^XEFAPPEXQ
LETJ$ ;>>,>>>
$8>,>>>^XEFAPPEXQ
LETJ$ 8>,>>>
$8>,>>>
̂ X E F
A P P E X
Q
L E T J
$
8 > , > >
>
$8>,>>>
^ X E F A P P E X Q L E T J $ 8 > , > > >
$8>,>>>
^ X E F A P P E X Q L E T J $ 8 > , > > >
$8>,>>>
̂ X E F
A P P E X
Q
L E T J
$ 8 > , >
> >
@EF^KLQ
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Ybjrj @rewdculdali Catsal tbj @kpatkm Ptk`g
@rewdculdali kddrjssjs k saila`klt ikp al tbj pravktj `kpatkm fkrgjts al @bamj tedky. Ybamj @bamj bks sefj
ec tbj fest allevktavj preirkfs cer prevadali k``jss te `kpatkm al Mktal Kfjra`k, cer fkly husaljssjs at rj-
fkals k saila`klt `bkmmjlij te rkasj `kpatkm te stkrt er irew. Cer ievjrlfjlt preirkfs, at fky e``ksaelkmmy
hj `bkmmjliali, djspatj tbjar hjst jerts, te djmavjr `kpatkm te PFJs. Ptru`turkmmy, kletbjr assuj as tbkt sefj
PFJs kld stkrtups `kllet fjjt tbj uldjrwratali `ratjrak ec mkrij lkl`akm alstatutaels. Jvjl ac tbjy krj khmj te,
tbjsj lktaelkm er rjiaelkm lkl`akm alstatutaels ectjl bkvj daff`umty, djspatj tbjar hjst jerts, te djmavjr `kpatkm
@XEYCZLDALI^EXTKM
^&A^kyfjlts
^&A^kyfjlts
^&A^kyfjlts
^&A^kyfjlts
^&A^kyfjlts
^&A^kyfjlts
@EF^KLQ
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ0>
jff`ajltmy te aldavadukm husaljssjs. Tbas as let k pjrcerfkl`j `bkmmjlij el tbj pkrt ec alstatutaels hut, al fest
`ksjs as k s`kmj `bkmmjlij, al tbkt dastrahutali er alvjstali buldrjds ec fammaels ec demmkrs al ZP$ ;>>,>>>-sazjd
alvjstfjlts prjsjlts saila`klt meiasta`km ehstk`mjs. Al tbj @bamjkl `eltjxt, tbjsj mekls er alvjstfjlts krj
usukmmy sfkmmjr. K``erdali te @erce‑s CEIKAL @rjdat Iukrkltjj dktk cref tbj @bamjkl Falastry ec J`elefy, tbj
kvjrkij mekl kfeult uldjr tbas ck`amaty as ~ZP$ 0;,>>> pjr `efpkly. Tbas as cer rfs watb rjvjlujs ks baib
ks ZC ;>>,>>>.;8 Altjrljt kld fehamj tj`blemeiy `kl lew kddrjss tbas ljjd al k ferj jff`ajlt kld jj`tavj
wky. @rewdculdali kddrjssjs tbj culdali ikp hjtwjjl ”crajlds kld ckfamy lkl`j‖ kld ”precjssaelkm alvjs-ters,‖ er ferj ectjl, hjtwjjl ”crajlds kld ckfamy lkl`j‖ kld letbali. Tbas culdali ikp ljjd `kl hj sjjl al
tbj cemmewali irkpba`.
;8 Tbj Zladkd dj Cefjlte (ZC) as k lkl`akm ulat ec k``eult usjd al @bamj. At kdousts k``erdali te alktael.
Adjk/Al`jptael
C u l d a l i I k p
K f e u l t e c @
k p a t k m L j j d s $
@rewdculdali
Alvjstali = ZP$;F
El`j adjks bkvj fjt falafuf va-
khmj tjsts hy tbj `rewd er `effu-
laty kl jquaty er djht-hksjd `rewd-
culdali `kfpkail as kpprepraktj.
At wamm prevadj al`rjksjd `kpatkm
cer irewtb kld vjstjd altjrjst ec
suppertjrs. Klijms `kl kmse pmky kl
afpertklt remj bjrj.
Fkalstrjkf
Calkl`ali < ZP$;F
Kt tbas stkij, el`j adjks krj prevjl,
fedjms tjstjd kld `ustefjr altjr-
jst jlikijd, tbj rasg cer cemmew el,
mkrijr, ferj trkdataelkm `kpatkm cref
Klijm Alvjsters, Sjlturj @kpatkm. er
^ravktj Jquaty fky hj jlikijd.
Alstatutaelkm @kpatkm
@efpklajs tbkt bkvj prevjd
suff`ajlt fkrgjt irewtb kld
trk`tael tbkt krj al`rjksalimy `kpatkm
altjlsavj fky hj khmj te sjjg
culdali cref alvjstfjlt hklgs kt
tbas stkij.
@rewdculdali = ZP$:>G
Delktael er pjrgs hksjd
`rewdculdali as k ieed t cer
adjk/al`jptael kld preec ec
`el`jpt/pretetypali.
At kmmews tbj `effulaty te
dj`adj wba`b adjks krj wertb
culdali jkrmy el.
