CROP GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CASTOR CULTIVARS UNDER OPTIMAL AND SUB-OPTIMAL WATER AND NITROGEN CONDITIONS IN TELANGANA REGION. C. SUDHA RANI M.L. (Ag.) THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF AGRlCULTURE DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAIEMIRANACAR HYDERADAD - 500 030 OCTOBER, 2000
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CROP GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CASTOR CULTIVARS
UNDER OPTIMAL AND SUB-OPTIMAL WATER AND NITROGEN
CONDITIONS IN TELANGANA REGION.
C. SUDHA RANI M . L . (Ag.)
THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN THE FACULTY OF AGRlCULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RAIEMIRANACAR HYDERADAD - 500 030
OCTOBER, 2000
CERTIFICATE
Thls is to certify that the thesis entltled "CROP GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CASTOR CULTIVARS UNDER OPTIMAL AND SUB- OPTIMAL WATER AND NITROGEN CONDITIONS IN TELANGANA REGION" submitted in partlal fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE of the Acharya N.G.Ranga Aaricultural Universltv. Hvderabad. is a record of the bonafide research w6rk carried out by MS:C.SUDHA RANI under my guldance and supervision The subject of the thesis has been approved by the student's Advisory committee.
No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma or has been published. The published part has been fully acknowledged. All the assistance and help recelved durlng the course ol lnvestlgations have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis
(Dr.B.BUCHA R E D D ~ ~ f - Chalrman of the Advlsory Comm~ttee
Thesis approved by the student's Advisory Committee
Cha~rman (Dr.B.BUCHA REDDY) Assoc~ate Professor Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 ,,- A ! , ,
Co-Chalrman (Dr.MYERS R.J.K.) Pr~nc l~a l Sclentlst / ICRISAT PATANCHERU Hyderabad
Member (Dr.S.NARSA REDDY) Professor & Head Department of Agronomy College of Agrlculture Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 /
Member (Dr.P.CHANDRASEKHAR RAO) d~, -,A
Associate Professor " Department of So11 Sclence 8 Agricultural Chemistry College of Agrlculture Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30
Member (Dr.L.M.RA0) Associate Professor
&L%5k ; C G { L ~ & * l(n(
/ fl
Department of Plant Physloiogy J/- . College of Agrlculture Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30
CERTIFICATE
Ms.C.SUDHA RANI has satisfactorily prosecuted tlie courso of
research and that the t h e s ~ s ent i t led "CROP G R O W T H AND
DEVELOPMENT OF CASTOR CULTIVARS UNDER OPTIMAL AND SUB-
OPTIMAL WATER AND NITROGEN CONDITIONS I N TELANGANA
REGION" submitted I S the result of original research work arid is ol
sufiic~ently high standard to warrant ~ t s presentation to the cxam~naton. i
also certify that the lhes~s or part thereof has not been prev~ously subniitted
by him for a degree of any Un~versity.
Date
Place iiyderabad
)." ,A <A P < c k k , ,
(Dr B BUCHA REBDY] Major Advisor
l ' \ ( ; K NO,
EIIcct 111 utl lcr regimes. tlllrirgcn leiel \ :III~ CLIIIII:!~\ OII lo1.1I :ihoie ground dr)rr l~I icr produut~c~n d l 105 I I A S l g m')
Intcrdcuon c l l u c ~ \ o f ualcr I~~I I I IC\ . 111trogc11 Ic\eI\ d11d CUIIIIJI\ on toldl .thovc ground dr)rndlter producllon .I( 105 I)AS rg m 'I
Intcrdcuon e l l cc l i u l wdlcr r c g ~ ~ n c * . l i ~ l r ~ ~ g e n Icbcl\ and culll\':ll\ on 10131 above ground drymdttcr producl~i,n nl 105 !)AS (g 111 '1
Effect u f uatcr rcglmcs, nltrugcn levcls ~ n d culllvur\ on III~III I,
splke lenglll (ern)
I n l c r d c ~ ~ o n cl'fcc~ 111 \idler rcglillc\. li i lrogcll Icvcl\ dnd LU~IIV,II\ on Seed yield (kg ha ' I
Effect of antcr rcglrne\, 111tropc11 level\ and cul i l \dr\ 011 51.111, y ~ e l d (kg hd I )
Effect of I'lunt~ng Jcn\tty ~III ytcld and y ~ c l d c i ~ m p o t ~ c n l \ i l l
castor culttvar C;Cll-4
i'l11.1hc 111 IIII~II~CII h) C.I\IOI C I I ~ ~ I L . I ~ \ k/ t t~l ! / I007
['pt.~Lc 01 I I I I ~ O ~ C I I ti! L,I\~,IT LLIIII\,I~\ ~/I(I~I/ lljOX
i ' p t ~ h e (11 p l ~ ~ t \ p I ~ o r u ~ h) C.I\~OI CUIIIL,I~\ ~/I,I~I/ 1007
1'11tAc (11 p l ~ c ~ ? p l ~ o r u \ h! ca\tot CUIII~.II\ L/III~I/ lllOH
1'pt. ik o i llota\l~ hy cd\tor CIIIII\,II\ L / t c ~ r ~ / l O ~ j 7
l l ~ i t ~ t i c ol'l'otash b! ca\tor CLIIII~ ~ r \ k / ru r~ / 1908
I<ad~at~ot i IIEC elrtclenc) 111 d ~ i l c r c n l c u l l l ~ d r ~
Kadlauon usc ei f lc lency rtl d~ l l c rcn t cu l l l ia r \
I<~~IJIIOII uhe e i i~c lc t l cy r l l d i i icrcl i t c u l t ~ \ a r \
Kadtatton u\c elilctcnc) ( ~ i d l i i c r c n t cul t l iars
L-
1. \\eekl! r n c t c e r o l t ~ ~ c n l dnta of the entire c\pcrilnent;llion
7. Soil m o i ~ t u r r d;1l11
t ~ ~ K N O \ ~ l , K l ~ K h l l ~ Y ' l
It I\ hy tile gr.rc ,ind ~IL'S(III~S (11 t11c t ~ l t i ~ ~ g l ~ t ! 111~11 1 lht\c IXL'II , ~ h l ~ ' to 1)r111g 11110
l1~11t 1111~ l i u ~ i ~ h l c pc;lcc (11 aorL lor \r Ii1cI1 I ,1111 c t c r t ~ , ~ I I ~ 111dc0Ied. I ,1111 ~iIc,t\cd 111 PI.ICC
ill! proli>ulld gr,n~tutlc l o 111) Indlor : I~ \ I \ ( I~ .ltld C~I.II~III;III o i 111c .I~\IS(II) COIIIIIIIIICC
1)r.B. BUC~III Keddy, :\h\oc~utc I'rolch\ol, I)~~;II~III~II~ 01' : \~IOIIOII~~, (~ol lcgc 111
:\grtculrurc. K.tlclldr.111~gX1'. Hydcr.lh.td 1'111 111.; Ic;it.t~ed coun\cl. IIII\IIIII~~~ :Inctllion ,ltltl
~ ~ l c l ~ c u l i ~ o r ~ L I I ~ ; I I I C ~ 011 IIIC \\OIL.
I ,1111 ~tidced ~ I C : I I ~ ) t~~dehtcd :tnd 1h:111kl11l 1 0 Dr. hlyers H..l.K. I'~IIICIII:I~
S~I~III I ,~. Ul<hll'. l('l<lY:\'l'. I';II.IIIC~~~U 101 111, I~II~IIIIIC~ .IIICIIII~II. ,~rdou\ ,111d
III~II~II~IIU\ gu~dut~cc ~ I ~ C I I t l i rougl~<~ut IIIIJ IIIL~\II~~IIOII. 1 cxprc\h 111) ~IIOI'OUII~ 111a11kh
,111ii ~I.,IIIIII~C to 111111 lor III\ L I I I ~ I I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ el1011 r ~ ~ ~ d \cl~ol.~rIy 111ellor.1t1o11 111ilde 111r(lupl1 IIIC
[N~~>.I~,IIIOII a11d ~ r c \ a ~ t ~ u o t ~ of Illy IC\C:IICII I I I I~II I~\.
I ,1111 greatl'ul ILI Dr. N U ~ S U Kr t l t l j . I<ct~rcd I ' rc~ le \ \~~r . i l~d Ilcad. I)C~,I~IIIICIII 111
:\~KNI(IIII). ('ollcgc 111 ,2gt1culturc. l <a l cnd t ,~~~ .~p r 1lydct;ihad lor Ihta .~hlc gu~d,ll~cc .III~
c o ~ ~ i t r u c t ~ \ c \ugfc\tt~111\ tn the prcpur,lllotl 01 rho15
I an1 th:~nhlul to Dr. P.C. Hao. A i \ ~ r c~a rc I'tolcs\or, I )epa~t l l l c t~ l (11 Soil Sclc~lcc
und A ~ r ~ c u l t u r ~ ~ l ( 'hcm~\ l ry , ('111lcgc 111 r\gr~cullurc. Kajelldrall.igar, llyderahad 1111 I I I ~
guldallcc III course u l rn) \tudy.
I am ulsu thonklul 10 Dr. 1,. M. Kau I )cpar t~nc~~t (IS I'lalli I ' l~ys t~~ l~rgy. ( '~l l lcpc 111
Agnculturc. Kqendronngur. Hydcmhnd I l r ht\ kccrl tnterc\r and constant enc~~ur.igcnictil
nnd ta lunb lc suggcrtlons ofl'crcd ~hrc~uphoul my re\carch work.
