CROSSES Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

PERFORMANCE OF CAMEROON-BASED INTRA- AND INTER-

CROSSES Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

POPULATION

BEYEGUE DJONKO HONORE

UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA

PERFORMANCE OF CAMEROON-BASED INTRA- AND INTER-

CROSSES Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

POPULATION

Beyegue Djonko Honoré

(Matric. No. 4090131)

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Faculty of Science and Technology

UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA

NILAI

October 2013

i

APPROVAL

The thesis entitled “Performance of Cameoon-Based Intra- and Inter-Crosses Dura x

Pisifera Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Population” submitted by Mr. Beyegue

Djonko Honore (Matric. No. 4090131) for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in

Genetics and Plant Breeding was duly approved by the following academic authorities:

_________________________________ Date: __________________

1. Emeritus Prof. Dr. Jalani Bin Sukaimi

Faculty of Science & Technology

Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia

Chair of the Supervisory Committee

________________________________ Date: __________________

2. Prof. Dr. Abdul Jalil Abdul Kader

Faculty of Science & Technology


Chairman of Jury of Examination

_________________________________ Date: __________________

3. Prof. Dr. Bachok M. Taib


Dean Faculty of Science & Technology

_____________________________ Date: __________________

4. Prof. Dato’ Dr. Muhamad Muda


Dean Centre for Graduate Studies

ii

AUTHOR DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis entitled “Performance of Cameoon-Based

Intra- and Inter-Crosses Dura x Pisifera Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Population” and submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics and Plant

Breeding is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly

acknowledged.

Date: 10th

October 2013

Signature:

Name: BEYEGUE DJONKO HONORE

Matric No: 4090131

Address: Faculty of Science & Technology

Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)

71 800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

iii

BIODATA OF AUTHOR

Beyegue Djonko Honoré (4090131) was born on the 27th

February 1973 in Yaounde,

Republic of Cameroon. He completed his primary and secondary education in Yaounde

the political capital of Cameroon and Obala, a city located in the outskirts of Yaounde.

He is holder of the degree in Agronomic Engineering completed with major in Plant

Science, after a 5-year programme at the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences

(FASA) of the University of Dschang, Cameroon, from 1996 to 2002.

Prior to embarking into agricultural sciences at the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural

of the University of Dshang, the author studied Biochemistry and Animal Biology at the

Faculty of Science of the University of Yaounde I where he completed two years of

studies from 1994 to 1996. Before coming to the Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)

to undertake the Master of Science and later on the PhD in Genetics and Plant Breeding

he attended a Master of Science course in Arid Zone Ecology at the Faculty of Biological

Sciences of the University of Maiduguri, Federal Republic of Nigeria.

The author is currently Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Agriculture, Faculty of

Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Dschang, Cameroon. He has

previously contributed to research works on land resources suitability assessment for their

sustainable use and biological conservation of wildlife and plant species. Prior to his

enrolment for postgraduate studies in USIM, he was involved in a pluri-annual research

programme on biological farming which resulted in several publications in peer-reviewed

journals. During the course of the PhD programme in Malaysia, the author attended

various workshops, seminars and conferences covering a broad spectrum of disciplines of

life sciences and allied areas of knowledge.

The combined Master and PhD programme taken at USIM was started in July 2009 and

completed in October 2013, following the successful defense of the thesis held on 08

October 2013. Deepening understanding in the realm of management of genetic resources

at large is the immediate target following graduation, in addition to exploration of allied

disciplines which can aid achieving this goal. The resumption with academic duties after

completion of the current PhD study programme is an opportunity to value the new skills

acquired for advancement of science and knowledge.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like first and foremost to extend my deepest gratitude to Emeritus Prof. Dr. Jalani

Sukaimi who accepted to supervise this thesis work and for the provision of all needed

supports despite his various other duties. Dear Prof. Emeritus Dr. Jalani Sukaimi, I have

learned from you more than I can humanly acknowledge here. I extend my heartfelt

thanks to you for your patience, guidance and inspirational skills.

I express my sincere gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Mahir Mokthar Bakri for his

commendable advices and guidance in his capacity of co-supervisor. Your advices and

teachings have been instrumental in the implementation of my study progamme.

My sincere thanks are due to Dr. A. Kushari Din, Deputy Director General of the

Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) for his supervision and multifaceted supports

provided for the sound implementation of this research work at MPOB despite his busy

timetable. I really appreciate the warm ambience in his office each time we had an

appointment for discussions.

I would like to give a special acknowledgement and appreciation to Dr. Rajanaidu

Nookiah who accepted to co-supervise this thesis and for having gratefully welcomed me

and kindly accepted to share his invaluable experience in oil palm breeding. Your advices

and teachings have been of great help in the understanding of fundamental processes in

oil palm breeding.

I was very fortunate to benefit from invaluable assistance from Prof. Dr. Mohamad

Osman who kindly welcomed me at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) to

attend his course on Advanced Plant Breeding. My sincere thanks to him for providing

me with more insights in the science of plant breeding and opening me doors for more

specific trainings under the Genetics Society of Malaysia.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rafii Mohd Yusof has been instrumental at the critical steps of statistical

data analyses of my thesis. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude for the wealth of

knowledge you have unstintingly imparted to me and for your time and kindness.

v

I wish to extend my heartfelt acknowledgment to the Malaysian Government for the

financial support through the Malaysian International Scholarship (MIS) until completion

of this combined MSc/PhD study programme.

My sincere gratitude is addressed also to my hierarchy at the University of Dschang,

Cameroon, for granting me a study leave and permission to take part to this postgraduate

programme.

I express my sincere thanks to the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) to have offered me

an internship for my research work. Dr. Khalid Haron and Mr. Othman Samad

respectively Head of MPOB Research Station in Kluang and Keratong, for their

assistance. I wish to pay a whole tribute to all MPOB workers I was fortunate to interact

with during the course of my research works in Kluang and Keratong Research Stations.

I am indebted to Dr. Claude Bakoume for the help provided to me at the time I was

looking for a placement in a university in Malaysia so far from Cameroon. I extend my

appreciations to his wife Olive for her hospitality and friendship.

My deepest appreciations go to my colleagues Mrs Sharifah Nur Rahimah, Messrs.

Sa’adu Lawal, Omar Dahimi, Amrizal Koto, Belal Jamal Muhiadin, Ibrahim Elshaafi and

Mohamed Aween for their help and friendship during my studies at Universiti Sains

Islam Malaysia. Mr. Tengoua Fabien Fonguimgo and Mrs Nyaka Ngobisa Aurelie from

the Universiti Putra Malaysia are greatly acknowledged for their friendship and

cooperation. I express my gratitude to Mr. Mohd Azwan Mohd Bakri and family for their

friendship and support.