^e@/^retetypj Ptkrtup Jkrmy Irewtb Jxpklsael
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Byhradazktael ec Culdali Sjba`mjs
Al tbj pkst, al fkly `ksjs k stra`t dastal`tael wks kppmajd te dajrjlt typjs ec alvjsters (klijms, vjlturj
`kpatkm, pravktj jquaty, kld se el). Ks ̀ rewdculdali hj`efjs ̀ effel prk`ta`j imehkmmy, at as hj`efali
kppkrjlt tbkt tbj Altjrljt kld `rewdculdali krj `rjktali allevktavj ljw wkys cer dajrjlt alvjster
typjs te `emmkherktj kld alvjst ferj jff`ajltmy. Tbas as `rjktali byhrad cerfs ec lkl`j. Jxkfpmjs al-
`mudj?
n Jquaty ̀ rewdculdali prevadjs k wky cer prespj`tavj klijm alvjsters te alvjst al pravktj `efpklajs watb
mewjr kfeults tbkl al k typa`km klijm ireup. Tbas `kl prevadj k pmk`j te jxpjrafjlt kld mjkrl kheut
pravktj `efpkly alvjstfjlts kld stafumktj ferj altjrjst al klijm alvjstali.
n Klijm ireups krj sjldali sefj ec tbj rfs tbjy krj `elsadjrali cer alvjstfjlt te `rewdculdali
pmktcerfs te djfelstrktj predu`t-fkrgjt t, kld/er tbj khamaty te rkasj sefj crajlds kld ckfamy `kpatkm.
n Klijm ireups krj lew usali `rewdculdali pmktcerf tj`blemeiy pravktjmy te strjkfmalj damaijl`j,
de`ufjlt pre`jssali, jltrjprjljur prjsjltktaels, djkm reefs, `bj`g pre`jssali, kld meli-tjrfjlikijfjlt watb jltrjprjljurs. Elj ec tbj ̀ bkmmjlijs ec klijm alvjstali ijljrkmmy as tbj cra`tael al tbj
trklsk`tael duj te tbj aldjpjldjlt k`taels ec aldavadukm klijms. Hy utamazali `rewdculdali tj`blemeiy,
tbjsj ireups `kl `eltaluj te epjrktj al k pravktj, sj`urj, kld `mesjd jlvarelfjlt, wbamj hjljtali
cref tj`blemeiy te rjdu`j trklsk`tael cra`tael.;0
;0 bttp?//djkmheeg.lytafjs.`ef/8>;4/>1/;2/̀ rewdculdali-satj-sjjdalvjst-stragjs-djkm-te-wadjl-ats-rjk`b/.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ08
Imehkm Trjlds al tbj
Kdeptael ec @rewdculdali
Zlatjd Galidef
Kt tbj tafj ec wratali, tbj fest sepbasta`ktjd `rewdculdali j`esystjf jxasts al tbj Zlatjd Galidef.
Tbj fkal rjksel cer tbas as tbkt, rktbjr tbkl evjr-rjiumktj tbj aldustry kt tbj eutsjt, pema`yfkgjrs kld
rjiumkters kirjjd te mjt tbj fkrgjt jvemvj rst. Ks pmktcerfs ikaljd trk`tael kld vemufj, tbj Zlatjd
Galidef‑s `rewdculdali aldustry kpprek`bjd tbj rjiumkters watb k pmkl te rjiumktj at al k wky tbkt
wks dktk altjlsavj kld prjs`raptavjmy maibt teu`b. Tbas fjklt tbkt k``eultkhamaty wks djpjldjlt el tbj
trklspkrjl`y ec tbj ejrali sterjd al k daiatkm ceetpralt. Yatb rjkdy k``jss te kmm tbj alcerfktael kld
dktk kheut ejralis (hetb djht kld jquaty), tbj rjiumkters al tbj Zlatjd Galidef, ks wjmm ks tbj fkrgjtpkrta`apklts (alvjsters kld assujrs), bkd tbj `eldjl`j te kmmew tbj fkrgjt te jvemvj.
Ks k rjsumt, 8>;4 skw tbj haiijst yjkr cer `rewdculdali al tbj Zlatjd Galidef, watb £09 fammael de-
lktjd vak delktael kld pjrgs-hksjd `rewdculdali pmktcerfs (up 48 pjr`jlt cref 8>;0), £;;; fammael
alvjstjd vak jquaty-hksjd ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerfs (up 0>> pjr`jlt cref 8>;0), kld £;.9: hammael mekljd
vak djht-hksjd (hetb pjjr-te-pjjr kld pjjr-te-husaljss) `rewdculdali pmktcerfs (up 92 pjr`jlt sal`j
8>;0).;4 Pefj ec tbj mjkdali pmktcerfs al tbj Zlatjd Galidef krj Culdali @ar`mj (^8H), Mjldali @muh
(^8^), kld @rewd@uhj (jquaty).
Zlatjd Ptktjs
Ybamj tbj Zlatjd Galidef bks tbj fest djvjmepjd `rewdculdali j`esystjf, tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs mjkds
tbj wermd al hetb tbj sazj kld s`kmj ec delktael kld pjrgs-hksjd ̀ rewdculdali, watb mjkdali pmktcerfs
Ga`gstkrtjr kld Aldajieie. Al 8>;4, Ga`gstkrtjr kmelj bkd 0.0 fammael pjepmj imehkmmy pmjdij ferj tbkl
bkmc k hammael demmkrs. Tbj culds hreuibt evjr 88,8:> preoj`ts te macj. Al tbj djht-hksjd spk`j, ̂ respjr kld
Mjldali @muh fkdj buij stradjs al tbj ^8^ fkrgjt, mjldali evjr ZP$ : hammael al ulsj`urjd mekls,;:
kld ^8H mjldali stkrtjd te ikal trk`tael watb pmktcerfs magj Culdali @ar`mj ZPK, Gkhhkij, kld ElDj`g.
Jquaty `rewdculdali skw ats rst rjkm yjkr ec k`tavaty watb tbj su``jsscum mkul`b ec k``rjdatjd alvjster
`rewdculdali, etbjrwasj glewl ks :>3(`) al E`tehjr 8>;0. K``erdali te Zlatjd Ptktjs Pj`uratajs kld
;4 Xehjrt Ykrdrep, Hrykl _bkli, Xkibkvjldrk Xku kld Fak Irky (8>;:), Fevali Fkalstrjkf? Tbj Jurepjkl KmtjrlktavjCalkl`j Hjl`bfkrgali Xjpert, bttp?//www.ohs.`kf.k`.ug/mjkdfal/usjrUupmekd/rjsjkr`b/`jltrjs/kmtjrlktavj-lkl`j/
dewlmekds/8>;:-ug-kmtjrlktavj-lkl`j-hjl`bfkrgali-rjpert.pdc.