&I! \yc.clal uo rd o l ' t l i~nks rn Dr . I )a \ id Flower. \rho Ihclped nic 111 1111t1dt11ig tI1c
\ iork hl) spcc i~ l t l ianl\ to I'eter Carhcr ry and .lo1111 I) in~eu \rho .~\r l \ tcd 111c 111 111y
r c \ c .~ r~ , l ~ \rc~rk.
hl) rpcclal \t'ord ol thanks i111d f r ~ t ~ t u d e to our dep,~rtnic~it.~I l l c i l~ l I)r. l.111cha1111u
41111 111c11ihcr\ 111 tlie ~C~.II.IIIICIII (11 ;\~1111111111! 101 IIICII CIIII\~,III~ \LIIII~,II~ ,111d
cricour.!femcllt.
h l y thank* 10 NKhl l l unit. Fk:SI1 ~ t n i l an(1 S t u l i s l i ~ ~ depar1111c11t I('KISA'I'.
I'atancheru for the help rendered to rile durint: the course o f ni! r ece~ l r c l~ work.
I~iell.thlc I\ 111) gtilt~tudc 10 III~ hcl incd ~.II~III\ Sri. C'. I'ul)unt~u ,111d
Sn~l.I'adnlilvathi u h r ~ pl;t)cd .in ~~ l \ t iu l i ie t~ t . r l tole 111 ~ ~ i \ t t l l ~ ~ i g l i ~g l i l e ~ c l 111'dcd1~.111011 to
\+OIL. dcIerrilltirlt~oll 111 . ILC~I I~P~I \~ I I I I~ l l i ~ c t i i ~ ~ h l c I,I\~ 011 l1,11id ,111d 1'01 tlictl C X C C ~ ~ C I ~ I
fu~ddncc I'ro111 ttliic 111 Illlie l id\ l i c l p ~ d IIIC to 111ould lily ~CIIIIIIJIII) \uttdhly.
'rl) \pcc~dl tll;~nk\ 10 111) hrothcr M r . C. Vinod Kulnnr ilod III~ \I\IL.Y\ S ~ ~ n u n d a
Xlalleswsari and H e n ~ v a l h i lor thelr cncou~ageliic~lt :111d ticedlul \U~I~III.~ I1o111 11111e to
t1111c 111 dl1 llie t~iattcr\ 'rly thaik\ to l'a>i and l ' rdi ju lor thclr c ~ i l c t t , i ~ n ~ i i c ~ ~ t ;11te1 IIIY
dall) u o r l . \ r l i ~c l i dlu'dy\ rnakc nie hrc,~thc ca\y
A speclal uo rd o l thank5 to rn) heloved l r~c l ld r Sunti. S a i I a j ~ . Sunitha.
hlanjula. l lar i tha, Jaya. Val l i , Suchi and others. I dIs11 acknowlcdgc my ci~llcaguc\
Vani. Hemalatha. Sailasree dnd other\
M y specla1 thanks to Dr . Shiva Shankar and 111 my c<~lleague\ at Nandyal.
L.i\t hut nut le.i>t. I ili.inh II~! lo\e. I~I! Iiushitid hlr . C. Sudliuliur 1 0 1 111,
I'.I~IIIIICS right Il.ollt IIICC~?~I~III ol'lhc rcse.t~t~Ii \\otk 10 COIII~ICIIOI~ (11 111esis
A I tcld csper~rt ic~tt $ 4 ~ 5 c ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ c t c d ,tt l ( ' l<lS~l ' l ' , l ' ~ ~ ' l ' ~ ~ N ~ ~ l l l ~ l < l l , dur~rtg A/I<I~I/ \cahut~ o f 1997-98 d i d 1998-9'). tu btudy llic cn,p growth illld ~~VCI~II~IIICI~I n l c i ~ \ l u i cu l t ~ \a r r undcr opt~t i iol and , u h ~ ~ ~ p t ~ m a l uatel a ~ i d Iinrogcli cund)t lu~i\ III I'CIAII~~II,~ rcpli>i<llte ~ ~ ~ \ ~ \ l ! f i ~ i t c ) l t &i\ cdtllcd 0111 111 S l ) l ~ l - p l ~ ~ t dc\lf!l wttli 10 11c~1111ic1iI c<)lrthtn.it~utti c n n i p r ~ \ ~ ~ i g o l l u o w.tlcr rcgtltic\ l l<.t~~i lcd , ~ t i c I ~rr lgdlcd . i t If 75 IWi('l'1: rdllcz! c ~ ~ n \ t t l u t ~ n g tile t iuln pl<,t.;. t i w nttrugcti level\ 110 nil 61) kg N ti., I ! : t \s~g~tcd 10 \ uh plots ~ n d b u r \artcllcc (Aruno. IX'S-9. < i A I ' ( ' I I - l and ( i ( ' l l -4 ) III huh-suh p101\ and repl~cdtcd four time\
I l tur i tctr~c ~ ~ b s c r i a t ~ o n \ on g r i ~u t l i atid plty\tr~logtc,L p,~rit~nctcr\, y ~ c l d and y ~ c l d dtir~hulcs and I~gh t Ititcrceptlon were rciordcd hy 'luhc Sol; lr t~nclc~. I'lont ~ . h c ~ n ~ c o l ~ I I ~ I > \ I \ &.I\ dune to deterntlne the nutrtcnt upt,tlic 011 and pn,tcjr, ~o t l t cn i war AISO e*tt~ti.ttod.
Kr \u l t \ of tlte In\cstlgntrun ~nd~catcd 11141 ~ r r ~ g ~ t t o t i JI 0.75 IWi('I'F5, rdtlo tncrcd\cd Ihs plant helght 111 ca\tor culuvar\ when cotitpdrcd w ~ r h r;l~nlcd \~tu.it~oit I lhc L.AI atid dry maltcr product~on by ~ r r~ga t cd cd\tor wo\ s~gn~ltcantly htglier 1Iid11 tlic ramled castor I-lower~ng was dclaycd hy 4-5 days under trr~gstcd c o n d ~ l ~ o t ~ than In ratnlcd condlt~on. Longer spikes, ap~kcs p.r plant. capsules per y k e and InaslmurnlfH) seed-wc~ght uere obtalned from ~rngoted castor than rainfcd one\ ('ompared to rdlnlcd castor. maximum seed and stalk yield and harvest tndcx was ohta~ned undcr ~ r r~gd t t r~ t i Irrigated castor conttnued 11s growth for longer perlod than rolnfed ca\tol. and hcnce lllc groulng crop accumulated more numher of growlng degrec-days undcr Irrigation The maxlmum amount of dry matter was pmt[ ioned Into a~nk poruon isp~kc) undcr ~r r~gated
S ~ ~ l p ~ t c J I l 0 l l cR' 60 kg llJ I ~.c\~hL'd Ill IJllct 111;1111\ A1111 gI.C,IICV ICJ~. J1C.l. ;llld IIIO~C dr! III,IIIL'~ ~)~O~UL.II~III 'The I l ~ p l ~ c \ l N Ic \c l ib0 l g 11.1 ' I ~) r~ iduccd 101lge1 \1)1he\ 111i1rc \ ~ > l c r Iwr p1.1111, c.~psulc\ pcr \ p~hc ,111~1 I.1rgcr \ccd\ >I,I\IIII~IIII r ~ c d .IIIII rl;lIL !iclil\ \\r.tc oh l~ l ncd 31 60 Lp K 11.1 ' I~ l l l> r incd IIIIIU~CII IIU~IIIIUII .I\ ,I re*11l1 1)1 11111111,c1 J~~~IC.IIIOII pcr111111cd e\/endcd g ~ o ~ r l l l and l~cl lcc 11101~ .ICCIIIIIII~,IIIOII 111 &to\\ 1111: ~Icgrcc- d.~!s. ( i ( ' 1 I - l ~ J \ C the 111gI1cr seed J I I ~ hl3lL !~c ld \ CI)III~;I~C~ 10 ( i,l l~('l l~l, ll('S-'1 .III~
:\~IIII.I l l lgl lcr partttlotllllg l e ~ d 10 111g11cr II;II\~SI I I I ~ C X III ( i ( ' I1~4 11scr i1111er CIIIII\,II.\ IIIC IIIIU~CIIOII c i i c ~ t due 10 L\,IIL~I IC~IIIIC\~ ~ ~ l t r i i ~ c ~ ~ l~ , \c l \ ,111d CII~II\,II\. \V LC N, ( ' Lv \V. S LC (' III I~IIIIS ol'?~ecd 11cld \VCW IIIIIII~ \I~III~IC.IIII.
l'liu, tlle \ ~ u d ) I I I ~ I L . I I ~ ~ 111c rupclliltn) or I ~ I I ~ J I I I I ~ 111e ca\~ot ,II 0.75 IW/( ' l ' l i r~111i o\cr ra1111cd cuIIt1~11to11 I'tidcr lllc C!I\IIII~ ,I~~~I.C/III~.IIIC COII~III~III 01 I~~,III~,III;I reg1011 111 :',lld/lrJ I ' r ; ldc~l~, I~I I~: I / I~~II h;i\ed 1111 lW/('l ' l: r,ll~o I\ ICC~~ I I I I I I ~ I I I ~~~
.\~~IICJIIOII 01. t11lrogcn (il, 01 60 hg N lht 'I' ~ ~ C O I I I I I I ~ I I ~ C ~ / 112 II,I\'II dlld I~II IJII I I I~ 1 1 ~ 1 1 111 INII c q u ~ l \I)III\ ;11 30 J I I ~ 60 I):4SI 1.01 Ih~pl ic~ C;I\IOI y~cldb. ('III/I~:III~II 111 c;~\ l i l r WIIII i .u l l~ \ .~ t \ I IJ~III~ lltfllcr ytcld IIIII~II~I.I/ IILC ( i l ' l l - 4 \\,I\ ICCOIIIIIICII~C~ 101 l~1.tt1g~t1.1 I.~~II)II 01 A11d11ra l ' r ~ d c \ l ~ '1 '11~ ~,II,I ~ I~ I I cc IL '~ ,111 ~,1\1111 1111,tIly CIIIII~III~L~ \b111i 111c d , ~ ~ a ci~l lcclcd h) ~ i / l i c r \ . could he tllc h a m 111 de\el111>111g :I c~1\1111 \IIIIII~,IIII~II l i i o d ~ l
L I S T OF SYMBOLS A N D A H B H E V I A T I O N S IISEI)
JI the r'ltc ill.
