Cross-referencing: Using MLA Format

Cross-Cross-referencingreferencing::Using MLA Using MLA FormatFormat

A workshop brought to you by the A workshop brought to you by the

Purdue University Writing LabPurdue University Writing Lab

Why Use MLA Format?Why Use MLA Format? Allows readers to Allows readers to

cross-reference cross-reference your sources easilyyour sources easily

Provides consistent Provides consistent format within a format within a disciplinediscipline

Gives you credibility Gives you credibility as a writeras a writer

Protects yourself Protects yourself from plagiarismfrom plagiarism

Cross-Referencing Your Cross-Referencing Your SourcesSources

Cross-referencing Cross-referencing allows readers to allows readers to locate the publication locate the publication information of source information of source material. This is of material. This is of great value for great value for researchers who may researchers who may want to locate your want to locate your sources for their own sources for their own research projects.research projects.

Using a Consistent Using a Consistent FormatFormat

Using a consistent Using a consistent format helps your format helps your reader understand reader understand your arguments your arguments and the sources and the sources they’re built on. they’re built on.

It also helps you It also helps you keep track of your keep track of your sources as you sources as you build arguments. build arguments.

Establishing CredibilityEstablishing Credibility

The proper use of The proper use of MLA style shows MLA style shows the credibility of the credibility of writers; such writers; such writers show writers show accountability to accountability to their source their source material.material.

Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of your Proper citation of your sources in MLA style sources in MLA style can help you avoid can help you avoid plagiarism, which is plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It a serious offense. It may result in may result in anything from failure anything from failure of the assignment to of the assignment to expulsion from expulsion from school.school.

Where Do I Find MLA Where Do I Find MLA Format?Format?

MLA Handbook for MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Writers of Research PapersPapers, 5th ed., 5th ed.

Composition textbooksComposition textbooks www.mla.orgwww.mla.org OWL website: OWL website:

owl.english.purdue.edowl.english.purdue.eduu

Writing Lab Grammar Writing Lab Grammar Hotline: 494-3723Hotline: 494-3723

MLA Style: Two PartsMLA Style: Two Parts

Works Cited Works Cited Page Page

ParentheticaParenthetical Citations l Citations

Works Cited PageWorks Cited Page

A complete list of every A complete list of every source that you make source that you make reference to in your reference to in your essayessay

Provides the information Provides the information necessary for a reader to necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any locate and retrieve any sources cited in your sources cited in your essay.essay.

A Sample Works A Sample Works Cited PageCited Page

Smith 12Works Cited

Dickens, Charles. Bleak House. 1852-1853. New York: Penguin,

1985.

---. David Copperfield. 1849-1850. New York: Houghton Mifflin

Company, 1958.

Miller, J. Hillis. Charles Dickens: The World and His Novels.

Bloomington: U of Indiana P, 1958.

Zwerdling, Alex. “Esther Summerson Rehabilitated.” PMLA 88 (May

1973): 429-439.

Most citations Most citations should contain should contain the following the following basic information:basic information:

Author’s nameAuthor’s name Title of workTitle of work Publication Publication

informationinformation

Works CitedWorks Cited

BookBookByatt, A. S. Byatt, A. S. Babel TowerBabel Tower. New York: . New York:

Random House, 1996.Random House, 1996. Article in a MagazineArticle in a MagazineKlein, Joe. “Dizzy Days.” Klein, Joe. “Dizzy Days.” The New YorkerThe New Yorker 5 5

Oct. 1998: 40-45.Oct. 1998: 40-45. Web pageWeb pagePoland, Dave. “The Hot Button.” Poland, Dave. “The Hot Button.” RoughcutRoughcut. .

26 Oct. 1998. Turner Network Television. 26 Oct. 1998. Turner Network Television. 28 Oct. 1998 <www.roughcut.com>.28 Oct. 1998 <www.roughcut.com>.

Works Cited: Some Works Cited: Some ExamplesExamples

Works Cited ListWorks Cited List

A newspaper articleA newspaper articleTommasini, Anthony. “Master Teachers Whose Tommasini, Anthony. “Master Teachers Whose

Artistry Glows in Private.” Artistry Glows in Private.” New York TimesNew York Times 27 Oct. 1998: B2.27 Oct. 1998: B2.

A source with no known authorA source with no known author““Cigarette Sales Fall 30% as California Tax Cigarette Sales Fall 30% as California Tax

Rises.” Rises.” New York TimesNew York Times 14 Sept. 1999: A17. 14 Sept. 1999: A17.

Works Cited ListWorks Cited List

A TV interviewA TV interviewMcGwire, Mark. Interview with Matt Lauer. McGwire, Mark. Interview with Matt Lauer. The Today ShowThe Today Show. .

NBC. WTHR, Indianapolis. 22 Oct. 1998.NBC. WTHR, Indianapolis. 22 Oct. 1998.