;: Bjktbjr Pefjrvammj (8>;4), ”Mjldali @muh Mekls Jx`jjd $: Hammael‖, Pama`el Hjkt, Oumy 2, bttp?//www.sama`elhjkt.`ef/8>;4/>9/>2/ mjldali-`muh-mekls-jx`jjd-:-hammael/7 Heh ^askla (8>;4), ”^8^ Mjldali Pte`gs Ejr Xjwkrds kld Xasgs‖, @LH@, ;> Dj`jfhjr,
bttp?//www.`lh`.`ef/ad/;>88:3:30#.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Jx`bklij @effassael (PJ@) malis, evjr ZP$ 092 fammael wks trklsk`tjd al tbj rst ;8 feltbs ec k`-
`rjdatjd alvjster ̀ rewdculdali. Xjpertali el tbj rjsumts ec tbj rst yjkr jquaty ̀ rewdculdali pmktcerf,
EjrHekrd skad?
Tbj kdvjlt ec tbj :>3(`) puhma`kmmy kdvjrtasjd pravktj pmk`jfjlt bks irkdukmmy hjiul te bkvj sjvjrkm saila-
`klt jj`ts el tbj evjrkmm pravktj pmk`jfjlt fkrgjt. Tbj lufhjr ec k``rjdatjd alvjsters alvjstali al pravktj
pmk`jfjlts bks al`rjksjd, ks bks tbj lufhjr ec ejralis, yjt tbj evjrkmm vemufj ec `kpatkm rkasjd as festmyul`bklijd `efpkrjd te bastera` kvjrkijs. Tbj rktae ec k``rjdatjd te ulk``rjdatjd alvjsters bks smaibtmy dj-
`maljd. Tbj usj ec altjrfjdakrajs rjfkals al malj watb bastera` kvjrkijs. Kt tbas stkij, Tatmj AA ec tbj OEHP K@T bks
let saila`kltmy dasruptjd tbj fkrgjts er rjvemutaelazjd `kpatkm rkasali al tbj Z.P., yjt at bks al`rjksjd k``jss
cer hetb alvjsters kld jfjriali irewtb `efpklajs.;3
Ybamj jquaty ̀ rewdculdali cer ulk``rjdatjd alvjsters wks sailjd alte mkw hy ̂ rjsadjlt Ehkfk al 8>;8,
tbj PJ@ bks hjjl smew te assuj tbj lkm rumjs. Al tbj fjkltafj, tbjrj bks hjjl `rata`asf ec tbj PJ@ cer
evjr-rjiumktael, hurjku`rk`y, kld `efpmakl`j `ests huamt alte tbj jxastali rumjs. Tbj cumm afpk`t ec PFJ
usj ec `rewdculdali te sjjg `kpatkm cref klyelj (suhoj`t te al`efj er ljt wertb rumjs) bks yjt te hj
cjmt.
Hrajc Evjrvajw ec @rewdculdali al Pjmj`tjd @eultrajs
Atkmy
Kctjr tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, Atkmy wks tbj ljxt `eultry te ie mavj watb jquaty `rewdculdali, hut ats crkfj-
werg as bjkvamy rjiumktjd kld lkrrew al ats kppma`khamaty 7 cer alstkl`j, elmy tj`blemeiy ̀ efpklajs qukmacy
cer ̀ rewdculdali, ̀ efpklajs fust hj ec k `jrtkal kij, tbjrj fust hj k ^bD el tbj fklkijfjlt tjkf,
ks wjmm ks etbjr rjquarjfjlts. Ks k rjsumt, ̀ rewdculdali bks yjt te tkgj e kld, se ckr, elmy elj ̀ efpkly
bks rkasjd feljy uldjr tbj `urrjlt jxjfptael. Kt tbj jld ec 8>;4, tbj ievjrlfjlt rjjxkfaljd kld
rjmkxjd sefj ec tbjsj rjstra`taels, hut let jleuib te ailatj alvjsters kld jltrjprjljurs te tbj usj ec
tbas ljw lkl`akm teem.
Fkmkysak
Al mktj 8>;:, Fkmkysak wamm hj tbj rst `eultry al Ksak kld tbj rst djvjmepali j`elefy te ie mavj watb
jquaty `rewdculdali. Xjiumkters usjd k systjfkta` kpprek`b te jlikij kmm stkgjbemdjrs wbamj `rkctali
ats pema`y kld bemdali jvjlts watb imehkm jxpjrts te sbkrj hjst prk`ta`js kld mjssels mjkrljd. Fkmkysak
dad let rjstra`t tbj typjs ec husaljssjs tbkt `eumd mjvjrkij `rewdculdali kld bks hjjl `krjcum let te
evjrhurdjl su``jsscum `efpklajs watb `efpmakl`j `ests.
;3 bttp?//www.ejrhekrd.`ef/wbatjpkpjr.ksp.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ04
Fjxa`e
Fjxa`e as kl jxkfpmj ec k Mktal Kfjra`kl `eultry tbkt bks `eldu`tjd rjsjkr`b el `rewdculdali, kld
as lew hjiallali te turl te tbj qujstael ec rjiumktael kld jdu`ktael watb tbj kssastkl`j ec Klkbuk`
Zlavjrsaty, tbj Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg, kld @rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers. At as jfhkrgali el k
twe-yjkr preirkf te al`uhktj, jdu`ktj, jvemvj, kld s`kmj `rewdculdali al Fjxa`e.