degree c e l s ~ u a
critical cl~ffcrcncc
ccnlinletrc ( a )
C'o-cfliclcnt ol \.;lrlalliln
d i ~ p i~flcr b0\\111g
clcsi slcliien.; per nlctrc
clccrr~c,il cr in<lucl~\~l!
ligure
yr;iln
pcr hectare
potahslilin
Kili,gr;irn per sqilarc illelre
K~lcigr;im n~ tn igcn per licclarc
Ki l i ig~ in i p l l o s p l l ~ i r ~ ~ i ~ ~ per hccti~rc
K~logr ;~ rn potil\s~tlm per heccarc
Isol'iircu l n d e ~
IlIC'rrU
per square rncrre
mllllon hectarc
rnilli metre
nitrogen
P:O:
S.1.d. .-
t ha"
!IS1
l i t I
['.,\I<
11\11'
I' 0
c X1J ' S\'t'l)
('0:
lb' ' ('1'1.
phosph,~rous
standard error of ~litfi .rct~cc
to1111es per I~cct;~rc
Il1e;lII \Cil I c \ C I
r ; ~ J ~ a t ~ o ~ i u w cf i ic~c~lc)
[~ho t~ ) s )n t I i c r~c :~ l l~ : ~ c t ~ \ c r i~cl~ .~t lo~l
'Irb Inattcr ~ ~ < ) ~ L I C I I ~ I I
per cclit
g r~~ t i l s per t ~ i c g ; ~ l<ntlc
\.~turatc<l \:lpour prcaurc clclic~t
c ~ ~ r h o ~ ~ i i ~ c ~ ~ ~ c l c
1rrig;ltiotl \rater dcpth / c~t~n~tl:t l ivc [Tan ev:!poratloll
INTRODUCTION
I n d ~ d currcittly produccs O X IIIIIIIII~ Irlnnc\ 111 c d w r \ccd dn11u.t11! c ~ ) ~ l t p ~ r c d III
~ o s l d Cd\ t i~r \ccJ producuun (11 1274 rn1111011 tollncs ikAO. 1007). hl ldl i r ;~ I'rddc\li
thnld, the preirllcr poaltlon In the country In tc1111\ ~II drc:i 12.60 I ~ k l l h d ~ , hut I.III~* .~cct~l ld
111 producuol~ (0.9 Iahlt turllle! and tlie pcr heitarc ylcld, arc I ou 1335 Lp ha ' 1
One %.I) 111' * I ~ n > u l ~ l t n g c:lsror producuon I\ h) cxp:ln\lon 01' Ihc drca ~ I I IU '~
uh tch can he ach~eved by ur1l17tng the genellc d ~ v c r s ~ l y w ~ l h ~ n the crop 111 111~1 way
ca\Ior ~ u l l l \ d r \ are hellcr adapted t11 llie rolls .111d CIIIII.IIC% 111 llie IU~IOII. It IS ;11so
1t1ipur1.1111 lo o\crcollle coiiatr.lllltr l o p r o d u c ~ ~ o ~ ~ . \\l11cl1 arc ge1ier.11I) heI~e\ed 10 he
\\ .itel dc l l c~ l ,111d IIIIIO~~II ~ICI'I~IL'IIC!
II1c \pcclllc ,rlyccu\e\ .llC
I '1'0 de lcr~ l l~ l ie tile ICI~III~II\III~ ~CI\+CCII l ~ g l l l III~CICCI)IIIIII. lei11 .IIC.I
J c \e l op~ i~e~ l t ;111d rced )~c ld .
2 Tu \ludy llic ellccl (11 \(I\+III~ dale\ 1111 ~IOUIII ~ I I I ~ LICVCIOI~I~ICIII 01 cilltc~r
cultlvars.
3 To underwnd thc cl lccl\ 01 water and 111lri1pc11 011 growlh and
productl\lly ul castor ~.uluvarh.
4 To quantlfy llic panlllolllrif (11 as\lrnllalc* l o caWr *ccd\ ~n d ~ l l e ~ c l ~ l
cu I t~ \ ar?.
( i r ow~ng castor In suhlnarg~nal and niarglnal lands under ralnlcd cond~tlons wllh
practically ,I little or no Inputs, use of poor quality of seed etc.. arc \omc of the r e a m s
IIIC \oII\ IS^ ~nb,;ir~.ihly IOU 111 nltropcrl ' l l i c c,i\lor rc\p1111d\ wel l 10 ier1111~cr
a p l ~ l ~ c d l ~ o r ~ , TI~IIICII~OU~ \cope cxlst* lor Illcrcahlng l l lc IIIII~UC~I~II tl1rot1g11 e l l ~ c i ~ r i l
l o . l ~ l l / c r u\e 01 tlierc dryland crop\ I:crtll i/c~ ~ i i d ~ ~ a y c ~ n c ~ i \ 11% r:ilnlcd o~I \ced\ a\\ulrlcs
spsc1;11 1111porla11i.c w t h 1111pn,vcd \drlctlc\ JII~ d r y i a r n ~ ~ l ~ g pracllccr Il\c (11 i c ~ t l l ~ / c r s 111
t l l cw crop5 under r:1111ied cult~rvat~on 15 very II>U t l ~ i ~ u p l ~ lllcrc 15 a r ~ ~ [ ~ l c rcopc lo r
Incred,lng producrlon I l in~ug l i tl lclr use , I l ~ [ ~ l l c a t ~ o n o1 ~ n d j o r llulrlelits suc l~ a\ nl lmgct l
W ~ F found to Incredse tlie riulnber o l cap$ulcs, hcan yield per p ld l~ l . 100 heed-wc~ght and
p n d u c t i v ~ t y .
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
KEVIE\V OF I.I'TEW,\TI:RF.
The purpose of llils chapter I\ l o leblcw the cx1\11ng L~io\\lcdgc on f n ~ \ r l l i .111d
de~clopinent o i castor, and 11s ylcld :~nd yield co~nprincnts. uhh rpcci:ll e~i iph;~s~s ,111
ettcct, 111 uater and nltrugcn. The ava~lahlc I~tcraturc on "('roll prc~u'lli id dcvclol>~i~cnt
o l c.lstor c u l l ~ \ ~ r \ under opt11i11I and suh ~ p t ~ t i i ~ l ~ d l e ~ LIII~ 111troge11 ~OII~IIIOII* III
Tc l .~~~gai , i r c g ~ o ~ i " arc prere~ilcd under the l i ~ l l ~ ~ u ~ n g \uh heads
2.1 ( i ~ o \ \ l I i J I I~ d e v c l < ~ ~ ) ~ ~ ~ c ~ i t 01 CJSII~I cult~v.~rh
2.2 I:tlcct SI~WIII~ ddle* ,111 ca\Iur e u l t ~ v ~ r h
2.3 l!ilcct (11 1lltrogen <III ylcld arid yield ~<IIII~<II~~III\ o i cd\tor cu I t~ \ . i r ~
2.4 litiect (11 ~ r r ~ g a t ~ < i ~ i 1111 ylcld d~ id ylcld COIII~OIICIII~ III caht~r cu luvar~
2.5 I ~ ~ t c r ~ c t ~ o t ~ effect 111 IrrlgatIoI1 and I~II~II~L.II OII yield J I I ~ yield ~ l l r lhu lcs 111 castor
c ~ l l l \ d r \
2 6 Nulr lcr~t uptake, 011 aiid p r ~ t c l n cotitc~it
2 7 Effect o f p l ~ n l ~ n g dcns~ty on castor ylelds
CAS'I'OR PRO0L;CrION IN INDIA
('drtor is uldely groun In Indla. [ i ~ n ~ c u l a r l y In Andhra I'rddcsh, a\ a 111w Input
dryldnd crop on poor so~l$. where 11% drought-hardy characters help 11 to p r~ rv~dc a cd\h
crop for f m c r s . The major objecuve 1s to cons~der castor as 11 IS grown ~n Andhra
Radesh, w ~ t h growth severely llmlted by water and nltrogen \upply Its Impononce as an
irrigated. fenlllzed crop In Gujilral i s recognized, and the respons~vcness of ~rnproved and
hadlt~onal castor cult~vars to lmgatlon and added nitrogen IS also rev~ewed.
Based on past .tgrolioliiic, sltc-specllic rtudles, nitri~pcn lcqulleliicnts .ind
responsl\,cness to s ~ ~ ~ p l e ~ n e n t a l water h i~vc heen estahl~alicd. :~ltllougli ~ i io \ t 01 tlic
prduct lon conies undcr dryland w~tl iout fe l t l l~ rcr input. ('.lhtor clop IS cult~\.itcd
between 4O"S to 52"N and from sea Ic\cl io ?(NU1 111 ~ h o v c ?e:l Ic \c l ( W ~ I \ \ . 10831 It
cannot toler.itc frost. ('ahtor rcqilIres .I 1110der~Ie1y l l ~g l i tcIiIpcrdItIrc (11 ?11'1-?6'(' ~1111 IOU
hunlldlt) tlirouphilut tlie grilsvlng ?r.i\oll I 0 p~oducc I~I:IXIII~LIIII y~c ld \ . 111 111d1.1. i t I*
usu.~ll) ra~\cd J r.i~lifcd crop In area? i r l t l i O(XI-O(X) 111111 r.i1111'alI, hut 15 v e ~ y Iiaidy illid
drought rc\lrtJlll a11d an thrlbe \\ell esen W I I ~ 500 ii1111 r.~inl'i~ll 111 11ld1.1 :III~ l'.~L,~\ta~i.
the r,l~lilcd ca\Ior crop 15 gri1\\11 In Kl1ar11 \c:i\on .III~ il 1?,1r11:1lly 1r11gatcd crop 111 llie r , r / , r
seaso~i 11li1111ly In (iuj:~r:tt \lille 111 Andlir:~ I'r;~dc\li 011 red I o i i ~~ i * . J ii11111i1ll o f 5(Xl-600
mnl u ~ l l produce a good c l o l ~ M~XIIIIUIII r,11nf,111 prior to p1.1111111g w ~ l l IOWCI ,011
lenipcralurc ilnd 111 thebe c ~ r c u ~ i i \ l d ~ i ~ e \ \owlnf \1110uld hC delayed ul i l l l tlie 5011 \*drlilh up.