There are special individuals that one meet through the course of life and who really

refine the vision and personality we attain, owing to their particular dedication in sharing

experiences they have gathered through their own pathways. May Dr. Mvondo Awono

Jean Pierre, despite his natural humility, accept my sincere thanks for the profound

human values imparted to me since we first met in a lecture hall at the Faculty of

Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences (FASA), University of Dschang, Cameroon in

1997. May this achievement be considered as a reward to all your commitment to make

me a valuable contributor to the society.

vi

My heartfelt thanks are extended to Dr. Mvondo Awono and wife Edith, Mr. Alexis

Boukong and wife Leocadie, Dr. Mayaka Bileng and wife Yvonne, Prof. Zoli Andre,

Prof. Mvondo Ze Antoine, Mrs. Nguy Francoise-Caroline, Ms Nguele Zang Joelle, Mr

Gnyonkeu Vincent, Dr. Fotsing Eric and wife Nicole, Dr. Njomaha Charles and Dr. Ziebe

Roland for their friendship and constant support. I pay a due tribute to Dr. Mainam Felix

and Dr. Assoumou Ebo’o Etienne who passed away during my stay in Malaysia for the

precious supervision and support provided to me before leaving for the hereafter.

I wish to give a special regards to my beloved elder brother Edmond Desire Bigueme

Bassanena, my faithful companion in all my battles in life, and my beloved and charming

aunt Bernadette Anyoung, for the special care she alone has the secret whatever the

situation I may be confronted with. Mr. Essiene Christian and wife Clotilde are sincerely

thanked for their brotherhood and care. My sincere thanks and acknowledgement are

extended to my uncle Basile Negogue. A special regard is due to my long-lasting friend

Dr. Essam Nlo’o Alain and wife Rosine for their support. May my esteemed elder

Tchadde Bidias be acknowledged for the invaluable support during the course of this

academic adventure.

I thank my father, Mr. Djonko Fiaga Joachim, and mother, Mrs Djonko née Ebong

Therese, for all the sacrifices consented for my education despite their limited livelihoods,

the solid moral education imparted to me, and for the precious advices and guidance they

continue to provide to me so lovingly. All my sisters and brothers from my extended

family are sincerely thanked for their love and precious moral support. A special regards

is due to Jeanine, Odile, Louis-Prudence, Nadege-Flore, Eric Jean-Bosco and Esso for

their remarkable commitment in running family affairs during my absence from

homeland. May this achievement be a reward to the staunch support I received from all of

you. My sincere gratitude is extended to Brigitte Assena Onana for her full commitment

and dedication to the welfare of Andre-Vianney and Flavien-Joachim-Modeste to whom I

extend a special regard.

May memories of late patriarches who made invaluable contribution to the shaping of my

being be honoured through this academic achievement. Special regards are due to Mr.

Janvier Fiaga my so caring grandfather; Mr. Bassanena Simon my inspiring uncle for

teaching vocation; and Mr. Janvier Eloundou Nka a foster father to me for his special

care. May your souls rest in perfect peace!

vii

ABSTRACT

A total of 13 progenies of oil palm derived from biparental crosses between five dura

mother palms from Cameroon (CMR) and two pisifera palms, one from CMR and the

other from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC/ex-Zaire) were field-tested to assess

their performance for bunch yield, morpho-vegetative, physiological and oil quality traits.

The study is a contribution to the evaluation of oil palm germplasm collected by the

Malaysian Oil Palm Board worldwide. The research objectives fulfilled in this thesis

work were to (i) study the variation of genotypes for phenotypic characters; (ii) assess the

genotype-by-environment (GE) interactions effects on traits; (iii) estimate genetic

parameters for characters; (iv) assess the combining ability of both pisifera parental

palms; (v) assess the stability of genotypes for traits; and (vi) analyse phenotypic

correlations among characters. The 13 genotypes were planted in a randomized complete

block design (RCBD) with 16-palm plots replicated twice at MPOB Research Stations in

Kluang (Johore) and Keratong (Pahang). Genotypes were scored for 49 phenotypic

characters/traits following the standard procedures applied at MPOB.

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences (P<0.05 and P<0.01)

among genotypes for all characters checked except for (P/B). The GE interactions effect

was significant for all characters except ABWT, TEP, OY, O/B, F/B, S/F, M/F, P/B,

BWT, PCS, f, TDMP, e, and NAR. The two pisifera parents showed a significant

difference for all characters except ABWT, TEP, KOY, OY F/B, O/DM, P/B, BWT, LL,

LW, HT, C18:2 and CC. The pisifera palm from CMR showed a higher combining ability

for FFBY and BNO over that from the DRC but there was no significant difference

among both parental palms for OY, KOY and TEP. Broad-sense heritability estimates for

the characters studied were low to moderate for the majority of characters but morpho-

vegetative scored higher heritabilities as compared to other clusters of characters,

suggesting their greater genetic control of the inheritance. The contribution of the residual

variance components to the total variance was on average greater than 50% and that for

genotypic variance less than 30% for all characters, indicating a high contribution of

environmental factors to the variation observed.

FFBY was positively correlated with BNO (r=0.73) and ABWT (r=0.26), its two main

components. BNO and ABWT were negatively correlated (r=-0.44) indicating an

antagonistic effect of both characters on the performance of oil palm progenies. Despite

the discrepancy in the scoring for bunch yield characters, progenies deriving from crosses

CMR x CMR showed a relatively higher performance compared to those from CMR x

DRC for FFBY. Genotype PK 1875 (CMR x CMR) revealed to be the best performer on

the individual trial basis as well as for pooled data over locations with an average bunch

yield of 159 kg/palm/yr.

Genotypes performed consistently across locations for bunch and fruit characters, with

low heritability estimates accounted for all characters in general. Genotypes’ scores for

OY varied from 27.7 kg/palm/yr (PK 1657) to 30.8 kg/palm/yr (PK 1721), with a grand

viii

mean of 28.2 kg/palm/yr. Genotypes PK 1874, PK 1721, PK 1664, PK 1875 scored above

30 kg oil/palm/yr in average, which correspond to 4.3 - 4.5 t/ha/yr. Positive correlations

were found between OY and O/B (r=0.63), O/WM (r=0.43), M/F (r=0.40). KOY showed

a significant correlation with K/B (r=0.84), S/F (r=0.26) and K/F (r=0.78). OY showed a

significant and negative associations with the endocarp-related characters K/F (r=-0.34),

S/F (r=-0.31) and K/B (r=-0.23). The opposite trend was observed between KOY and

mesocarp-related characters M/F (r=-0.61), O/DM (r=-0.15), O/WM (r=-0.23) and O/B

(r=-0.22). This suggests an opposite dynamic of OY and KOY with respect to their

specific component characters.

The best scorers for TDMP, BDMP and e were PK 1875, PK 1874 and PK 1944 (CMR x

CMR). Genotype PK 1875 recorded the highest scores for BDMP (12.53 t/ha/year) BI

(0.48), and NAR (10.39 t/ha/yr) respectively. PK 1657 and PK 1676 (CMR x DRC) were

the poorest performers in terms of BDMP, TDMP and e. Genotype PK 1957 (CMR x

CMR) was the most vigorous with the highest scores for VDMP (15.9 t/ha/yr), TDMP

(27.2 t/ha/yr) and e (0.98 g/MJ). All physiological characters were significantly correlated

(P<0.01) one another, with the exception of the pair BI and e. TDMP was strongly

correlated to BDMP (r=0.77) and VDMP (r=0.83). BI was strongly correlated with

BDMP (r=0.70) but negatively correlated with VDMP and TDMP (r=-0.45). The

selection for high vegetative vigour would have a detrimental effect on BI. HT showed a

significant positive correlation with FP (r=0.38), PCS (r=0.14), LA (r=0.15), LAI

(r=0.15), LL (r=0.13) and f (r=0.15). Genotype PK 1792 could be selected for its lowest

HT and relatively low FP, but it is a poor yielder with 126.0 kg/palm/yr of FFB compared

to PK 1875 the best yield performer (FFBY=159.34 kg/palm/yr).