Asrkjm
Ybamj ulk``rjdatjd `rewdculdali as stamm al k rjiumktery `rjktael `y`mj al Asrkjm, k``rjdatjd `rewdculd-
ali bks kmrjkdy tkgjl e. Eur@rewd, tbj mjkdali jquaty `rewdculdali pmktcerf al Asrkjm, bks tkgjl k
byhrad kpprek`b te `rewdculdali. Ats fedjm as vjry fu`b magj k vjlturj `kpatkm rf? at pjrcerfs duj
damaijl`j, kld mjkd alvjsts al djkms. Bewjvjr, at sylda`ktjs tbjsj djkms eut te daksperk alvjsters vak ats
`rewdculdali pmktcerf. At bks bkd fu`b su``jss, kld bks rkasjd tbj fest ec kly jquaty `rewdculdali
pmktcerf imehkmmy (ZP$ ;>> fammael) cer tbjar pertcemae `efpklajs. At bks cerfjd strktjia` pkrtljrsbaps
watb Certulj :>> `efpklajs, su`b ks IJ, kld bks sjjl tbj rst `rewdculd A^E cer Xjwkmg, kl jxesgjm-jtel `efpkly.
Ljw _jkmkld
Ljw _jkmkld `efpjtjs cer `kpatkm kld tkmjlt watb ats ljaibher, Kustrkmak. Ybamj Kustrkmak wks tbj rst
`eultry te mjkd watb jquaty `rewdculdali, preirjss bks stkmmjd, al pkrt hj`kusj ats `rewdculdali rumjs
krj hksjd el mkws tbkt wjrj let wrattjl jxprjssmy cer `rewdculdali. Elj jxkfpmj ec wbjrj tbjsj rumjs
krj let kdjquktj as tbj rjstra`tael el tbj lufhjr ec alvjsters (`urrjltmy mafatjd te mjss tbkl :>). Ljw
_jkmkld mjkrljd cref tbj jaibt yjkrs ec `rewdculdali jxpjrajl`j al Kustrkmak, kddjd pjrspj`tavj cref
tbj ̀ rewdculdali crkfjwergs al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs, kdeptjd tbj ”maibt-teu`b‖ kpprek`b cref tbj ZlatjdGalidef, kld `rjktjd k systjfkta` kpprek`b kpprepraktj cer ats alvjsters kld jltrjprjljurs. Yatb tbas
jxpjrajl`j, Ljw _jkmkld‑s rjiumkters `rjktjd k crkfjwerg cer sj`uratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali tbkt as
hetb maibt teu`b al ats kpprek`b te rjiumktael wbamj jlsurali `efpmakl`j kld rehust alvjster pretj`-
tael vak tj`blemeiy kld das`mesurj rjquarjfjlts. Pal`j pkssali al Kuiust 8>;4, elj jquaty kld elj
djht pmktcerf bkvj mkul`bjd al Ljw _jkmkld, watb ferj al djvjmepfjlt. Al tbj rst 3 feltbs ec epjrk-
tael, tbjy bkvj rkasjd k `efhaljd tetkm ec evjr ZP$ 8: fammael vak `rewdculdali cref k `eultry ec oust
4.4 fammael pjepmj.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
TBJ@XEYDCZLDALI
J@EPQPTJF AL
@BAMJ
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ02
Bew Dejs @bamj @efpkrj5
@rewdculd @kpatkm Kdvasers survjyjd aldavadukms cref ievjrlfjlt kld djvjmepfjlt eriklazktaels
ks wjmm ks jltrjprjljurs, alvjsters, kld etbjr `kpatkm fkrgjt k`ters te das`evjr tbjar vajws el bew te
kpprek`b tbj afpmjfjltktael ec k `rewdculd alvjstali crkfjwerg al @bamj.;9 [ujstaels kddrjssjd
rjiumktery assujs, kttatudjs tewkrds jltrjprjljursbap kld rasg tkg ali, se`akm kld `umturkm ck`ters, kld
tbj khamaty te `umtavktj k hrekd-hksjd alvjstfjlt `effulaty. Bkvali klswjrs te kmm tbjsj qujstaels
dejs let lj`jsskramy iukrkltjj su``jss, hut at `kl bjmp te adjltacy assujs tbkt ljjd te hj kddrjssjd
al k su``jsscum afpmjfjltktael ec `rewdculdali7 cer alstkl`j, tbj ljjd cer ljw se`akm er j`elefa`
stru`turjs kld prk`ta`js te suppert rasg tkgali kld jltrjprjljursbap er te prefetj aldavadukm alvjs-
ters.
@efpkrali @bamj te etbjr j`elefajs tbkt bkvj rehust `rewdculdali j`esystjfs kmrjkdy al pmk`j
(tbkt as, watb `rewdculdali pmktcerfs pre`jssali ferj tbkl ZP$ ; hammael pjr yjkr al trklsk`taels),
@bamj bks 23 pjr`jlt ec kmm tbj vkrakhmjs lj`jsskry cer `rewdculdali te su``jjd. Tbas as k vjry pesatavj
ldali. Al pkrta`umkr, @bamj bks kmfest kmm tbj tj`blemeiy kld rjiumktery vkrakhmjs lj`jsskry te fevj
cerwkrd watb k `rewdculdali crkfjwerg. Tbj haiijst hkrrajrs (kt 2> pjr`jlt ec tbj imehkm kvjrkij)
krj tbj ̀ umturkm vkrakhmjs lj`jsskry cer ̀ rewdculdali te su``jjd. Pal`j ̀ rewdculdali rjmajs el streli
se`akm ljtwergs kld trust, tbas `eumd fjkl tbkt jvjl watb tbj raibt crkfjwerg al pmk`j, kdeptael ec
`rewdculdali al @bamj `eumd hj smew. Bewjvjr, ̀ kpatkm sjjfs te hj al pmk`j (24 pjr`jlt skad at as kvkam-
khmj) te kmmew tbas fkrgjt te jvemvj sbeumd tbj raibt pema`y hj jlk`tjd.