Castor I\ a crup 111~1 call he cu l t~va~ed (111 111any MIII~ 111cIudiiig s.111dy 1oa11is.
latcr~tc\. 31lu\1aI. CIC. It uou ld 11111. howcvcr grow %ell 011 Iica\y clily *o11\ ~part~culdrly
whcn tlicy are poorl) dra~ncd. Sal111c boll, arc not \ultahlc for growth 111 ca\lcrr s111cc o
majorlt) n f the cahtor varlctles arc hcllrltlvc to \dl1111ty. On 111051 \011s cil5tur crop
respond5 uc l l to fcrt l l l~ers hccauce of tlic h~g i i riutrlcnt rcqulrcnlciit\ during ~ l i c cdrly
stager of growth. Wlth producuon of 1500 kg per hectare u f seed, nutrlcnt removal I\ 45
kg N. I 8 kg I':OJ and 15 kg K i o ha I. The cartr~r yleldr con be ~rnpruvcd con\~derahly IS
supplcn~enlal ~rrigauon is glven along with the fen~l lzcr appl~catlun. Thc jud lc~ i~us
application of fcrt~l lrer may Increue yield under Ilmlted resource cond~tlons M o r c ~ ~ i e r .
%ere we complementwy and supplementary relatlonsh~ps bctwcen lrrlgatlon and
.*cntllzer appllcatlon that have a considerable Impact on Ihe y~c ld of a crop. ('ompared
~ n 0 ~ 0 8 l h ssal pun Jauoqs L ~ ~ m s n m l n q 'uu WE JO q ~ d a p c u o ~ j a a ~ a u a qslqm % u ! l p a ~
daap luul 1)s lsoal r paluold pass pun u lu ~ z . 0 ~ 1 01 d n ~ s l o u aq plnoqs 110s a q l ,
.sanPa( ~ 2 3 1 8 (I! spucdxa PUP JSEJlnS 3q1 JAq l ! pJlll l?s 3lF pull l l u a d ~ o p u a aql Bu lq~osqe
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pun \~IIIIPL~ I r m a \ 111 ~ I I I J ~ k i suew~np r anry 6r1u \x la l J r . l auros j o p a x lo lsr .1
.LIR~J~I ua JII 1 4 8 1 ; ) ~ LII q l n o d
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pur: s y o l I 1-5 ~ I I M 'alnit l rd ' ~ 2 5 ~ 8 Ls\019 ~ l c p Pllrnsn aJr 5aneal a41rl ( la\ aqj,
plat( \a\canap Lllcnsn Inq . 3 ~ 1 q > l t r ~ q ~ S P ~ J ~ I I I ~ I I P 1q31aq
m t ~ p a ~ III!? u t ~ u (H)CJ.(K)( 11: 8111ddii,l, LIIJIII~III u a ~ a JJOIII p ~ t r ~ O I J . ~ J~IJ( I I~ r a ? u ~ q
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'i.\t:sll I, 1111" \JII~IJI',~ p ~ a ! ~ a111 III m u r ~ r a d d r qslnlq r sulsls u ~ a l 8 l o pal sa\tB Il?lqM
rIl1n1Iq ill:^ I: q l t n p a . l ~ \ o ~ pur sno~c l8 l 1 1 u ~ n h ~ ~ j 'sllulqel8 'punill S I LlDIS a q l
suu18~1 a ~ c ~ x l ~ i l a l
aJot[l 111 1tr111 slu>l.llnu q 1 1 ~ pallddns ~s1l.q uaqo st sca r J p i o r ~ u ut q?~q+\ '[Iosqns
tracisp~rallon hetween evaporation and trJnsprrmion. (Rncl~lc ;rnd Horliett. 1071 lid
Coopcr ,'I i l l . I983 I.
TIie ~nllorescencc wh~el i I'or11ir a pr11110rdlal v i l ~c~ i l c :II\o k110\\11 11s IIIC rprkc or
candle 15 k l r n tcnlllllull) on 111u111 arid I ~ t c ra l hr~11Ch~s. arid llle riodc dl UIIIC~ I ~ C l'rrsl
onc orlglllate is ,I vurlctul ch.iructerist~c. The 11iI1~ircs~c11ce c.111 reach ;I IeiigIIi (11 IIXI CIII,
but *Incc there I, ;I wrde \ilrr;itloli 111 drsl~rlcc ~ I U C C I I Ilower\. yrcld I& 11111 IICCC\\IIIII~
conelated ur l l i lcngtli The Ioucr p0rt111n 111 tlic mccrlle hears 111;rlc Ilouer\, the Ilpper
fenlille. the riltn) hetwcel~ t l i c ~ ~ i k r n g a v a r 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 c h a r a c ~ ~ r ~ s t ~ c , hut 11 15 ;11s0 str011gIy
influenced h) cllr~iale l i ~ g l l tc~nlx.riltu~c hvour rnillcnc.;\. ;I\ dma p1uri1 age ilnd \hart day
lengili ~ ~ i d vicc.\ersu. I'ollen IS sllcd rcad~ly hct\rccr~ 20-20 'I' w1l11 a rc1aI1ve IIUIIII~I~~ 01
60 pcr cent. hul il IemperJture (11 15 ( ' delay\ \Iicddrr~g and lower Ic~iipcrature curl Injure
pollcli gmrli\. I'rolongcd perrods ol Ihrgli I io ln ld~~! dvcr \c ly u l loc~ p11llc11 grarri\, r111s
intcrlerencc u l t l i nor~i inl pollen productr<~l~ U,I\ ,I 11iaj11r Iilctor I I I ~ ~ U C I I C I I ~ ~ tlic IIIWC~
yields The loucst f l i iwer~ng nccrnc on [lie plilin 17 u\u;~lly tlic hrrt to nature, and the
other to l low~ng In scqucncc up the \tcrii 'There 19 ,I d~r l lnc t vilrratlon rn yreld o l sccd dnd
heir 011 corilcnl helwecn ~~illore\cence, prlrnury raceme\ gcncrally p r ~ d u c ~ ~ i g Ihc grcatcsl
nuniher arid largest r e e d
The l r u ~ t la a glohulx capsule. splny to some degree, whrcli hecomer hard and
bnttle *hen r l w . ('ult~vatcd varlelles known ns thom less have k e n developed and tlic\c
often have mdlmentary spines. The capsules contaln three seeds, a flattened oval In sllape
with shlny br~t t le tests enclosing a white, h~gh l y oleag~nous kcrnel. 'There IS 31\11 a
difference In rate o f gerrnlnatlon between seed from dlfferenl racemes. the firvt to llower
bavlng p a l e r vrabrlity than the t a t . The 100 seed we~ght may vary from 10 g to 100 g
but most o f the dwarf internodal vmety average some 30 p. III gc~lcr;~l, tlie ~ e ~ g l i t of
~nd t v~dua l seeds ~ncreases as the total numher oC seeds produced pcr plant dcclc;lser.
However, the increase i n 100 seed-weight does 1101 fully conipclla.itc for tlie decrease III
numher and total yield IS less. This applies part lcul~rl) to tlic ye l d oht.~l~led I'ro111
different times o f planting. since yield nontlally decreascr ,~ftcr the O~~IIIIIUIII SONI I I~
penod.
I f the temperature stays ahove 38°C for 1111 cxtc~ided pcr1cK1 or 11 C'ICL'~\ 51\11
lnolsture supply IS ava~lahlc the seed may 1n11 to set. 11 needs a hot dry cllnl,ltc lor propel.
development of l i u ~ t s for harvcsr~tig. H ~ g h tcniperdture (ahovc 35 ' ( '1 ~ 1 1 1 lcducc 011
content and protell1 content. Tempcraturc helow IS"(' w ~ l l reduce 011 C O I I ~ ~ I I ~ id :liter tlic
oil chamcter~stic (Veda. 1975). The ~i iost Imporlalit reed c~111511luc11t 15 tlic o ~ l . i~\ual ly
hetween 10 and 60 per cent In c o n ~ ~ ~ i e r c ~ a l varletles.
The rad~atlon penetratlan w~ th ln tile crop conapy to a Imgcr cxtclit depclids (III tlic
extlncuon co-el'flc~ent o f the crop (Montelth. 1973), Acco rd~~ lg to ( ioudr~dn (10771 t11c
fracuon o f r~d la t lon Intercepted by a layer w ~ t l l certoln lcal' area 15 proporln)llal 111 tlic
average projection and ~nversely proport lo~~al to [lie slne o l lltc ~ n c l ~ n a l ~ o ~ i 111 the ~ l~e lde l l l
rad~at~on. B~omass accumulation o l d~l'fcrent spccles growlng In d~l'lerent ctivlrollrncnls
can be analy~ed In terms o f the amount o f solar rad~at~on ~nterccptcd and 11s el'flc~ency ill
use In biomass product~on, termed the rad~atlon-use efficiency (I<IJE) (Monte~th. 19771.
The RlJE i s a measure o f the photosy~ithet~c performances o f f~cld-grown crop\. I j y
comparison w ~ t h baseline values o f RUE ohtamed under opr~mal growth c o t ~ d ~ t ~ o ~ i s . the
extent o f envrronmcntal and management ltmitat~ons can be assessed and the polentlal for
yield improvement can be determined. The baselme RUE IS a key parameter for crop
growth simulatton models. which are powerful 1001s for assesslnp crop perfortt~a~lcc.
pan~cularly i n environment where cltmate IS varlahle atid r e l r n l ~ l y ut~prcd~ctahle. Fur a
g~ven species. RUE is wldely regarded as a slable quannly ~n the ahsetice o f linl~tattons
due to water defictts, inadequate nutrition and pests and dtscases (Mot l~c l t l l :III~ l i l ~ t ~ t t .