The correlation analysis for oil quality traits revealed strong significant associations

between C16:0 and respectively, C18:0 (r=-0.59), C18:1 (r=-0.81), and IV (r=-0.70). The

correlation between C16:0 and CC was not significant. On the other hand, C18:1 was

negatively correlated to C16:0 (r=-0.81), C18:2 (r=-0.68), and positively correlated to IV

(r=0.46). The correlation between C18:1 and CC was not significant. Selection for high

C16:0 would indirectly select for low IV whereas, selection for high C18:1 would equate

selection for higher IV. Scoring for C16:0 and C18:1 could not be used as indirect

selection criteria for CC, as both traits showed a nonsignificant correlation with CC

respectively. The significant positive correlation between C18:0 and C18:1 would imply

that selecting for high C18:1 will indirectly select for high C18:0 as well. Selecting for

higher C18:0 would indirectly mean to select for lower C16:0 (r=-0.59) and higher IV.

The study revealed that genotypes tested scored markedly higher CC (964.37 ppm to

1551.3 ppm) as compared to D x P current planting materials (500 - 700 ppm).

Stability of genotypes for characters was studied using the grouping methods of Francis

and Kannenberg, and the regression method of Finlay and Wilkinson. Genotypes PK

1875, PK 1944 and PK 1721 were high stable for FFBY, whereas PK 1671 and PK 1668

were the most sensitive to variations of growing environmental conditions. Genotype PK

1875, PK 1664 and PK 1792 were the most stable for BI, PK 1875 being also highly

stable for TEP.

ix

ABSTRAK

Prestasi Populasi Kacukan Intra- dan Inter Dura x Pisifera

Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dari Kameroon

Sebanyak 13 progeni sawit hasil kacukan biparental antara lima genotip induk dura dari

Kameroon (CMR) dan dua induk pisifera, satu dari CMR dan satu lagi dari Republik

Demokratik Kongo (DRC/ex-Zaire) telah dinilai untuk prestasi bagi ciri-ciri hasil tandan,

morfo-vegetatif, fisiologi dan kualiti minyak. Kajian ini merupakan sumbangan kepada

penilaian genebank sawit yang dibina oleh Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB).

Objektif kajian tesis ini adalah untuk (i) menyelidik kepelbagaian genetik bagi ciri-ciri

fenotip, (ii) menilai kesan interaksi persekitaran (GE), (iii) menganggarkan parameter

genetik ciri-ciri fenotip, (iv) menilai keupayaan gabungan kedua-dua induk pisifera, (v)

menilai kestabilan genotip ciri-ciri fenotip, dan (vi) menganalisis korelasi fenotip antara

ciri-ciri. Kajian ini dilaksanakan dengan menanam 16-pokok per plot mengikut

rekabentuk blok rawak (randomised block design) dengan dua replikasi di Stesen

Penyelidikan MPOB Kluang (Johor) dan Keratong (Pahang). Sebanyak 49 ciri fenotip

telah di analisis mengikut prosedur standard yang digunakan di MPOB.

Analisis varians (ANOVA) menunjukan perbezaan signifakan di antara genotip untuk

semua ciri kecuali P/B. Interaksi GE adalah signifikan untuk semua ciri kecuali ABWT,

TEP, OY, O/B, F/B, S/F, M/F, P/B, BWT, PCS, f, TDMP, e, dan NAR. Kedua-dua induk

pisifera menunjukkan perbezaan signifikan bagi semua ciri kecuali ABWT, TEP, KOY,

OY, F/B, O/DM, P/B, BWT, LL, LW, HT, C18:2 dan CC. Induk pisifera dari CMR

menpunyai keupayaan bergabung am (GCA) lebih tinggi untuk FFBY dan BNO

berbanding dengan pisifera dari DRC tetapi tiada perbezaan signifikan antara kedua-dua

induk pisifera untuk OY, KOY dan TEP. Anggaran heritabiliti luas untuk ciri-ciri yang

dikaji adalah rendah hingga sederhana bagi kebanyakan ciri, tetapi morfo-vegetatif

menunjurkan heritabiliti lebih tinggi berbanding dengan kelompok ciri lain, di mana ianya

menunjukkan kawalan genetik yang lebih besar mereka daripada warisan. Sumbangan

komponen varians baki darpada jumlah varians pada purata lebih daripada 50% dan bagi

varian genotip kurang daripada 30% untuk semua ciri, yang menunjukkan sumbangan

factor persekitaran lebih tinggi kepada perubahan yang dicerap.

FFBY didapati mempunyai korelasi positif dengan BNO (r=0.73) dan ABWT (r=0.26),

dua komponen utamanya. Manakala BNO dan ABWT pula bekorelasi negatif (r=-0.44).

Ini menunjukkan kesan yang bercanggah daripada dua ciri ini terhadap prestasi progeni

sawit. Walaupun ada perbezaan dalam aksara hasil tandan, progeni kacukan CMR x CMR

telah menunjukkan prestasi FFBY yang lebih baik progeni daripada CMR x DRC.

Genotip PK 1875 (CMR x CMR) menjadi penanda aras terbaik berdasarkan prestasi data

terkumpul merentasi lokasi dengan hasil FFBY dengan purata 159 kg/pokok/tahun.

Pada umumnya, progeni menunjukkan prestasi yang konsisten di semua lokasi bagi ciri-

ciri kualiti tandan dan buah, dengan anggaran heritabiliti yang rendah untuk semua ciri-

ciri. Julat OY semua genotip ialah di antara 27.73 kg/pokok/tahun (PK 1657) hingga

x

30.79 kg/pokok/tahun (PK 1721), dengan min 28.22 kg/pokok/tahun. Manakala genotip-

genotyp PK 1874, PK 1721, PK 1664 dan PK 1875 pula menghasilkan minyak dengan

min lebih daripada 30 kg/pokok/tahun, yang sepadan dengan hasil minyak sebanyak 4.3 -

4.5 t/ha/tahun. Korelasi positif (P<0.01) telah dikesan di antara OY dengan O/B (r=0.63),

O/WM (r=0.43) and M/F (r=0.40). KOY menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan

(P<0.01) dengan K/B (r=0.84), S/F (r=0.26) dan K/F (r=0.78). Ciri OY menunjukkan

korelasi negatif yang signifikan (P<0.01) dengan ciri-ciri endokarpa, seperti K/F (r=-

0.34), S/F (r=-0.31) dan K/B (r=-0.23). Manakala ciri KOY pula menunjukan trend yang

bertentangan ciri-ciri mesokarpa, seperti M/F (r=-0.56), O/DM (r=-0.15), O/WM (r=-

0.23) dan O/B (r=-0.22). Ini menunjukkan dinamik bertentangan di antara OY dengan

KY, terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan kompleks sub-komponen masing-masing:

semakin lebih komponen tempurung dan isi rong komponen, semakin kurang komponen

mesokarpa.