Cer `rewdculdali te su``jjd, k streli, se`akmmy `ellj`tjd j`esystjf as ljjdjd, ks wjmm ks k culdali
ikp. @rewdculdali rjsadjs elmalj kld mjvjrkijs tbj se`akm ljtwerg. @bamj bks k baib utamazktael ec
se`akm ljtwergs (2.3/;>) kld k baibjr utamazktael tbkl etbjr j`elefajs tbkt bkvj k rehust `rewdculd-
ali j`esystjf (2.0/;>). Xjikrdali tbj culdali ikp, tbj survjy dktk sbew tbas fky jxast, ks jkrmy stkij
vjlturj culds krj let pjr`javjd ks hjali k`tavj al @bamj (0.;/;>), sailkmali tbkt lkl`ali cer stkrtups
(3.1/;>) kld sfkmm husaljssjs (:.>/;>) ̀ efjs cref crajlds kld ckfamy ks eppesjd te ievjrlfjlts kld
hklgs.
@bamj bks irewtb eppertulatajs al rasg temjrkl`j al alvjstali (4.1/;>), trust hjtwjjl aldavadukms
(0.2/;>), kld kl k`tavj jkrmy stkij alvjstfjlt fjltkmaty (0.8/;>). Tbas `eumd baldjr `rewdculdali er,
alstjkd, wbjl afpmjfjltjd, `rewdculdali `eumd hj k `ktkmyst te bjmp afprevj tbjsj vkrakhmjs. Hj-
;9 @@K survjyjd ;9 @bamjkl aldavadukms rjprjsjltali gjy stkgjbemdjr ireups tbkt weumd hj afpk`tjd al k `rewdculdalij`esystjf? jltrjprjljurs, al`uhkters, k``jmjrkters, klijm alvjsters, vjlturj `kpatkm, hklgali rjiumkters, sj`uratajs rjiumkters,
pema`yfkgjrs, ievjrlfjlt eff`akms, se`akm fjdak jxpjrts kld k`kdjfa`s. Caldalis cref tbas survjy wjrj `efpkrjd watb k
hrekdjr sjt ec imehkm dktk `efpamjd hy @@K. Xjsumts wjrj tkmmajd ks kvjrkijs (a.j. ;9 rjspelsjs el k s`kmj ec ; te ;>7 tbj suf
ec tbesj rjspelsjs davadjd hy ;9 jqukms tbj @bamjkl kvjrkij) kld `efpkrjd watb tbj cumm dktksjt. K ferj `efpmjtj dktksjt
ec @bamjkl rjspeldjlts weumd bkvj hjjl prjcjrkhmj hut, ljvjrtbjmjss, tbj rjsumts de sailkm spj`a` ldalis watb k djirjj ec
`eldjl`j.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
`kusj `rewdculdali bjmps prefetj jltrjprjljursbap kld allevktael al kl elmalj, trklspkrjlt sjt-
tali kfeli streli se`akm ljtwergs, ac @bamj `kl prefetj sefj wallali adjks tbkt bkvj tbj hk`gali
ec tbj `rewd, `rjktj k fjdak stery kreuld at, kld cestjr cemmew-el lkl`ali, at as magjmy tbkt tbas wamm
al`rjksj tbj kfeult ec rasg `kpatkm @bamjkls kmme`ktj cer `rewdculdali, al`rjksj trust kfeli pmkyjrs,
kld jl`eurkij ferj jkrmy stkij alvjstfjlts.
Jlikiali Culdjrs kld Ptkgjbemdjrs
Yatb kl k`tavj kld irewali stkrtup `umturj, streli Yjh tj`blemeiy utamazktael, epjlljss te `umturkm
sbacts, kld ievjrlfjlt alstatutaels kmailjd watb `rjktali k suppertavj mjiasmktavj jlvarelfjlt, @bamj
`kl mjkd Mktal Kfjra`k al `rjktali k streli kld vahrklt `rewdculdali j`esystjf cer atsjmc, kld pe-
tjltakmmy hj`efj k buh cer `rewdculdali allevktael al tbj rjiael. @rewdculdali kmse ejrs tbj ep-
pertulaty te hetb k``jmjrktj gjy kld jfjriali sj`ters ec tbj j`elefy ks wjmm ks prevadj trkdataelkmmy
fkrialkmazjd ireups watb k``jss te kmtjrlktavj seur`js ec culdali. Cer tbas te e``ur, gjy stkgjbemdjrs
fust hj jlikijd kld uldjrstkld bew `rewdculdali `kl hjljt tbjf.
At as let pessahmj te `rewdculd watbeut k `rewd, ler `kl k husaljss irew watbeut `kpatkm. Bjl`j at as
afpertklt te kmse uldjrstkld wbjrj trkdataelkm `kpatkm rjsadjs al tbj @bamjkl j`esystjf, tbj remj at bks
pmkyjd, tbj `bkmmjlijs at bks bkd, kld tbj eppertulatajs te altjirktj at watb `rewdculdali.
Ievjrlfjlt Culdali kld @erce
Tbj @erperk`aðl dj Cefjlte dj mk ^redu``aðl dj @bamj, @erce, ejrs tbj cemmewali preirkfs tbreuib
ats Davasael ec Calkl`ali kld Alvjstfjlt?
n CEIKAL, Alvjstfjlt kld Irewtb `rjdat iukrkltjj s`bjfj,
n Puppert cer Futukm Iukrkltjj Pe`ajtajs,
n Culdali cer lelhklg altjrfjdakrajs, kld
n @rjdat maljs cer vjlturj `kpatkm culd fklkijrs.
Tbj Alvjstfjlt kld Irewtb @rjdat Iukrkltjj P`bjfj (CEIKAL) as k iukrkltjj culd fklkijd hy @erce
tbkt kddrjssjs tbj ikp al kvkamkhamaty ec `emmktjrkm rjquarjd hy PFJs. CEIKAL as kl epjl waldew wbjrj
rjiastjrjd lkl`akm alstatutaels `kl `mkaf rjpkyfjlt el djckumtjd sbert-tjrf kld meli-tjrf mekls cer
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ4>
PFJs. Durali 8>;4, tbjrj wjrj 32,:0; epjrktaels ec iukrkltjj. Fa`re kld sfkmm husaljssjs k``eultjd
cer evjr 28 pjr`jlt ec tbj tetkm ec CEIKAL `rjdat iukrkltjj epjrktaels.