1983). I n the ftcld expcrlments Rawson rr (11. (1984) recorded LA1 values Ix.t\rccll 3 ;III~
4 for maxlmum light Interceptton.
On vertisols o f pentnsular Indla. Slva Kumar 211d Vlr l i ian~ (1984) ohherbed III:II
photosynthetically active radlatlon (PAR) interceplton 111 the sole p~pconpc:~ crop sl~owcd
low values up to shout 70 days alter plant~ng, where Ir~l arcit ~ndcx (1.A1) was o111y
abour 0.9. Intercept~on ~ncrcared up to 93 per cent with the \tc.ldy Incrc.i\e In l.Al uli III
about 130 days, after whtch lncreastnp leaf senescence contributed 11) d \!eddy dccrc,l\c
Hughes rr u1 (1987) observed a Itnear reliltlonship hctwcct~ the ~ i i a x t ~ n u ~ i ~ a1itoullt
01' b~om,~ss ~ccumulat lun by p~geotipea and the atliount o f solar rodlattrln ~rltcrccplcd h)
the l'oliage during crop growth. Moisture strcsr adkcrrely al'kctcd rad l~ t to t i Interceptton.
photusynthct~c effictency and harvest tndex. In Northern Austral~a. Muchow dnd I)av~h
(1988) studled the intluencc o f nitrogen on rad~;~tlon Intcrceptton and htonlo~s
accumulated (RUE) by sorghum and malze under ~rngntcd cond~t~ons. It was ohserved
thdt RLiE was more responsive to nttrogen supply than radlatton tntcrcepllon. Rllh
~ncreased with htgher rate o f applied nltrogen (0 to 50 g nl 'j, max~murn KlJE was grcalcr
In matze than In sorghum and RUE dcclined morc durlng grun filling In mawc thao in
the sorghum crop. I t was concluded that RUE, may not be stahlc across cnvtronmcnlr as
11 was prev~ously thought, but II rather depended on the balance o f leaf gowth, n~lrogcn
uptake awl allocation to leaves and nitrogen mob~l~zat ion from leaves to graln. Muchow
rr ai. (1990) reported that leaf area developlnent as ~ntluencrd hy an ih~e~i t teliipcrature
determines the LA1 of the crop and also the proportion of the ~ ~ i c ~ d e l i t rddldllon tll;~t W;IS
intercepted. The higher light interception represents the pool. i r : ~ ~ i s ~ n i ~ ~ ; ~ n c r ol'tlic llglit to
the lower canopy i n turn dec~des the efhc~ent ut l l iwt lon ol' l lglit 1 ) r pl~o~osyl i thc*lr
(Arjunan ei a/., 1992). Steer er d l . (1993) observed that the LA1 per ddy was lllc l u~ iu t~o i i
o f number o f leaves produced and the rate and durat1011 01' eilch Ie;iI'. TIic 111gI1cr l~g l i t
interception represents the poor transniittsnce o f I ~gh t to the lower canopy and II wil l i n
turn decides the efficient ut~l lzat ion o f l ~ g h t For photosy~~tl ies~s. I ) u r ~ t ~ o l i ol su t~s l i ~~ l c and
l~~c ldence o f solar radiation have dlrect bearing on the growtli and dcvclop~i ic~it crpcclally
on the photosyntlietlc actlvlty o f the pldnt.
At. Hlsar, mustard grown durlng the post-ra111y croppl~ig scdsol~ ploduccd dry
mauer whlcli was I~nrar ly related to the nmuullt o f r111;lr r ~ d ~ a l l o l ~ ~~ltcrccptcd hy clop
canopy (Raj Slngli 6.r ol.. 1993). Tlie arerage baluc of rad~iltlon use c l f ~ c ~ c ~ i c y t~ t ' h~ r t l l t l ~c
cultlv;~rs was 3.15 ? 0.30 gMJ ' of ahsorbed I'AK. C'umulot~vc dry ~ i i ~ t r c r product~on 01
crops supplied with adequate moisture and nutrlents has heell s l i o x ~ l 111 he l l~icarly relutcd
to cumulat~ve intercepted PAR lGallagiier and Blscoe (1978). and (iossec cl oi.. i 1986):
Hamdl rr ui. (1987)l. Varlabillty i n R[JE was explained i n terliis o f both physlcal
parameters i lke temperature (Hammer and Vandcrllp. 1989) satcr stress (Ong &
Montelth. 1985) and b~ologlcal factors l ~ k e plant phcnology (Splltcrs 19W; (ilaul'frcl c.1
al., 1991), C 0 2 exchange rate and leaf nitrogen content (Slnclair & Horle. 1989).
The RUE o f castor, worked out for different dates oC sow~ng In d~ l k ren t ycars
ranged from 0.77 to 1.0 (Vijaya Kumar et ul., 1997). I t 1s lower than that o f sorghum
(2.74 g M I " ) reponed by Slva Kumar and Huda (1985). Malze (3.8 g MJ I) reponcd hy
Siva Kumm and Virrnanl (19841. peml millet (1.5 l o 1.7 g MJ '1 reported by Mars l l ~ l l olld
Wllley (1983). Squlre et ol. (1984) and Azam Al l er 111.. (1984) and I i~gl ier tha11 ch~ckpea
(0.55 to 0.67 g MJ") reported by Singh and Sn Rani2 ( 1989).
According to Vijaya Kumm el ol. (19971 RI'E ni;ly vary I'rolii )car 11, ys:ir ;111d
also were ~ntluenced by the planting dotes. Va r~a t~~ i r i s III ROE rongcd Ircnn 0.70 10 1.10 g
M J " . T ~ ~ \~ariabillry 111 RLiE before and after Ilowcr 1n1112t1oli uerc qu~ te C1111t13StIllg. 'I.I~c.
\ ,ar~nh~li ty In RUE was associated with saturntcd vapour prcssurc dcflclt iS\'lll)), drtn~plit
indcx. temperature and wlnd veloc~ty. ROE was related positively w ~ t l i SVI'I) and w111d
veloc~ty and negat~vely with drought ~l idex dnd telnpcraturc
Weather parameters lnd~vldual ly ~nl luencc thc p11ys1c;ll ,111d p I i y \ ~ ~ l o g ~ c : ~ I
processes o f the crups. With Increase 111 teniperaturc, du~;~t i r i~ i o f c,i~iopy dcc~co\c. aging
o f leaves is faster. senescence WIII be more and dry 1n;lttcr ; s c u ~ ~ i u l : ~ ~ ~ o n w ~ l l he Ic\s 'l'llc
saturotlon vapour pressure dcflclt affects growth by ,ill'cct~ng tile rate ill Ic.11 cxpanrloli.
leaf conductance and rate o f p l n~ t~syn thcs~ \ . 1)rtiugIit htresa c~ i l io~ icc \ scnc\ccncc :~nd
reduces dry matter accumulat~on. Wlrid veloc~ty lricrcascs hounddry layer cu~~ducloncc.
transp~rat~on rate, fac~lltates better supply o f ('0: and Increases the ratc 01 photosy~ithc\~\
and decreases the canopy temperature and alters the encrgy hudgct o f tlic Ieaf.IWe~\s.
1983)
From t h ~ s we can conclude that in sole cropping system, w ~ t h Increase III l.Al
there will be proporllonal Increase In PAR Inlerccptlon. With the increase In sencsccncc
o f leaves there w11l be decrease In PAR Interception. Molsture stress adversely affected
radiation interception, photosynthetic efficiency and harvcst indcx. KlJE Increases with
nitrogen application. RUE Increases with crop growth and decreases w ~ t h gram fllllng
phase. The relntlve d~fference in RLIE Increased wltll crop dcvalopn~cnt h e t ~ c c t ~ 111tr0gct1
applled plots and without tlltrogen applied plots. Furthe1 rlierc 1s rcl;lti\cly little
~nfor rnat~on available on LAI. dry molter productton, partitioning ;lnd Ill It;. o l ~ d t r op11111.il
(~rngated) and sub-optimal (m1nI't.d) water a11d nltrogell co i~d l t ion.
1.2 EFFECT OFSOWING DATES ON CASTOK ClII~I'IVAKS
Yield potellrial o f a crop call he explored hy tlic use (11 ;~~~<III(I~IIIC I~C~IIII~LIC\.
Among the ngrono~nic trclinique\. tiilie 01' sowiiig is ,111 II~I~O~I~III II~~~I-II~OIICIO~~ 1111>111.
Whet1 sowlng date vanatlons are used, effect\ ol' day Icl~gth :!lid ICIII~CI:IIU~L'~ IIIIC~.ICI to
~nfluence growth. yleld and quality. ('a'itor III dry liil ld\ 01' At~dl lrd I1r;ldcl;ll 1s \o\cil ;I[
tlrnes early with the ot lsc~ o f niotlboon or I,~tc due ro UIICCI~~~III r . l ~ i ~ I~ l l l . SOUIII~ IIIIIC e;111
play dn iinportant role In h~ i l i r t ing the yields. \r l t l i cl'liciclit Iu\e 01 d\.~il,~hlc rcrouiccs
In North Edst Indla, Turkhede (,I r r i . , II'IX?) cir~iduclcd a 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 oil llic p c ~ l ~ ~ r i i i i ~ i ~ c c
o f threc castor cult~vdr\ (Aruna. (i('I1-3 and local) uridcl lour date\ ol'sowing at r~~ont l i l y
interhals stortlng fro111 end July. Thc ddrej o f \ceding Iiad .I prolliund III~~UCIICC 011 the
seed yleld. The hest yieldr ucre recurded when the crop u a i \ow11 ill tlic el14 o f July (11.
cnd of August. The yield dropped frorn 1900 kg ha ' in July or Auguht rtiwillg 10 700 kg
ha uhen sown at the end of September. End Octriher $own crop lallcd ti1 prtiducc any
seed. This decrease In the ylcld~ng ability o f the plant was due to a reduction i n plant
height. the length o f panicle and a large proponion 111 unfilled capsules The cnip rown 10
end October flowered In late December and the flowers werc killed duc 111 I I I ~
temperature in December and January. Though seedlng later than the end of Auguht.
usuall) reduced seed y~eld, there are examples o f dtffcrent reaction o f the varlctleb 10
seedtng dates. The two varieties GCH-3 and Aruna were adversely at'fected hy delayed
sowing beyond August.