Kacukan CMR x CMR menghasilkan tiga genotip (PK 1874, PK 1875 dan PK 1944)

mempunyai TDMP, BDMP dan e yang tertinggi. Genotip PK 1875 mencatatkan skor

tertinggi untuk BDMP (12.53 t/ha/tahun), BI (0.48), dan NAR (10.39 tan/ha/tahun). PK

1657 dan PK 1676 (CMR x DRC) mempunyai skor terendah dari segi BDMP, TDMP dan

e. PK 1957 (CMR x CMR) pula mempunyai skor tertinggi VDMP (15.87 tan/ha/tahun),

TDMP (27.22 tan/ha/tahun) dan e ( 0.98 g/MJ). Semua ciri fisiologi yang mempunyai

hubungan yang signifikan (P<0.01) antara satu sama lain, kecuali pasangan BI dan e.

TDMP berkait rapat dengan BDMP (r=0.77) dan VDMP (r=0.83). BI berkait rapat

dengan BDMP (r=0.70) tetapi dikaitkan secara negatif dengan VDMP dan TDMP (r=-

0.45). Ini membuktikan pemilihan kepada vegetatif vigour yang tinggi akan menjejaskan

BI. Korelasi positif dan tinggi serta signinifikan telah dikesan antara HT dengan FP

(r=0.38), PCS (r=0.14), LA (r=0.15), LAI (r=0.15), LL (r=0.13), dan f (r=0.15). Kesan

korelasi positif yang tinggi di antara ciri-ciri utama yang menentukan arkitektur (seni

bina) sawit (HT, FP, LL, PCS) ialah ianya merumitkan pemilihan ciri-ciri yang

bertentangan. PK 1792 boleh dipilih untuk HT yang paling rendah dan FP rendah, tetapi

ianya adalah pelaku hasil FFBY terendah (126.04 kg/pokok/tahun) berbanding dengan

PK 1875 yang merupakan pelaku hasil terbaik (159.34 kg/pokok/tahun).

Analisis korelasi ciri-ciri komposisi minyak dikesan mempunyai korelasi yang amat

signifikan di antara kandungan C16:0 dengan kandungan C18:0 (r=-0.59), kandungan

C18:1 (r=-0.81) dan IV (r=-0.70). Oleh sebab itu, tiada hubungan yang signifikan telah

dikesan di antara C16:0 dengan kandungan CC. Sebaliknya, kandungan C18:1 berkait

secara negatif dengan C16:0 (r=-0.81) dan C18:2 (r=-0.68), tetapi berkait secara positif

dengan IV (r=0.46). Oleh sebab itu, tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara C18:1

dan CC. Pemilihan untuk kandungan C16:0 secara tidak langsung akan juga memilih IV

yang rendah, manakala pemilihan kandungan asik oleik yang tingi C18:1 akan juga

menjurus kepada IV yang lebih tinggi. Oleh itu, C16:0 dan C18:1 tidak boleh digunakan

sebagai penanda strategi pemilihan tidak langsung untuk kandungan CC, kerana kedua-

dua ciri menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak signifikan dengan CC. Hubungan positif yang

signifikan antara C18:0 dan C18:1 bermakna pemilihan kandungan C18:1 yang tinggi

secara tidak langsung akan juga memilih untuk kandungan C18:0 yang tinggi juga.

xi

Pemilihan kandungan C18:0 yang lebih tinggi secara tidak langsung akan bermakna

untuk memilih kandungan C16:0 yang lebih rendah (r=-0.59) dan tinggi IV. Genotip

dalam kajian ini mempunyai CC lebih tinggi (964.37 ppm - 1551.32 ppm) berbanding D x

P bahan tanaman semasa (500 - 700 ppm).

Kestabilan genotip untuk ciri yang dikaji menggunakan kaedah kumpulan Francis dan

Kannenberg, dan kaedah regresi Finlay dan Wilkinson. Genotip PK 1875, PK 1944 dan

PK 1721 adalah lebih stabil untuk FFBY, manakala PK 1671 dan PK 1668 adalah lebih

sensitif kepada perubahan keadaan sekitar. Genotip PK 1875, PK 1664 dan PK 1792

adalah yang paling stabil untuk BI, manakala PK 1875 pula sangat stabil untuk TEP.

xii

MULAKHAS AL-BAHTH

بيسيفيرا الكاميرونية ×اداء تلقيحات مجموعات نخيل الزيت البينية والداخلية دورا

من الكامرون و اثنين من نخيل " دورة"السالالت الثالثة عشر لنخيل الزيت الناتجة من تلقيح خمس اناث من نخيل

المظهر , البنية التخضيرية, من جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية قد جربت حقليا لمعرفة اداءهم االنتاجي" بيسيفيرا"

اضافة لتقييم المادة الوراثية لنخيل الزيت المجمعة من هذه الدراسة هي. الفيزيولوجي ونوعية الزيت وخصائصه

لدراسة : اهداف البحث المرجوة من هذه المذكرة. طرف المجلس الماليزي لنخيل الزيت من مختلف انحاء العالم

تقييم التركيب الوراثي عن طريق التاثير البيئي على , اختالف التراكيب الوراثية واثرها على الخائص المظهرية

تقييم استقرار التركيب المورثي , توقع العوامل الوراثية للخصلئص وتقييم الجمع بين نخيل البيسيفيرا االبوية, فاتالص

التركيبات الوراثية الثالثة عشر تم زرعها في تصميم . و تحليل االرتباطات المظهرية بين الصفات, للصفات

(. بهانغ)و كيراتونغ ( جوهور)محطات البحث في كالنغ قطعة مكررة مرتين في 61القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة مع

. صفة مظهرية وفقا لالجراءات القياسية المتبعة في المجلس الماليزي لنخيل الزيت 94التركيب الوراثي سجل ل

ي تاثيرات الجي ئ(. بي/بي)تحاليل االنوفا ابدت اختالفات هامة بين التركيبات الوراثية لكل الخصاص المدروسة اال

)كانت هامة لجميع الخصائص ما عدا ABWT, TEP, OY, O/B, F/B, S/F, M/F, P/B, BWT, PCS, f,

.TDMP, e, and NAR االبوين االثنين للبيسيفيرا اظهرا اختالفات هامة لجميع الخصائص ما عدا

ABWT, TEP, KOY,OY F/B, O/DM, P/B, BWT, LL, LW, HT, C18:2 and CC نخيل البيسيفارا .