Futukm Iukrkltjj Pe`ajtajs (AIXs), `rjktjd al 8>>1 hy mkw 8>,;91, krj pravktj alstatutaels tbkt bjmp PFJs k`-
`jss lkl`j hy kddrjssali tbj mk`g ec `emmktjrkm rjquarjd hy lkl`akm alstatutaels el mekl kppma`ktaels.
Tbj remj ec Futukm Iukrkltjj Pe`ajtajs as te s`rjjl kld kssjss tbj rasg ec k petjltakm herrewjr. Zpel
kpprevkm, tbj se`ajtajs prevadj PFJs watb `jrta`ktjs tbkt `kl hj pmjdijd ks `emmktjrkm te k lkl`akmalstatutael al erdjr te sj`urj k mekl kppma`ktael. Ac tbj jltjrprasj djckumts el ats djht, tbj iukrkltjj `kl
hj pkad eut watb rjseur`js cref tbj culd, wba`b bjmps te rjdu`j tbj djckumt rasg pjr`javjd hy `rjdaters.
Ks tbj AIX preirkf bks jvemvjd, @erce bks pmk`jd k baibjr afpertkl`j el `eultjr-iukrkltjjs (kssjts
pmjdijd ks `emmktjrkm hy PFJs) te rjdu`j tbj djckumt rasg kld al erdjr te al`rjksj tbj davasahamaty kld
fehamaty ec tbj `emmktjrkm tbkt PFJs `kl pmjdij. Zldjr tbj mktjst `rjdat malj (AIX AS), @erce iukrkltjjs
tbj rjpkyfjlt ec tbj `jrta`ktjs assujd hy AIXs watb ats ewl culd, kld prevadjs k `rjdat ck`amaty malj te
jlsurj maquadaty.
Puppert cer lelhklg altjrfjdakrajs? @erce prevadjs `rjdat maljs te lelhklg lkl`akm altjrfjdakrajs. Tbaspreirkf `urrjltmy prevadjs culdali te fa`relkl`j alstatutaels kld `rjdat ulaels (@eepjrktavks dj
Kberre y @rádate).Ac sj`uratajs-hksjd `rewdculdali wjrj te hj`efj cummy mjikmazjd al @bamj, at `eumd hj
afkialjd tbkt at fky hj kpprepraktj cer @erce te `elsadjr al`mudali `rewdculdali watbal tbas typj ec
ck`amaty. Tbas weumd kppjkr te hj kmailjd watb tbj preirkf‑s iekm te hrali `efpjtatael te tbj ̀ rjdat fkr-
gjt hy prevadali culdali te kmtjrlktavj mjldjrs.
Etbjr Ievjrlfjlt Puppert ^reirkfs cer PFJs
Pjr`etj`
Pjrva`ae dj @eepjrk`aðl Tá`la`k (Pjr`etj`) as k puhma` sjrva`j eriklazktael, pkrt ec tbj Falastry ec J`el-
efy, tbkt ce`usjs el suppertali fa`rejltjrprasj. At prevadjs fa`rejltjrprasjs watb irklts, suppert sjr-
va`js te hemstjr tbjar fklkijfjlt kld altjrlkm `kpk`atajs, kld trkalali al dajrjlt fkttjrs su`b ks
fkrgjtali kld fklkijfjlt. Pjr`etj` supperts tbj djvjmepfjlt ec fa`rejltjrprasjs watb mattmj er le
trk`tael al ferj trkdataelkm aldustrajs kld rjmktavjmy sfkmm s`kmj. Twe etbjr preirkfs at ejrs al`mudj?
n Jltrjprjljursbap sjjd ̀ kpatkm (j.i. irklts ec up te @M^ 0.: fammael) cer jltrjprjljurs watb husaljss adjks.
Tbas ck`amaty rjquarjs 8> pjr`jlt `e-lkl`ali cref tbj jltrjprjljur, hut dejs let rjquarj k su``jsscum
”trk`g rj`erd‖ cref tbj jltrjprjljur).;2
n ”Khjok,‖ kletbjr allevktavj preirkf tbkt prevadjs sjjd `kpatkm te jltrjprjljurakm wefjl meegali te
afpmjfjlt husaljss pmkls.
;2 bttp?//4w.sjr`etj`.`m/ r̂edu`tes/@kpatkmPjfammkUXjia%@0%H0lFjtrepematklk.kspx
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
Al kddatael, Pjr`etj` as rjspelsahmj cer afpmjfjltali tbj rj`jltmy `rjktjd @jltres dj Djskrremme dj Lj-
ie`aes, wbesj djsail as fedjmjd el tbj su``jsscum jxpjrajl`j ec tbj Pfkmm Husaljss Djvjmepfjlt @jl-
tjrs al tbj Zlatjd Ptktjs. Pefj ec tbj husaljssjs tbas preirkf supperts faibt ̀ beesj te utamazj rjwkrd/
prjskmj hksjd ̀ rewdculdali (sfkmm-s`kmj preoj`ts er predu`ts), er jvjl ijt culds cref ̂ 8H pmktcerfs ks
pkrt ec tbjar culdrkasali strktjiy.