Ganga Swan and Gqendra Girt (1987) conducted a stud) at II~~LIII ~\gri~uIt~tr. t I
Research ltistitute (IARI), New D e l h ~ and reported ~ l i ~ t otie t ~~u t l t l i dclily ill s o \ ~ ~ i i g of
GAUCH- I (10' Apnl ) resulted In 5 8 4 more leal' dry niattcr atid 67'X niorc \rllolc lplulht
dry mntter to that o f crop sown on loth arch. They also \fated 111.11 grout11 :111d yicldiiig
ahillty o f the castor appeared to bc condittoned by tlic teiilpcrJturc\ ~p rc \ . i t l ~~~g not only $11
the tlliie o f suwing but also a1 various pl ienologtc~l stage\. 111 su~ntiier sc.isoti 11111 ,111~1
desiccating wtnds adversely af'l'ected flower S~~~III/;IIIOII ~ i i d ~C~CIOI~IIICIII 01 \eed .~s
would bt. evtdent rrotii the reduced bced sire and capsule\ per \pthc. Sccd y~clds 01 cdstor
were htgher 111 1 0 ' ~ arch sow~ng (1066 kg ha I ) wlielt c[~iiipdrcd w ~ t l i lo"' Apt11 VIIWIII~
(733 kg ha t ) . Increased dry molter per Ical or plat~t doc!, tiot aceti1 to d ~ i c t l tlnlrc
photosynthates for more production In tlic hot atid desicc~ttng c t~b~ ro t~ t~ i cn t 01 *utlitiier
scdson with t ~ i a x i n ~ u i ~ ~ temperature rangltlg between 40 atld 45"(' 111 the late sowti crops.
Ankineedu el ul., (1975) observed that under ra~tit'ed condltlotts delay In sow111g
of Aruna varlety from June to September In Te langu i~ regtoti of ,2ndhru I'radesh rcsultr
111 progressive reduction In yteld. The reduct~on In seed ylcld ranged lrotn I I '/r (July
plant~ng) to 74 % (September planting) cornpared w ~ t h Jutic plant~ng. C r l y planted crop
(June planttng) was able to complete flowertng up to the tonh order sptke 1.e hefore the
end of October and was able to elevate and stahtltu: yields, lnsptte o f unccrlaln weather
cond~tions and fluctuat~ng ratns, delay in sowlng w ~ l l affect even the llowering r i l
pnmanes and secondaries and wi l l result i n drastic reductton In ylcld. The proporuon 01
female to male flowers (sen ratlo) 1s tnfluenced by envlronmcnt. Temperature o f 31-32°C'
will promote Interspersed male flowers w h ~ l e lower ordcr tctnlwrature resol[ ~n h l l y
female racemes. However studies on sowlng du to orid IIUWI! rclc.~sed liyhrldS Jre vety
scanty.
In Telangana reglon o f Andhra I'radesh castor yleld stahll~t) o\er I ~ C ~CLI I \ C,III bc
judged from [he fact that the yleld o f this crop uas tiot 1ilucl1 ;~llcctcd hy V.I~I,I~ICII~~ 111
ralnfoll i n d~fferent years. For the besl results the crop should he sou11 not lotcr i l i ~ t i 1/15
end of August. By delayed seed~ng the flouerllig or capsule dcvc lopt~ ic~~t pcrlod
coinctdes with the relallvely low lemperaturo o f Novclnbcr atid I ) ece~ i i k r 1111111111 wlltcli
adveraely affecr fertlltratlon (Juang. 1975).
In Pulcm Telangana regloti o l Andhra prddcsh. 14.1h) ALula a~td 14.11" Kcdlly
(1998) studled the efiect o f dates o f so\wng on ylcld o l 'ca \ t~~t c u l t ~ r a ~ \ (i('t1-4. K~,IIIIIII.
DCS-9 and Aruna du r~ng kliarll' aeasoli on mcdlu~ i i icrtllc ha~id) \oII\ .itid ~ i h s c r ~ e d
hlghest ylelds durtng 1 5 ~ June aowiiig. I t uas ohserved tliiit w ~ t l i dcl i~) 111 *LIYIII~. I11e
p r r ~ o d of molsturc ovallah~llty wi l l hc reduccd resull~ng ~n \Iiorlcti~ng 111 vcptal lve
perlod, ultimately reducing the yield. Moshk~ti (1986) lhas reported sltiillar Ilndlngc.
Sowlng on 1 8 ' ~ August gave h~gher yteld over 3(fh July rowtlig. l lcovy rollis occurred
durtng the month o f October (180.3 mmi coupled w ~ l l i hlgh rclatlvc l iulntd~ty wh~c l i
caused severe ~nc~dence o f Botrytls grey rot ~n 30Ih JUI) sowing, c o ~ n c ~ d ~ n g wlth thc
development o f prtmary sptkes and also format~on of secondary sp~kcs, ullimately
resulted i n lower y~elds. In 1 8 ' ~ August soulng, though prlmary sp~kes werc affected,
secondary splkes escaped Uotrytls ~nctdmce. The hlghcr y~elds o f castor wlth I5lh June
sowing can be attr~buted to more lengthy pnmary rplkes and also fuvnrahlc female 111
male flower ratlo ~n pnmary sprke, probahly due to favornble sot1 molsture rcglme durlng
entlre growth penod caused by the mlnfall rucetvcd during the succeed~~lp 1111111tI1 (i('ll-4
gave sign~ficantly higher yteld (1600 Lg ha1 ) cotilpared to other i.ultiv;~rs under lest.
IICS-9 and Aruna were at par. Priliiary spike lengtli. numher of capsules per spiLt ,111d
test weight o f GCH-4 cotitr~hutcd to perccpt~ble Increase In ) ~ c l d ' ~ h u s 11 c.111 k
~nd~cated that sowlng castor dur~ng flrsr ti)rtnipht of June undct r n ~ n k d cond~tio~is.
Increased the y~e ld since the crop had favorable r:~lnl':ill dur~ng cmlrc gro\\th p t ~ l i i d .
V~ jayn Kutnar (,r ol.. (1997) III Telangana refloll ol Andhrn I'roduali ~c l i o~ ted III:II
high castor hean yield can he ach~cved hy planting thc crop 011 ,111 early d.ite 1.c In Jullc.
and that delay In plai i t~ng hy three wccks FI~~II'IC~II~IY reduced the ylcld. 'l'lic ctid 111 July
plant~ng resulted III a niucli reduced castor y ~ c l d due 111 h ~ a t ~ c \Ire\\ I c I lo l ry t~r
lnould and moisture stress. The entical fnctor appeared to he a r.~lnlcc\ p c l l ~ ~ d hi!.
month durtng the acllvc I lower~ng stdge. [)ale o f srrw~nf :il\o ~l i l luencc\ Ilie y~e ld
components. The percentage contrlhution o f d~fl'ercnt sp~hr order\ (prllli:lry splhc.
secondary splhe and tertiary sp~ke) duffer\ w ~ l l i dll'fcrci~t dates o f plunt~ng. 'l'llc niimturc
ddequacy index IS the ratlo ol' the actual 111 potcril~al cvnpatran\plratl1rli. 'rlic \ lud~c\
revealed that primary sptkea are n~ostly ~n l lue~iced hy photopcnod 161 '% 3rd to a lcsrcr
extent by moisture adequacy index (39 O k ) . Secondary spikes were ~nalr l ly ~ ~ i l l u c ~ i c e d by
lnolsture adequacy Index (83 %#) whereas tenlary splkes were lnot found 111 hc ~nllucriccd
independently by any ~ e a t h e r paramelcr hut were lnverscly ~nflucnccd hy the Interacllon
o f molsture adequacy lndex and degree days. The tilolsture adequacy Index l63'X 1 and
degreedays (376 ) dunng the total reproduction period pos~t~ve ly ~nflucnccd total hcan
yield ( ~ n ~ t i a t ~ o n o f primary sptke to matunty o f t e n q spikes).
Subba Reddy er 111. (1996) reported that t~n lc ly suwlllp 1s a c r ~ t ~ c d l factor In
stepping up the seed yields o f castor i n ramfed e11\1m11111ent. Sow111g of castor In f;lr111cri
field In second fontllght of June gave on on averdge hedn ylcld of 672 kg h : ~ ' ovcr the
years. While castors sown In first and secolld l o r l n ~ g l ~ ~ of July ;IIIJ II~SI fo11111gll1 01
August recorded 9, 30 and 40 per cent reduction 111 hc;ln ylcld 111.111 IIIC \CCLI I I~ 111r1111g111
o f June. Thus. castor can k sown In the lormer field up to I'lr\t k)rtn~ght 01 July. li.~rly
sowlnf o f castor was found advantageous III the years 01 nur111.ll ~ I S ~ ~ I ~ U I I I I I I 01 1,11111.111
dnd also In case o f early w~thdrawl o f monsoon.