لكن ال توجد ( الدي ار سي)اكبر من التي عند ( ال بي ان او)و ( للففبي واي) الكاميروني اظهر قدرة جمع عالية

توقع التوريث بالمعني الواسع (. تي اي بي)و , (كي او واي), (او واي)اختالفات هامة بين النخيل االبوية ل

ص لكن نتائج البنية التخضيرية سجلت اعلى توريث للخصائص المدروسة كانت ضئيلة الى معتدلة الغلبية الخصائ

اضافة عوامل التباين المتبقية على التباين الكلي . مقترحة تاثيرها الكبير على الميراث, مقارنة مع الخصائص االخرى

مؤشرة الى , لكل الخصائص% 05و تلك التي لتباين للتركيب الوراثي اقل من % 05كانت في المتوسط اكثر من

.ة العالية التي للعوامل البيئية لالختالف المالحظ االضاف

" االي بي دبليو تي"و 0..5=حيث كان معامل االرتباط " بي ان او"كان ارتباطها ايجابيا مع ال" بي واي فا فا"ال

مشيرا الى 5.99= كان ارتباطهما سلبيا وكان معامل االرتباط " االي بي دبليو تي"و " بي ان او"ال. 1..5كان

, وعلى الرغم من التباين في مردود خصائص المجموعة. لتاثير العكسي لكل الصفات على اداء سالالت نخيل الزيتا

الكاميرون اظهرت اداءا عاليا مقارنة مع تلك التي لقحت من نخيل × السالالت الناتجة من تلقيح نخيل الكاميرون

( الكاميرون× نحيل الكميرون ) 67.0بي كي "رثي التركيب المو". ف ف بي واي"نخيل الكونغو لل× الكاميرون

xiii

ظهر على انه احسن اداء على االداء التجريبي الفردي فضال على تجميع البيانات من اكثر من موقع مع معدل المردود

.العام/للنخلة/كغ/640للمجموعة

ر ضعيف للميراث لكل الصفات مع تقدي, التركيب الوراثي كان اداءه مستمرا عبر المواقع لصفات المجموعات والثمار

مع , العام/للنخلة/كغ/4..05العام الى /للنخلة/كغ/0....يتغير من "او واي"مردود التركيب الوراثي لل. على العموم

بي , 6119بي كي , 6..6بي كي , 67.9التركيبات الوراثية بي كي . العام /للنخلة/كغ/...7.متوسط حسابي كبير

و قد لوحظ . العام/طن 9.0-9.0العام على المتوسط والتي تمثل /للنخلة/كغ/05 سجلت مردود اكبر من 67.0كي

كي او (. "5.95=ار" )اف/ام", (5.90=ار" )دبليو ام/او", (5.10=ا ر" )بي/او"و " او واي"ارتباطات ايجابية بين

, (5.06=ا ر), (5.09=ا ر" )اف/كي"المرتبطة -اظهرت ارتباطات سلبية مهمة مع الصفات االندكراب" واي

اف /ام"و صفات الميزوكراب المرتبطة " كي او واي"وقد لوحظ توجها عكسيا بن (. 0..5=ا ر" )بي/كي "و

هذا يدل على وجود (. ...5=ا ر" )بي/ او"و , (0..5=ا ر" )دبليو ام/ او", (5.60=ا ر" )دي ام/او ", (5.01=ا ر)

.ام صفاتهم المميزةمع احتر" كي او واي"و " او واي" ديناميكية عكسية ل

و بي كي , 67.9بي كي , 67.0كان بي كي " ئي"و ال" بي دي ام بي"و , "تي دي ام بي"افضل مردود ل

00..6" )بي دي ام بي"سجل اعلى مردود لل 67.0التركيب الوراثي بي كي (. الكميرون× الكميرون)6499

× الكميرون) 61.1بي كي , .610بي كي . لترتيبعلى ا( 65.04" )ان اي ار"و , (5.97" )بي اي( "العام/ه/طن

التركيب الوراثي بي كي ". ئي"و ال" بي دي ام بي"و , "تي دي ام بي"سجلت ادنى مردودا على اساس ( الكونغو

" تي دي ام بي", (العام/ه/طن .60.7" )في دي ام بي"كان االفضل مردودا لل ( الكميرون× الكميرون) 6499

( 5.56> بي)كل الخصائص الفيزيولوجية كان ارتباطها معتبر (. مول جول/غ 5.47" )ئي" و, (العام/ه/طن .....)

و ( ...5=ار" )بي دي ام بي"كان ارتباطها قويا مع " تي دي ام بي". "ئي"و " بي اي"لبعضهم البعض ما عدا لل

لكنها مرتبة سلبيا مع (5..5=ار" ) بي دي ام بي"كان ارتباطه قويا مع " بي اي(. " 5.70=ار" )في دي ام بي"

بي " اختيار اعلى حيوية نباتية سوف يكون له اثارا ضارة على (. 5.90=ار " )تي دي ام بي"و " في دي ام بي"

" ال اي", (5.69=ار" )بي سي اس", (5.07=ار")اف بي"اظهرت ارتباطا ايجابيا مهما مع " اتش تي". "اي

.6.4التركيب الوراثي بي كي . 5.60=ار" )اف", ( 5.60=ار) "ال ال", (5.60=ار( )ال اي آي", (5.60=ار)

على الرغم من مردوده الضعيف " اف بي"والمردود االدنى نسبيا " اتش تي"يمكن اختياره على مردوده االدني

= اف اف بي واي)الدي سجل اعلى مردود 67.0مقارنة مع بي كي " اف اف بي"من ( العام/للنخلة/كغ/6.1.59)

(. العام/للنخلة/غك/ 604.09

67:5و بالترتيب مع الحمض الدهني 61:5تحاليل الترابط ل نوعية الزيت اظهرت ارتباطات مهمة الحمض الدهني

61:5االرتباط بين الحمض الدهني (. 5..5=ار)والقيمة االيودية , (5.76= ار) 67:6الحمض الدهني , (5.04= ار)

= ار)61:5 الحمض الدهنيمرتبط سلبيا مع 67:6الحمض الدهني , من جانب آخر. لم يكن معتبرا" سي سي"و

االرتباط بين الحمض (. 5.91=ار)ورتبط ايجابيا مع القيمة االيودية , (5.17= ار) .:67الحمض الدهني , (5.76

xiv

سوف يؤدي الى اختيار اقل نسبة 61:5اختيار اعلى قيمة للحمض الدهني . لم يكن معتبرا" سي سي"و 67:6الدهني

يؤدي الى اختيار اعلى نسبة 67:6في حين اختيار اعلى قيمة من الحمض الدهني , بطرقة غير مباشرة للقيمة االيودية

سي "يمكن ان ال يتم استعمالها كمعيار لل 67:6والحمض الدهني 61:5نتائج الحمض الدهني . من القيمة االيودية

67:5جابي المعتبر بين الحمض الدهني االرتبط االي". سي سي"الن كال الصفتين اظهرتا عدم ارتباطهما مع " سي

يؤدي بطريقة غير مباشرة الى 67:5يعني ضمنيا اختيار اعلى قيمة من الحمض الدهني 67:6والحمض الدهني

يعني اختيار اقل نسبة من الحمض الدهني 67:5اختيار اعلى قيمة ل . 67:5اختيار اعلى نسية من الحمض الدهني

بي .419.0" )سي سي"التركيب الوراثي سجل مردود مهم لل . ة من القينة االيوديةو اعلى نسب( 5.04=ار ) 61:5

(. بي بي ام 55. –بي بي ام 055)المواد المغروسة حاليا " بي× دي "مقارنة مع ( بي بي ام .6006.0بي ام الى

و طريقة " و كانينبيرغفرونسيس "استقرار التركيب الوراثي للصفات قد تمت دراسته باستعمال طريقة التجميع ل

كانت اعلى 6..6بي كي , 64.9بي كي , 67.0,التركيب الوراثي بي كي". فينالي و ويلكينسون"االنحدار ل

كانت االكثر حساسية لتغيرات العوامل 6117و بي كي , 61.6في حين بي كي " اف اف بي واي"استقرارا ل