Ks pkrt ec kl altjirktjd `rewdculdali strktjiy, Pjr`etj` fky kmse `beesj te ejr ats `majlts elmaljtrkalali el prjskmj kld rjwkrd-hksjd `rewdculdali. Tbjy faibt kmse prevadj cemmew-el culdali te
husaljssjs tbkt su``jsscummy rul `rewdculdali `kfpkails el rj`eilazjd pmktcerfs (cer alstkl`j, Dkmj
Afpumse). Tbas weumd jlkhmj tbesj husaljssjs tbkt prevj trk`tael watb `majlts kld tbj `rewd te ikal
kddataelkm `kpatkm cref eriklazktaels magj Pjr`etj`, wba`b fky al`rjksj tbjar kttrk`tavjljss te etbjr
precjssaelkm alvjsters. Tbj kfeults tbkt `kl hj rkasjd vak Dkmj Afpumse krj watbal tbj rklij ec suppert
tbkt husaljssjs `kl rj`javj cref Pjr`etj` (~@M^ ; fammael er baibjr)
^mkl @
Al 8>;; ̂ re@bamj, tbj @bamjkl jxpert prefetael kijl`y, stkrtjd k pamet preirkf ̀ kmmjd ̂ mkl @,
;1
al wba`bhusaljssjs wjrj bjmpjd te rul `kfpkails el altjrlktaelkm rjwkrd/prjskmj-hksjd `rewdculdali pmkt-
cerfs, su`b ks Aldajieie kld Ga`gstkrtjr. Zldjr ^mkl @, ^re@bamj suppertjd jltrjprjljurs al?
n Pjmj`tali tbj raibt pmktcerfs cer tbjar `kfpkails (cer alstkl`j, sefj ZP-hksjd pmktcerfs rjquarjd k ZP
kddrjss er hklg k``eult)7
n ^redu`ali vadjes te prefetj tbjar predu`ts7
n Djsailali k fkrgjtali strktjiy7 kld
n ^refetali tbjar predu`ts el se`akm ljtwergs kld tbreuib evjrsjks ^re@bamj eff`js kreuld tbj wermd.
^re@bamj kmse meegjd te rjdu`j sbappali `ests hy ejrali das`eults el sbappali cjjs tbreuib pkrtljr-
sbap watb `krie kar trklspertktael `efpklajs.
K``erdali te ^re@bamj, ec tbj lalj husaljssjs tbkt pkrta`apktjd al tbj pamet preirkf, tbrjj rkl su``jss-
cum `kfpkails (elj ec tbj jltrjprjljurs tbkt rjk`bjd ats culdali iekm el Ga`gstkrtjr ejrjd predu`ts
fkdj ec Kmpk`k weem cref Lertbjrl @bamj). ^re@bamj as `urrjltmy rjdjsailali ^mkl @, kafali te al`erpe-
rktj at watbal k mkrijr alataktavj `kmmjd ”Daiatkm ^mktcerfs (^mktkcerfks Daiatkmjs)‖ tbkt wamm al`mudj, kmeli
watb altjrlktaelkm rjwkrd-hksjd pmktcerfs, etbjr ljtwergali pmktcerfs ejrjd hy tbj PHD@ Ljtwerg
ec tbj Kfjra`ks kld Altjr-Kfjra`kl Djvjmepfjlt Hklg, kld j-`effjr`j fkrgjtpmk`js, su`b ks jHky
kld Kmahkhk. ^re@bamj as kmse wergali al pkrtljrsbap watb tbj @bamjkl ^est Eff`j (@errjes dj @bamj) te
ck`amatktj jxpert pre`jdurjs kld rjdu`j tbj `est cer djmavjrali tbj predu`ts uldjr k preirkf `kmmjd
”Jxpertk Cë`am.‖
;1 bttp?//www.pre`bamj.ieh.`m/pmkl`/.
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ48
Al`uhkters kld K``jmjrkters
Ks prjvaeusmy fjltaeljd, k irewali lufhjr ec aldavadukms krj tryali tbjar bklds kt jltrjprjljursbap kld
fkly krj sjjgali suppert cref puhma` kld pravktj al`uhkters kld k``jmjrkters kreuld tbj `eultry. Fest ec
tbjsj epjrktj al tbj skfj wky, hy k``jptali prefasali husaljss adjks, al`uhktali tbjf, prevadali mafatjd
culdali, kld bjmpali tbjf irkduktj hjyeld tbj al`uhktael pbksj.
Al`uhkters kld k``jmjrkters (puhma` er pravktj) fky `beesj te usj `rewdculdali al sjvjrkm wkys tbkt `kl bjmp
kddrjss tbjar `bkmmjlijs, al`mudali?
n Kdfassael te tbj preirkf? Jltrjprjljurs fky hj rjquarjd te rkasj k sfkmm kfeult ec feljy cref
aldavadukms te djfelstrktj tbkt tbjy bkvj k `effulaty ec suppert hjbald tbjf, kld tbkt tbjy krj khmj
te rkasj sefj fedjst sjjd ̀ kpatkm. Elj ec tbj fest afpertklt oehs ec kl jltrjprjljur as te rkasj feljy.
Caldali eut ac tbjy `kl de tbas cref tbj hjiallali `kl hj k bjmpcum `ratjrael cer kdfattali tbjf te kl
al`uhkter er k``jmjrkter.
n
^reec ec `el`jpt culdali? Jltrjprjljurs krj ectjl sjjdjd kt al`uhkters er k``jmjrkters te kssast tbjfal huamdali k preec ec `el`jpt. Tbjsj culds `eumd hj fkt`bjd hy tbj `rewd, er tbj `rewd `eumd hj
mjvjrkijd te rkasj culds te bjmp tkgj tbj preec ec `el`jpt te fkrgjt cer k tjst rul.
n Jxat cref tbj preirkf/trklsatael hjtwjjl preirkfs? Ks as ̀ effel al fkly ̀ eultrajs, al @bamj at bks
prevjl daff`umt cer jltrjprjljurs te oufp darj`tmy cref tbjsj suppertavj jlvarelfjlts darj`tmy te klijm
er S@ alvjsters. @rewdculdali `eumd prevadj sustkalali culds cer `efpklajs ks tbjy jxat k``jmjrkters
er al`uhkters. At `eumd kmse hj k wky cer `efpklajs te ikal tbj kttjltael ec ljw @erce ck`amatajs er culds
tkrijtjd kt bjmpali jltrjprjljurs al tbj trklsatael pjraed.