From the obove Iltcraturc n wds learnt Illat June SOWII c r < ~ p ~ccordcd I11phcst
y~elds followed by July 2nd then by Septelnhcr so%lnp 111 'I~~,III~,III~ reg1011 01 A11~lhi.1
Pradcsh. 111 khorifseason, delay In sowl~ lg reduces tile heall ylcld due to rcdu~cd w ;~ lu~
avai lah~l l ty For ra~nfed castor Jurle sowing? IS Ihc k \ t lor 111ghcr ylclds hcc.lu\c 111
Ih\'ourohie so11 molsture dur~ng entlre crop growth. July plantl~lg rcportcd tl1;11 lcduccd
yields due to Botrytls nlould and also r a ~ l ~ l c \ \ pcrlod Jurlllg I l r ~we r~ l i g In N l ~ r t l ~ I:.l\t
l n d ~ a March sowlngs are bctter than A p r ~ l \owing!, because Ihc hul and dcslccal~l~g wlndh
adversely affected flower fcnt l l rat~un 2nd develnprnent o f heed. 1,iltlc ~ n l u r ~ n a l l o ~ ~ I*
available on the per forn~a~~ce of d~fferent culuvors((i('ll-4. IX'S-0. Arund and ( i A l : ( ' I l ~
I) on very early sowlngs such as January. Aprl l and very late ~ o w ~ n p s juch a\ N~ rve~ i~hc r
sowlngs.
2.3 EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS
Response o f castor to nltrogen appllcat~on In the seedbed or as top-drcsr~ng, tend\
to be erratic, and y ~ e l d increases are frequently more due to the varlety \clcctcd and $011
type rather than the fen~l~zer . I t was noted that the appl~cal~on of nllrogen promoted the
development of male flowers without however causing a reduction In fetiiale llowers, slid
that there was a great improvenlent In seed yields. Trnils 011 fort) c u l t i v ~ r plots 111
Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh, showed good responses to nltropsli 111 the preacilcc of
phosphate and potash. The cornblnatlon N:a. PIO. KIII gave the higlicst ylclds. r~ng l r ig
from 361 to 604 k g seed per hectare (Giroti. 196.1).
Sarma (1985) conducted a study at Rqendrnliagar. Alldhrn I'radcali illld st;itcd t l l t~t
highest seed yleld of 1500 kg h i 1 was recorded wltll (;All(.tl-l wlilch was \I~III~ICJIII~~
h~gher than Aruria (13.69 S'r) and Dlingya (24.98 1,).
According to Anlineedu er ul. (1975) the mean ylcld d ~ t : ~ tlcroas l o c ~ t ~ ~ i i s ,111d
seasons indicated that highest hat1 yleld ( I 400 Lg 1x1 'I Juc 11, (ii\ll('ll-l l i ~ l l oaed hy
the variety Aruna with regard to nltrogea appl~cdt~on. 'The respoilfs a;hs ~ ih ta l t~ed up to XI1
kg N h i 1 and i t should he applled either as b a d or 40 Lg N as h;lsdl 411d equal ; i i~lou~it
top dressed at 25 and 45 days after sowing depending on the a v a ~ l ~ h ~ l ~ t y o f + o ~ I niol\turc.
Appllcatron o f 40 kg N ha In sp l~ t dose recorded slgn~flcantly l ~ ~ g l l c r yields (25 10 75
'%) In Telangana reglon of Andhra Pradcsh (Sarnla 19XS).Spl1l app l i c~ t~on 01 40 kg Nlia
in equal splits at Fowtng and 25 DAS proved c l l c t ~ v c iii Incre&siiig the yrcld ol'castor at
the same level o f its appl~catlon as hasal dose.
Top drcsslng o f urea at 30 to 60 days after sowlng @ 20 kg N ha I alnr~g w1t11
basal (10-30-0-NPK kg ha ' ) as cntlcal Input recorded an add~t~onal average seed yleld o f
castor by, 170 K g h i ' compared to the normal practice adopted by the fdrmcrs (avcrage
o f 5 years). Addltlonal application o f 40 kg N ha I gave increased hean ylelds of castor hy
I W kg In 1992 and 360 kg i n 1993. Castor w ~ t h 50-30-0 NPK kg ha gave hlgher seed
yields under rainfed cond~t~ons i n favornble cnvlronmenl 111 sole ~11d ~nter crnppllig w11l1
clusterbean (Venkateswmlu and Reddy, 1989).
Ganga Saran and Gajendra G l r ~ (1987) conducled a study on s;lndy Ion111 F~IIIS OI
IARI. New Delhi and stated that applical~on ot 50 kg N ha 111crc.lsed 5p1hc Iclig~ll.
capsules per spike and 100 seed we~pht over no n l t ropn applicatloll In ( i ~ \ l l ( 'H - l
cult~var.
Madhusudana Rao and Venkateswarlu (19x8) co~iducted J trlal ;it Kajc~idr:l~i:~g;~r.
Andhra Pradesh and reported that the tolal beall yleld ~ricrcascd u l t h incrc.r~c III N lcvcl
up to 60 kg N ha Lleyond this level tlie yield Ilicre:isc w;is o l I c s ~ r ~ i i ; ~g~ i~ l udc Tlic I:IA
o f adequate response to N npplicatlon m ~ g l i l he due lo ~i icdium level 111 tlrg.llilc 111;hlcr III
the soll.
The average castor hcan ylcld could hc ~ncrcnscd 1ro1ii 100 to 700 Irg lia I hy
~dop t i ng h~gh-level ma~iagcment auch as ~pp l l ca t i o~ i 01 opllrnuni dme o l I c r t ~ l ~ ~ c r (50 kg
N +30 kg P?Os ha '1 and lmproved wccd managc~iie~i l (Iliur 1111icz hlddc I)n~r<iwlng and
two tlmes hand wecdlng) and pcbl rnanagcmclit 111 Ilydcrah;~d. 1\11dIir:1 I'r;tdc.;h
(Vlshnurnurthy. 1998).
Patel ur 01. (1991) conducted a sludy and reponcd that appllcat~oli 01'7.5 kg N 113 ' In three splits (50% as hasal the rema~ning 50%) In two equal splits at 40 and 70 I)ASJ
gave the highest seed yleld of 2440 kg ha I, but was on par wlth trcatmcnts NIIX) (4 equal
splits). N73 (4 equal splits) and N,$ (2 equal spl~ts). The Increase In aced yleld may k
attributed to greater length of maln sp~ke and number o f effective sp~kus per plant. 'Thrcc
or four imgauon I n the post-ra~ny season durlng crop growlng per~od i\ requlred In well-
drained soils o f North Gujarat. Urea bang h~ghly soluble and rapldly leachahlc, hence 3
O ~ Z ) I S ~ J P ~ ~ R pplalh paas ~aq81q ~IIUBJIJIU~IS pamoqs ~ 4 3 9 '[OJIUOJ pazll!uajun ~IIM
padnduos u~l lcsl[ddl: lJzqluaj hq pa,!lou SCM % i.1 dq pla!h paas JaqiIlq ~~IUE~~IU%IS
.lualuo> 110 pu1!1q31am pms-001 aql lsqjl: IOU PIP Jaq!uaJ JO uo!~l:~l[dda 'JanamoH
.lulllav paas palclnwlls puc qlmold a n l l ~ n p ~ d a ~ SI! JOJ I?IPJOUIIJ~ JO UOII~LUOJ U!
padlaq a ~ c q 1 ~ 1 8 1 ~ dllJ3 J ~ I (11 JJ./II!~JJ JO UOIIEJ!~~~: d l ~ c a 'sn~oqdsoqd UI mnlpau pu: N
U l ~ o o d srm IlOS SV 'dlnf1O lq8lUl~0J ,,Z 8UlJnp UMOS UaqM lOJlUOJ paZ!lllJaJU"IlM
pa~PdUl(l3 11133 lad Z I dq plalk psJS J5q81q b l~ucs~ j l uS~s 3 ~ ~ 8 I l!q Qc,I 87 Z Z P U T l!4 N
l q LL 10 u o l l n ~ ~ l d d r 1~111 p a ~ c ~ s puc u c q l s c l ~ ~ UI lnul c palsnpuos ( g j 6 1 ) 1"
U~BOJII~I ou uoql
3JOlll x, 5; WM 11 P U M U 3~ 09 "1 dll L""JUIIU U l 5SPJJSlII 4llM PJSEaJJUI r ( ~ l ~ l ! J l j ! ~ 8 1 ~
lul!ld ~ a r l sa~nsdc:, JII Jaqtunu 241 11x11 pa~ws n y d a q ~ '1~0s aql JO SV:IS N umpatu 01
alip 3q 1qi71u1 ~ l ~ l l t , ~ l l d d r 113ii0lllll 01 JSUO~SJJ J)Pnhapc JO q5CI aqJ 'IOJlUOs lano lo l~sdns
L~ILII'>~ILI~I\ aJ?M Cq N 8~ I)() PUP 09 ,h1~0 PUP lJqlO 4505 q11M J B ~ UO 01 pUn0j
a,"+\ I'LI dy 00 '01) '00 v ~ a , q IK~~OJIIII lnq la4al N UI ascaJJu! ~II,+\ pasasmu! sa!la!Jc,<
.lol*.ra j o p ~ a l i ur?q IWOI as1 pawls ( 3 6 1 I ~ q u c q ~ '"4s puv ~ w n y Lc l~ i \
. ~ t n ~ l ~ l : l n d l r ~ r u ~IILIOU)J~I! 01 anp oslc pur JarswrLlqE1qJw J I ~ I 01 anp q p p o 3
m s u ~ ~ j l l p "11.1 '~! i~n.~bj LII III!~I LI~IJ~!~, rL81*qc[ 111 papJosaJ s i r p Z.P Lq SUIJ~,~OU L lmg
(I](,OI '.~:y.""qt[ J I ' L L I I ~ r i r l l h ) L ISJPCJ~ C J ~ P L I ~ U! LI~~OJIIU ou iiq palsajjrun srm Inq
' ~ ~ J ~ o J I ~ ~ ~ 111 121a1 1ssqW111 2~11 ~r si1:p 6 01 i Lq paLrlap SCM saliamn JOISC~ JO 8uuamou
!;OF 01 s i r ( l .nln~ul ldo aq 01 ps~caddr: slllds aaiql UI I.rq N Sy SL JO uo!~:s
DAS) by 46 %, 100-seed we~ght hy 76 '7r and ol l conte~it hy 3 ' X colnp.lrcd w l t l ~ Arui~a
when sown dunng 2" fonnlght of July. Arunn d ~ d not respond a~gnlf~contl) to N fenllller
appllcatlon. However. GCH-4 responded s ~ g n ~ f i c a ~ ~ t l y to fertillrer o p p l l c ~ t ~ o ~ , lor seed
yield by 17 % and oi l yield by 19 8 conipared \v~th unk r t l l l ~ed control. 1.t1i.L oI'respol~\c
of Aruna to fenllizer appllcat~on may he attr~huted 111 11s yield potcl~ti:~l (2720 Lp 113 '1.
heing well below the product~v~ty levcl of CiCH-4 13690 kg h~ ) su\t,~lncd hy the IIIIII~I~
so11 fert i l~ty (high N and medium P).
