Crossing Bridges: Democratization in the Middle East and a Christian Democratic Approach

Influence mechanisms

Social Learning External Incentives

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interactive mode unilateral mode

Inclusion of Regime

Political dialogue and negotiations

Influence through persuation & social learning

Influence through declara-tions (naming & shaming)

Influence through rewards (i.e. the application of posi-tive conditionality – can be linked to foreign assistance)

Influence through bargaining (including threats ans prom-

ises) Influence through sactions (i.e. the application of nega-

tive conditionality)

Influence mechanism

Capacity Building

With approval Without approval Against dispproval

Dis

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interactive mode unilateral mode

Inclusion of regime in choosing targets

Primary targets: State institutions Gongos Non political NGOs Political active NGOs Media Political active NGOs Political parties Exclusively opposition

parties

Primary targets: State institutions

Gongos Non political NGOs Political active NGOs Media Political active NGOs Political parties

Exclusively opposition parties

Primary targets: State institutions Gongos Non political NGOs Political active NGOs

Media Political active NGOs Political parties Exclusively opposition

parties