بي كي , "بي آي"كانت االكثر استقرارا ل .6.4بي كي ,6119بي كي, 67.0التركيب المورثي بي كي . البيئية

."تي ئي بي"كان االعلى استقرار ل 67.0

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

APPROVAL ......................................................................................................................... i

AUTHOR DECLARATION............................................................................................... ii

BIODATA OF AUTHOR .................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................................... ix

MULAKHAS AL-BAHTH .............................................................................................. xii

TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................................... xv

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xxi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xxiv

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................. xxvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ......................................................... xxvii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

1.1. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 1

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................................... 3

1.3. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2: LITTERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 7

2.1. TAXONOMY OF OIL PALM .................................................................................. 7

2.2. GENETICS AND CYTOGENICS OF OIL PALM .................................................. 7

2.2.1. Genetics of Oil Palm ........................................................................................... 7

2.2.1.1. Qualitative Traits ......................................................................................... 8

2.2.1.2. Quantitative Traits ....................................................................................... 8

2.2.2. Cytogenetics of Oil Palm .................................................................................... 8

2.2.3. Quantitative Trait Loci ....................................................................................... 9

2.2.4. Heritability Estimates in Plant Breeding .......................................................... 11

2.3. BREEDING OF OIL PALM ................................................................................... 13

2.3.1. Breeding Objectives.......................................................................................... 13

2.3.2. Oil Palm Breeding Strategies............................................................................ 14

2.3.2.1. Cross-Breeding .......................................................................................... 14

2.3.2.3. Marker-Assisted Selection ......................................................................... 17

2.3.3. Utilization of Oil palm Germplasm Collections for Breeding.......................... 18

2.3.4. Improvement of Tenera Hybrid ........................................................................ 20

2.3.5. Phenotypic Correlations among Traits in Oil Palm .......................................... 21

2.3.6. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability of Genotypes................ 22

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CHAPTER 3: ASSESSMENT OF CAMEROON-BASED Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM

POPULATION FOR BUNCH YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS ................................ 26 _Toc369153342

3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 26

3.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 28

3.2.1. Materials ........................................................................................................... 28

3.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ..................................................................................... 28

3.2.1.2. Experimental Locations ............................................................................. 29

3.2.2. Methods ............................................................................................................ 30

3.2.2.1. Experimental Design .................................................................................. 30

3.2.2.2. Data Collection .......................................................................................... 30

3.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................... 31

3.3. RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 34

3.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................... 34

3.3.2. Analysis of Variance......................................................................................... 36

3.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................... 38

3.3.4. Mean Performance of Genotypes ..................................................................... 39

3.3.5. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability Analysis of Genotypes. 42

3.3.6. Correlation Analysis for FFBY and its Components across Locations ............ 46

3.4. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 47

3.4.1. Variation of Data Distributions ........................................................................ 47

3.4.2. Variability of Genotypes for FFBY and Its Components ................................. 47

3.4.3. Genetic Parameters Estimates........................................................................... 48

3.4.4. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability of Genotypes................ 50

3.4.5. Performance of Genotypes for FFBY and Its Components .............................. 51

3.4.6. Correlations among Bunch Yield Characters ................................................... 52

3.5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 52


POPULATION OF FOR BUNCH AND FRUIT CHARACTERS ................................... 54

4.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 54

4.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 57

4.2.1. Materials ........................................................................................................... 57

4.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ..................................................................................... 57

4.2.1.2. Experimental Sites ..................................................................................... 58

4.2.2. Methods ............................................................................................................ 58

4.2.2.1. Experimental Design .................................................................................. 58

4.2.2.2. Data Collection .......................................................................................... 59

4.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................... 62

xvii

4.3. RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 65

4.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................... 65

4.3.2. Analysis of Variance......................................................................................... 67

4.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................... 71

4.3.4. Performance of Genotypes for Bunch and Fruit Characters ............................. 73

4.3.5. Stability Analysis of Genotypes ....................................................................... 83

4.3.6. Correlation Analysis for Fruit and Bunch Characters across Locations........... 90

4.4. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 94

4.4.1. Variability of Genotypes for Bunch and Fruit Characters ................................ 94

4.4.2. Estimates of Genetic Parameters ...................................................................... 94

4.4.3. Performance of Genotypes ............................................................................... 96

4.4.4. Genotype-by-Environment and Stability of Genotypes ................................... 96

4.4.5. Correlations among Bunch and Fruit Characters ............................................. 97

4.5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 98


POPULATION FOR MORPHO-VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS .................................. 99

5.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 99

5.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 102

5.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 102

5.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ................................................................................... 102

5.2.1.2. Experimental locations ............................................................................. 103

5.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 103

5.2.2.1. Experimental Design ................................................................................ 103

5.2.2.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 104

5.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................. 106

5.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 109

5.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Datasets ................................................................. 109

5.3.2. Analysis of Variance....................................................................................... 111

5.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................. 114

5.3.4. Performance of Genotypes for Morpho-Vegetative Characters ..................... 116

5.3.5. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability Analysis ..................... 125

5.3.6. Correlation Analysis among Morpho-Vegetative Characters......................... 129

5.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 133

5.4.1. Variability of Genotypes for Morpho-Vegetative Characters ........................ 133

5.4.2. Genetic Parameters’ Estimates ....................................................................... 133

5.4.3. Performance of Genotypes for Morpho-Vegetative Characters ..................... 134

5.4.4. Stability of Genotypes .................................................................................... 135

5.4.5. Correlations among Morpho-Vegetative Characters ...................................... 136

xviii

5.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 137


POPULATION FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS ........................................... 138

6.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 138


6.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 141


6.2.1.2. Experimental Locations ........................................................................... 142

6.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 142


6.2.2.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 143


6.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 147

6.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................. 147


6.3.3. Estimates of Genetic Parameters .................................................................... 151

6.3.4. Mean Performance of Genotypes ................................................................... 152

6.3.5. Stability Analysis of Genotypes ..................................................................... 157

6.3.6. Correlation Analysis ....................................................................................... 163

6.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 164

6.4.1. Dispersion of Data Distributions .................................................................... 164


6.4.3. Genetic Parameters Estimates......................................................................... 166

6.4.4. Performance of Genotypes ............................................................................. 166

6.4.5. Stability of Genotypes for Physiological Characters ...................................... 169

6.4.5. Correlations among Physiological Characters ................................................ 170

6.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 170


POPULATION FOR FATTY ACID COMPOSITION, IODINE VALUE AND

CAROTENE CONTENT ................................................................................................. 171


7.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 174



7.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 175


7.2.2.2. Data collection ......................................................................................... 176

xix

7.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 180

7.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................. 180


7.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................. 185

7.3.4. Performance of Genotypes for Oil Quality Traits .......................................... 186

7.3.5. Correlation Analysis among Oil Quality Traits .............................................. 190

7.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 192

7.4.1. Variability among Genotypes for Oil Quality Traits ...................................... 192

7.4.2. Genetic Parameters ......................................................................................... 193

7.4.3. Performance of Genotypes for Oil Quality Traits .......................................... 194

7.4.4. Correlations among Oil Quality Traits ........................................................... 196

7.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 198

CHAPTER 8: PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS AMONG BUNCH YIELD AND ITS