Ptkrt-Zp @bamj
Ptkrt-Zp @bamj as kl jxkfpmj ec k stktj-hk`gjd k``jmjrkter preirkf (culdjd hy @erce) djsailjd te spur
tbj djvjmepfjlt ec k stkrtup j`esystjf al @bamj. Pal`j ats mkul`b al 8>;>, at bks sjjdjd kheut 8:>
preoj`ts pjr yjkr kld irkduktjd evjr ;,>>> stkrtups cref ats k``jmjrkter preirkf, watb 4:-:> pjr`jlt ec
`efpklajs stamm epjrktali. At ejrs k pmktcerf cer jdu`ktael kld mjkrlali tbkt al`mudjs ZP$ 4>,>>> al jq-
uaty-crjj lkl`ali ac jltrjprjljurs tjfperkramy fevj te Pkltakie. Pjvjrkm vjrta`km sj`ters bkvj jfjrijd
watbal Ptkrt-Zp @bamj? sjlsers, Altjrljt ec Tbalis, kld `bjfa`km pre`jss allevktael watb hai `efpklajs.
Ptkrt-Zp @bamj sjjgs te trapmj tbj lufhjr ec `efpklajs alvemvjd te 9>> pjr yjkr.
Ybamj rj`javali jx`jmmjlt prjss kld bkvali sjvjrkm ec ats ̀ efpklajs ie el te rj`javj fammaels ec demmkrs al
cemmew-el culdali, tbj preirkf bks ck`jd ats ckar sbkrj ec `bkmmjlijs. Carst, huamdali k stkrtup j`esystjf
tkgjs tafj. Pj`eld, tbjrj as k djkrtb ec me`km alvjsters, rjsumtali al fkly ec ats irkduktjs su``ufhali
8/20/2019 Crowdfunding-In-Chile CCA July 2015
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@XJKTALI K @XEYDCZLDALI J@EPQPTJF AL @BAMJ
te k prjfkturj djktb. Tbard, culds te s`kmj husaljssjs bkvj hjjl bkrd te ld defjsta`kmmy kld culdali
bks alstjkd ectjl hjjl ceuld eutsadj ec @bamj, tbjrjhy mafatali afpk`t el tbj @bamjkl j`elefy.8>
Te djkm watb tbj s`kmali assuj, Ptkrt-Zp @bamj bks djvasjd k semutael hy culdali stkrtups atsjmc tbreuib
k cemmew-el culd `kmmjd Ptkrt-Zp @bamj P@KMJ. Tbreuib P@KMJ, Ptkrt-Zp @bamj wamm ejr @M^ 3> fammael
(kheut ZP $;>>,>>>) al ljw lkl`ali te tbrjj irkduktjs pjr hkt`b ec 0> upel `efpmjtael ec k tbrjj-
feltb preirkf. Oust magj tbj k``jmjrkter, tbj P@KMJ culdali as jquaty crjj. Tbj feljy wamm hj iavjltbreuib k `elkl`jd irklt, al wba`b tbj ZP $;>>,>>> wamm k``eult cer 9> pjr`jlt ec tbj tetkm culdali
kld tbj rj`apajlts ec tbj irklt fust rkasj tbj rjfkalali 0> pjr`jlt tbjfsjmvjs.8;
@rewdculdali `eumd hj kl jj`tavj kld jff`ajlt wky cer stkrtups te rkasj tbkt 0> pjr`jlt, hy prevadali
k s`kmkhmj fj`bklasf cer rkasali feljy cref `ustefjrs, pkrtljrs, crajlds, kld ckfamy, ks wjmm ks ferj
trkdataelkm alvjsters cref @bamj kld cref etbjr `eultrajs. At fky kmse prevadj kl eppertulaty te jxpkld
tbj preirkf cref oust tbj tep tbrjj stkrtups pjr hkt`b, djpjldali el tbj kvkamkhamaty ec `rewdculdali
al @bamj. Puiijstjd strktjiajs cer tbas krj das`ussjd mktjr al tbas rjpert.
Ykyrk
Ykyrk, bestjd hy Tjmjcela`k, as kl jxkfpmj ec k pravktj sjjd `kpatkm k``jmjrkter. Ykyrk as iavjl ZP$
:>>,>>> jk`b yjkr hy Tjmjcela`k watb tbj iekm ec adjltacyali kld alvjstali ZP$ :>,>>> (al sjjd `kpatkm) al
prefasali stkrtups, s`kmali tbjf, kld dastrahutali ljw predu`ts er sjrva`js te Tjmjcela`k‑s 0>> fammael
`ustefjrs wermdwadj. Tbj stkrtups fust bkvj k t watb Tjmjcela`k (cer jxkfpmj, al sfkrtpbeljs, H8H,
H8@, Tjrrk Ljtwergs Altjrljt pertkm, kld se el). Ykyrk bks tbj das`rjtael te alvjst ferj tbkl ZP$ :>,>>>.
@efpklajs tbkt krj k``jptjd rj`javj kl kddataelkm ZP$ 8:,>>> al sjrva`js (eff`j spk`j, fjlterali, kld
se el). Zlmagj etbjr culds, Ykyrk‑s alvjstfjlt al k `efpkly as bjmd al js`rew kld dastrahutjd te tbj
`efpkly hksjd el rjk`bali qukrtjrmy famjsteljs. Tbj alvjstfjlt as al tbj cerf ec k `elvjrtahmj letj
tbkt irklts Ykyrk hjtwjjl 9 kld ;> pjr`jlt jquaty al tbj `efpkly. Ac k stkrtup dejs let kttrk`t kl
alvjstfjlt watbal twe yjkrs, Ykyrk as jltatmjd te ;> pjr`jlt ec tbj husaljss. Ac at dejs ijt eutsadj alvjst-
fjlt, tbjl Ykyrk rj`javjs ats pjr`jltkij ec tbj `urrjlt vkmuktael. Skmuktael as hksjd el irewtb al skmjs
ec rjkm stkrtup er jxtjrlkm lkl`ali.
Ykyrk epjrktjs al sjvjl `eultrajs al Mktal Kfjra`k ks wjmm ks Ppkal, tbj Zlatjd Galidef, Arjmkld, tbj
@zj`b Xjpuhma`, Ijrfkly, kld @balk. Al tbj tbrjj yjkr