A personal interviewA personal interviewMellencamp, John. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1998.Mellencamp, John. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1998.

What other types of What other types of sources might you sources might you need to list on your need to list on your Works Cited page?Works Cited page?

Study the basics of Study the basics of MLA citation MLA citation format. When format. When something odd something odd comes up, look it comes up, look it up.up.

Works CitedWorks Cited

When Should You Use When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?Parenthetical Citations?

When When quotingquoting any any words that are not words that are not your ownyour own Quoting means to Quoting means to

repeat another repeat another source word for source word for word, using word, using quotation marksquotation marks

When Should You Use When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?Parenthetical Citations?

When When summarizingsummarizing facts and facts and ideas from a sourceideas from a source Summarizing means to take ideas Summarizing means to take ideas

from a large passage of another from a large passage of another source and condense them, using source and condense them, using your own wordsyour own words

When When paraphrasing paraphrasing a sourcea source Paraphrasing means to use the Paraphrasing means to use the

ideas from another source but ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your change the phrasing into your own wordsown words

Keys to Parenthetical Keys to Parenthetical CitationsCitations

ReadabilityReadability Keep references brief Keep references brief Give only information Give only information

needed to identify the needed to identify the source on your Works source on your Works Cited pageCited page

Do not repeat Do not repeat unnecessary unnecessary informationinformation

Handling Quotes in Your Handling Quotes in Your TextText

Author’s last name and page Author’s last name and page number(s) of quote must number(s) of quote must appear in the textappear in the textRomantic poetry is characterized Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).263).Wordsworth stated that Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).powerful feelings” (263).

SometimesSometimes more information is necessarymore information is necessary More than one author with the same last nameMore than one author with the same last name

(W. Wordsworth 23); (D. Wordsworth 224)(W. Wordsworth 23); (D. Wordsworth 224) More than one work by the same authorMore than one work by the same author

(Joyce, (Joyce, PortraitPortrait 121); (Joyce, 121); (Joyce, UlyssesUlysses 556) 556) Different volumes of a multivolume workDifferent volumes of a multivolume work

(1: 336)(1: 336) Citing indirect sources Citing indirect sources

(Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2:450)(Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2:450)

Handling Parenthetical Handling Parenthetical CitationsCitations

Handling Parenthetical Handling Parenthetical CitationsCitations

If the source has no known author, then If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:use an abbreviated version of the title:Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”Smokers”Citation: (“California” A14)Citation: (“California” A14)

If the source is only one page in length or If the source is only one page in length or is a web page with no apparent pagination:is a web page with no apparent pagination:Source: Dave Poland’s “Hot Button” web Source: Dave Poland’s “Hot Button” web columncolumnCitation: (Poland)Citation: (Poland)

Handling Long Handling Long QuotationsQuotations

David becomes identified and defined by James Steerforth, David becomes identified and defined by James Steerforth, a young man with whom David is acquainted from his days at a young man with whom David is acquainted from his days at Salem House. Before meeting Steerforth, David accepts Salem House. Before meeting Steerforth, David accepts Steerforth’s name as an authoritative power:Steerforth’s name as an authoritative power:

There was an old door in this playground, on which the There was an old door in this playground, on which the boys had a custom of carving their names. . . . In my dread boys had a custom of carving their names. . . . In my dread of the end of the vacation and their coming back, I could of the end of the vacation and their coming back, I could not read a boy’s name, without inquiring in what tone and not read a boy’s name, without inquiring in what tone and with what emphasis he would read, “Take care of him. He with what emphasis he would read, “Take care of him. He bites.” There was one boy—a certain J. Steerforth—who cut bites.” There was one boy—a certain J. Steerforth—who cut his name very deep and very often, who I conceived, would his name very deep and very often, who I conceived, would read it in a rather strong voice, and afterwards pull my read it in a rather strong voice, and afterwards pull my hair. (Dickens 68)hair. (Dickens 68)

For Steerforth, naming becomes an act of possession, as well as For Steerforth, naming becomes an act of possession, as well as exploitation. Steerforth names David for his fresh look and exploitation. Steerforth names David for his fresh look and innocence, but also uses the name Daisy to exploit David's innocence, but also uses the name Daisy to exploit David's romantic tendencies (Dyson 122). romantic tendencies (Dyson 122).

There are many There are many different different combinations and combinations and variations within variations within MLA citation format. MLA citation format.

If you run into If you run into something unusual, something unusual, look it up! look it up!

Handling Quotes in Your Handling Quotes in Your TextText

Where can you go for Where can you go for additional help with MLA additional help with MLA

documentation?documentation? Purdue University Purdue University

Writing LabWriting Lab Heavilon 226Heavilon 226 Grammar Hotline:Grammar Hotline:

(765) 494-3723(765) 494-3723 Check our web site: Check our web site:

http://owl.english.purdue.http://owl.english.purdue.eduedu

Email brief questions: Email brief questions: [email protected]@owl.english.purdue.eduedu

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