COMPONENTS, BUNCH AND FRUIT, MORPHO-VEGETATIVE AND

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN THE CAMEROON-BASED .......................... 199

8.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 199


8.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 202



8.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 203


8.2.2.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 204


8.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 206

8.3.1. FFBY and Its Components versus Bunch and Fruit Characters ..................... 206

8.3.2. FFFBY and Its Components versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters ............. 207

8.3.3. FFBY and Its Components versus Physiological Characters ......................... 208

8.3.4. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters .............. 209

8.3.5. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Physiological Characters ........................ 211

8.3.6. Morpho-Vegetative Characters versus Physiological Characters................... 212

8.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 226


8.4.2. FFBY and Its Components versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters ............... 227





xx

8.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 231

CHAPTER 9: GENERAL DISCUSSION ....................................................................... 232

9.1. VARIABILITY OF GENOTYPES FOR PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERS ......... 232

9.2. ESTIMATES OF GENETIC PARAMETERS ..................................................... 234

9.2.1. Phenotypic (PCV) and Genotypic (GCV) Coefficients of Variation ............. 234

9.2.2. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Broad-Sense Heritability Estimates... 236

9.3. PERFORMANCE OF GENOTYPES ................................................................... 239

9.3.1. Fresh Fruit Bunch Yield and Its Components ................................................ 239

9.3.2. Bunch and Fruit Characters ............................................................................ 240

9.3.3. Morpho-Vegetative and Physiological Characters ......................................... 241

9.3.4. Oil Quality Traits ............................................................................................ 242

9.5. Combining Ability of Pisifera Parental Palms .................................................. 244

9.4. GE INTERACTIONS AND STABILITY OF GENOTYPES .............................. 245

9.5. CHARACTERS’ ASSOCIATIONS ..................................................................... 249


9.5.2. FFBY and Its Components versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters ............... 250





9.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................................................................ 255

CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 258

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 262

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 288

xxi

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 3.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes………………….. 29

Table 3.2: Mean, variance (Var), standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE),

coefficient of variation (CV) and range for FFBY, BNO and ABWT

in Individual locations nd pooled data across locations …………………… 35

Table 3.3: Mean squares and variance components estimates for fresh fruit bunch

Yield (FFBY) and its components (BNO, ABWT) over locations ………... 37

Table 3.4: Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation

(GCV), intra-class coefficient of correlation (t), and broad-sense heritability

estimates (H2) for FFBY, BNO and ABWTacross locations …………….... 39

Table 3.5: Mean performance of genotypes and ranking for FFB, BNO and ABWT

by LSD method in Kluang and Keratong …………………………………. 40

Table 3.6: Performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for FFBY and its

components across locations ……………………………………………… 40

Table 3.7: Performance of genotypes for FFBY, BNO and ABWT for pooled data

over locations ……………………………………………………………… 41

Table 3.8: Location means for FFBY, BNO and ABWT …………………………….. 42

Table 3.9: Correlation coefficients among fresh fruit bunch characters in

individual locations and pooled data across locations …………………….. 46

Table 4.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes …………………. 57

Table 4.2: Keys for segmentation of spikelets after chopping the bunch for analyses .. 60


Coefficient of variation (CV) and range for bunch and fruit characters

in individual locations and pooled data over locations ……………………. 66

Table 4.4: Mean squares and variance components estimates for bunch and fruit

characters over locations …………………………………………………... 69


(GCV), intra-class coefficient of correlation (t) and broad-sense heritability

(H2) estimates for bunch and fruit characters across locations ……………...72

xxii

Table 4.6: Mean performances of genotypes for fruit and bunch characters with their

ranking in individual locations ……………………………………………. 75

Table 4.7: Mean performance of genotypes for fruit and bunch characters over

locations by LSD method …………………………………………………. 80

Table 4.8: Location means for bunch and fruit characters ……………………………. 82

Table 4.9: Mean performances of crosses CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC

for bunch and fruit characters across locations ……………………………. 82

Table 4.10: Correlation coefficients among bunch and fruit characters in individual

locations and pooled data over locations ………………………………….. 91

Table 5.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes …………………102


coefficient of variation (CV) and range for morpho-vegetative characters

in individual locations and pooled data across locations ………………..... 110

Table 5.3: Mean square and variance component estimates for morpho-vegetative

characters across locations ……………………………………………….. .112


(GCV) intra-class correlation coefficient (t) and broad-sense heritability

(H2) estimates for morpho-vegetative characters across locations ……….. 115

Table 5.5: Mean performance and ranking of genotypes for morpho-vegetative in

individual locations ………………………………………………………. 118

Table 5.6: Means performance of genotypes for morpho-vegetative characters in

individual locations ………………………………………………………. 122

Table 5.7: Location means for morpho-vegetative characters ………………………. 124

Table 5.8: Performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for

morpho-vegetative characters across locations …………………………... 124

Table 5.9: Correlation coefficients among morpho-vegetative characters in individual

locations and pooled data over locations ………………………………… 131

Table 6.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes ………………... 141


coefficient of variation (CV) and range for physiological characters in

individual locations and pooled data over locations ……………………... 148

xxiii

Table 6.3: Mean squares and variance components estimates for physiological

characters over locations …………………………………………………. 150

Table 6.4: Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficients of variation


(H2) for physiological characters across locations ……………………….. 152

Table 6.5: Mean performance of genotypes and ranking for physiological characters

By LSD method in Kluang and Keratong ……………………………….. 154

Table 6.6: Mean performance of genotypes for physiological characters over

Locations …………………………………………………………………. 156

Table 6.7: Mean performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for

physiological characters over locations ………………………………….. 156

Table 6.8: Location means for physiological characters …………………………….. 156

Table 6.9: Correlation coefficients for physiological characters in individual locations

and pooled data over locations …………………………………………… 164

Table 7.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes ………………... 174


coefficient of variation (CV) and range for oil quality traits in individual

locations and pooled data over locations ………………………………… 181

Table 7.3: Mean Square and variance components estimates for oil quality traitrs

in Keratong ……………………………………………………………….. 183



(H2) for oil quality traits in Keratong …………………………………….. 185

Table 7.5: Performance of genotypes for oil quality traits in Keratong ……………... 188

Table 7.6: Performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for oil quality traits

in Keratong ………………………………………………………………. 189

Table 7.7: Correlation coefficients for oïl quality traits ……………………………... 191

Table 8.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes ……….……….. 202

Table 8.2: Correlation coefficients among bunch yield, fruit and bunch,

morpho-vegetative and physiological characters ………………………… 215

xxiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 3.1: Mean fresh fruit bunch yield against coefficient of variation …………… 43

Figure 3.2: Mean fresh fruit bunch yield against regression coefficient …………….. 43

Figure 3.3: Mean bunch number against coefficient of variation ……………………. 44

Figure 3.4: Mean bunch number against regression coefficient ……………………... 44

Figure 3.5: Mean average bunch weight against coefficient of variation ……………. 45

Figure 3.6: Mean average bunch weight against regression coefficient ……………... 45

Figure 4.1: Mean total economic produce against coefficient of variation …………... 84

Figure 4.2: Mean total economic produce against coefficient of variation …………... 84

Figure 4.3: Mean oil yield against coefficient of variation …………………………... 85

Figure 4.4: Mean oil yield against regression coefficient ……………………………. 85

Figure 4.5: Mean kernel oil yield against coefficient of variation …………………… 86

Figure 4.6: Mean kernel oil yield against regression coefficient ……………………. 86

Figure 4.7: Mean oil-to-bunch ratio against coefficient of variation ………………… 87

Figure 4.8: Mean oil-to-bunch ratio against regression coefficient ………………….. 87

Figure 4.9: Mean kernel-to-bunch ratio against coefficient of variation ……………. 88

Figure 4.10: Mean kernel-to-bunch ratio against regression coefficient ……………… 88

Figure 4.11: Mean mesocarp-to-fruit ratio against coefficient of variation …………… 89

Figure 4.12: Mean mesocarp-to-fruit ratio against regression coefficient …………….. 89

Figure 5.1: Mean frond production against coefficient of variation ………………... 126

Figure 5.2: Mean frond production against regression coefficient …………………. 126

xxv

Figure 5.3: Mean height against coefficient of variation …………………………… 127

Figure 5.4: Mean height against regression coefficient ……………………………. 127

Figure 5.5: Mean leaf area index against coefficient of variation …………………... 129

Figure 5.6: Mean leaf area index against regression coefficient ……………………. 129

Figure 6.1: Mean bunch dry matter production against coefficient of variation ……. 159

Figure 6.2: Mean bunch dry matter production against regression coefficient ……... 159

Figure 6.3: Mean vegetative dry matter production against coefficient of variation .. 160

Figure 6.4: Mean vegetative dry matter production against regression coefficient … 160

Figure 6.5: Mean total dry matter production against coefficient of variation ……... 161

Figure 6.6: Mean total dry matter production against regression coefficient ………. 161

Figure 6.7: Mean bunch index against coefficient of variation …………………….. 162

Figure 6.8: Mean bunch index against regression coefficient ……………………… 162

xxvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

A1- LIST OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES…… 288

A1- LIST OF PAPERS ACCEPTED FOR UPCOMING CONFERENCES ……….... 288

xxvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

ABWT average bunch weight

ANOVA analysis of variance

ASD Agriculture, Service and Development (Costa Rica)

AVROS Algemeene Vereninging van Rubberplantera ter Oostkust van Sumatra

BDMP bunch dry matter production

BI bunch index

BNO bunch number

bp base pair

BWT bunch weight

CMR Republic of Cameroon

CPO crude palm oil

C12:0 lauric acid

C14:0 myristic acid

C16:0 palmitic acid

C16:1 palmitoleic acid

C18:0 stearic acid

C18:1 oleic acid

C18:2 limoleic acid

C18:3 linolenic acid

C20:0 arachidic acid

CC carotene content

CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour

le Développement.

CPO crude palm oil

df degrees of freedom

DIAM trunk diameter

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo (ex-Zaire)

xxviii

e photosynthetic conversion coefficient

EMS expected mean square

F/B fruit-to-bunch ratio

f light fractional interception

FAC fatty acid composition

FAME fatty acid methyl ester

FFB Fresh fruit bunch

FFBY Fresh fruit bunch yield

FP frond production

GCA general combining ability

GE genotype-by‐environment interaction

GNI gross national income

ha hectare

HT palm height

IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources

IRHO Institut de Recherche pour les Huiles et Oléagineux

ISOPB International Society of Oil Palm Breeders

IV iodine value

K/B kernel-to-bunch ratio

kg kilogram

KOY kernel oil yield

KY kernel yield

LA leaf area

LAI leaf area index

LAR leaf area ratio

LD linkage disequilibrium

LL leaflet length

LN leaflet number

LSD least significant difference

LW leaflet width

xxix

m metre

M/F mesocarp-to-fruit ratio

MAS marker-assisted selection

Mbp mega base pair

MET multi‐environment trial

METs multi-environment trials

MFWT mean fruit weight

MJ mega Joule

MNWT mean nut weight

MPOC Malaysian Palm Oil Council

MS mean square

MSE mean square error

NAR net assimilation ratio

O/B oil-to-bunch ratio

O/DM oil-to-dry mesocarp ratio

OER oil extraction rate

O/WM oil-to-wet mesocarp ratio

OY oil yield

P/B parthenocarpic fruits-to-bunch ratio

PCS petiole cross-sectional area

PGR plant genetic resources

PORIM Palm Oil Research Institute Malaysia

ppm part per million

QTL quantitative trait loci

RCBD randomised complete block design

REML restricted maximum likelihood

Rk rank

RL rachis length

RM Ringgit Malaysia

RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil

xxx

S/F shell-to-fruit ratio

SCA specific combining ability

t metric tonne

TDMP total dry matter production

TEP total economic produce

VDMP vegetative dry matter production

yr year

262

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APPENDICES

CHAIRED CONFERENCES & SEMIMARS

A1- LIST OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES

1. Beyegue Djonko, H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2011. “Phenotypic

Assessment of Cameroon-Based dura x pisifera Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Populations According to Bunch and Fruit Characters”. Programme Book of the 9th

Malaysia Genetics Congress (MGS9) ‘Appreciating the Richness of Nature through

Genetics’ (28 - 30 September 2011 at Pullman Hotel Kuching). Kuching-Sarawak,

Malaysia: Genetics Society of Malaysia (PGM)-Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. p. 127.

2. Beyegue Djonko, H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B.S. Jalani. 2011. “Assessment of

Bunch Yield and Its Components for Cameroon-Based Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis

Jacq.) Population”. Proceedings of the the International Seminar ‘Breeding for

Sustainability in Oil Palm’ (18 November 2011 at KLCC, Kuala Lumpur). Kuala

Lumpur: International Society for Oil Palm Breeders (ISOPB) - Malaysian Palm Oil

Board (MPOB). pp. 147-152.

3. Beyegue Djonko, H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2012. “Assessment of

Genetic Variability among Cameroon-Based dura x pisiera Oil Palm (Elaeis

guineensis Jacq.) Populations for Morpho-vegetative Characters”. Paper presented

during the 6th Research Presentation Seminar for Graduate Students 2012 organized

by the Centre for Graduate Studies (CGS), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM).

Award of the Best English presentation.

A2- LIST OF PAPERS ACCEPTED FOR UPCOMING CONFERENCES

4. Beyegue Djonko H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2013. “Assessment of

Variability of Cameroon-based Biparental dura x pisifera Oil Palm Genotypes for

Oil Quality Traits and Interrelationships among Traits”. Paper accepted for oral

presentation during the 10th

Malaysia Genetics Congress (MGC10) ‘Adavances in

Genetics, Biotechnology and Genomics’ co-organised by the Genetics Society of

Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and

Universiti Putra Malaysia on 3 -5 December at Hotel Sunway Putra, Kuala Lumpur.

5. Beyegue Djonko H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2013. “Study of

Variability among Cameroon-Based dura x pisifera Oil Palm Genotypes Tested over

Two Locations for Physiological Characters”. Paper submitted for oral presentation

during the International Seminar on Oil Palm Breeding – Yesterday, Today and

Tomorrow, jointly organized by the International Society for Oil Palm Breeders

(ISOPB) and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) on 18 November 2013 at

Impiana KLCC Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

http://mail.yahoo.com/

CROSSES Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Documents