Asliok Kumur <,I iil. (199.0 conducted a trial JI IAKI. New 1)clhi olldcr r;1111Icd
cond~t~ons and stated that appllcatlon 01 f : l r~ i iy~rd iilonurc prc~ved superlor 111 c11nt101 hut
~ n f e r ~ o r to that o f fert~l lrer and h~o- l 'c r t~ l i~er , A Illic:lr lrcnd iv.~s ohscrvcd 111 e.1c11 c.lrc.
w ~ t h supcrlorlty o f NjoPx~~ to other fert l l~ty t r eo l~~~cn t \ In I)ll.lru.td ( l i ,~r~ l t~ t , l l .~ ) I<,II~I~I
Bind and Patil (19971 conducted a ~ r l a l OII castor du1111g Lllarlf illld IOII~I~ III:I~ ( i( ' l l .4.
recorded h~ghcr seed yleid ns compnrcd to o~ l ic r ge~~rrtypcs I ' M V - S and SII-41 'l'li~\ is
nttnbuted to h~ghcr values o f yleld ctimponcnts l ~ L c nullihcr 01 spiLc\ pcl plalil. \~ i lLe
length, n u n i k r o f capsulcs per plant t ~nd I o k c c d weight.
Baby Akula and B a p ~ Rcddy (1998) conducted a I r ~ a l In S ~ ~ u t h c r ~ i Telang:111;1 / o~ i c
and reported that spllt appllcat~on of 40 kg N, half as hajal and half at 10-35 1)AS. gaiSe
more y ~ e l d than applicat~on of 40 kg fi i n a slngle dose. Sp l~t appllcallon 01' n~trogen has
~ncreased the nltrogen use ef l ic~ency hy 64 % and produced 4.3 kg o f more ca\tor jecd
per kg o f nltrogeii applied lhnn applying entire 40 kg N In slnglc dose as hosal. The Incan
castor yield over locations and scason revealed h~ghest y ~ c l d o f CiAII( 'H-I i14fN) kg hn '1
was 17.7 70 per cent higher than the variety Aruna and 20.2 per cent over local ([)OR.
1983).
From the literature i t is concluded that GCH-4 hyhrld was found to be ha\,lng the
highest yrelding ab i l~ ty than other vaneties. Some studles indlcatrd rliat tlicre a:ls
response up to 80 kg N ha1. Split appllcatlon o f nltrogcn had ~iiipro\,ed the castor )tclds
to a greater extent than application o f enrlre nitrogen 3s basal. So~nc oilicrs a13ted 111;11
response to nitrogen was up to 60 kg N ha l . Beyond Illat there was no roponsc, ul i lc l i
was l ikely due to medium level o f organic matter. Sollie others stated that c;cslor yield cdn
be improved ~f nitrogen is applied at the rate o f 60-80 kg N ha I In tlircc splits. Slncc tllc
risk bex lng capacity o f farmers 1s very poor 11 IS hclter to go fol. .;pllt applic:~~loii lIi,~n
entire dose as basal. 40-60 kg N h i ' 1s found lo hc optimulii I c h;111. as h~s.ll and
remallling half as top-dressing at 30-35 DAS. Appllcallon o f N fcrt l l i~erc under ~rrlgnlcd
cond~tions will help to boost the yleid coniponents and f~nal ly the bcnn ylcld. 1.ilcrnlurc
penainlng to different cultivars like DCS-9. (;AIJ('H-I and (;('ti-4 was IacLll~g.
2.4 EFFECT O F IRRIGATION ON YIEI.1) AND Y1b:I.L) COMY0Nb:NTS
Improved varletles and hybr~ds requlrc a total o f 750 111 1250 111in 01 water.
deperldlng on local coiiditlons. Cnstor uses huil molsturc more cffectlvcly wlicn N I' and
K fertillrers are glven (Singh and Rarnakr~shnn, 1975) Time o f ~rrigation is importarit lor
there should be no water stress, once the primary raceme had tlowered. Adequate so11
moisture durlng flowering is essential, especially when lcmpcratures are llkely l o rlsc
above 35'C for any period. Shortage o f ~nolsture during thls pcrlod will result In hlgh
proponlon o f lighter seed. Irngat~on is not requlred once rnajorlty of capsules had heen
formed. or 21-28 days prior to harvest. Irrlgatlon can also lncrease absorplion o f I'AR of
leaves, due to an Increase in total leaf area. This ac t iv~ ly h a been shown to be highest In
the morning and evenlng, and lowest at midday. Adequate molsture suppiles promoted
the development o f both male and female flowers w~tl lout alterlug the sex rntlo.
The castor crop quite often hces tluctua~lng runfal l r c su l l ~~ lg 111 pcrladr
moisture stress thus responsible for fluctuutlng ylelds. I)urlng the r;cln) sca\o~l III ~CIIII-
arid tropics, there can be periods o f decreased or nu rainfall, lltlder such colldltiollh tile
degree o f reductron i n yield IS dependent on duratlon and lntelisity of Intol.mlttetlt drought
and stage of the crop that experiences moisture stress, The 111 cf lec~s o f niolalurc strcs, 111
dryland crops can he mitigated by select~on ol' sultahlc varletlcs and also evolv~ng
sultahle agronomic techti~ques.
Wali er ul. 1988 conducted a study dur~ng Kharlf In Red ha111 \[III~ 01 Kn~cl iur
and reported that irrigated castor produced r~gn~f icant ly hlgl~er sccd yleld (21.30 kg Iin ' 1
than ra~nfed castor T h ~ s was attr~butcd due to lhigllcr vdlues o f yield ;ntr~hut~ng cllaructcrs
l ~ k e yleld per plant and 100 secd weight. Irrtgaled castor gave 57 '% h~glicr secd yleld
than ra~nfed trealment. I n Gujarat, i t was reported that c~psulcs por plant IS the only
character which is pos~tively correlated w ~ t l i secd yield. ~rrespecuvc o f the rnanagc~llc~ll
practices (Patel and Jalmlnl. 1991)
Subba Keddy et ul.. 1996 conducted a pivotal t r ~a l In Telangana rcglon 111 Alidhra
Pradesh and stated that vegetative stage, formation of prlmary splkcs and secondary
spikes were the most sensltlve stages for molsrure strcss In reducing the bcan ylcld 111
castor. Castor under stress-free environment I.c., protcctlve ~rr igatlon 01' 50 rnm each
during emly stress (0-45 DAS), mld stress (45-90 DAS) and terminal stress per~ods
recorded 42 % addltlonal bean ylelds over the ralnfcd env~ronment. Supplemental
imgation o f 5cm either at early or mid stress period gave 26 'X addit~onal k a n y~e ld than
rainfed crop followed by extra nttrogen feniltzer application after reltef fro111 early stress
~er iod. Increased bean yield o f castor under vaned ina~~agemunl practices a1 dtlferciit
moisture stress penods were attributed to enhancenlent o f yield conipollcnts such aa apthe
length, number o f capsules and test wetght o f heatis.
The favourable soil water baiatice o f 0.8 IW/('I'E ratto (Irr~gattoti wiltcr
drpth/cumulative pan evaporation) olded the crop plants to increase their h c t g l ~ t ~ and
bunches per plant in castor grown i n Telnngona regloll o f Andllra I'radcsli (Sudhah;ir :ilid
Praveen Rao. 1998). lrr~gatton i n turn lhrlped to put forth trlore 1.A1. rliu\ contrthut~tig 111
more dry matter per plalit at 0.8 IWICPE rntio over 0.2. 0.3 :~nd 0.6 IWI('l '1 r;ltlo. The
Improved b~owt l i performances by castor undcr 0.8 IW/('l'E tiitgl~t Iiavc heell respi~~~sthlc
for significantly higher yield attributes, l n~ga t rd castor recorded l i ig l~cr y ~ c l d and y ~ c l d
a t l r ~bu t~ng characters than wlien compared wlth r:itnfed crop. Irrtg;~ttng thc c ~ s l i ~ r crop
dunng flowering o f pntnarles gove l i~gher y~e ld than [he ra111ll.d us to r crop. ( ' u t i f ~ r~ i i ~ t i g
studtes tndlcated that irr~gating the castor crop at 0.8 IWIC'I'E had recr~rdcd marc dry
matter per plant and thus contr~buting for slgnlficantly h~gher yield 2nd ylcld altr~hutc\.
I t helps us to increase the effic~ency o f applled N P and K. Horh the N appllcat~uli and
~rngat ion are able to hasten the yteld and yield components. whlch wi l l finally pronii~te
the yteld. Literature on performance of various castor culuvars sulted to Ielangana
region under migated condit~ons was lacktng. Dry tnatter productton, pa r t t t t ~~n~ng to
various plant parts was also Iacklng.
2.5 INTERACTION EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN ON Y1EI.D AND YIE1.I)
COhlPONENTS OF CASTOR CULTlVARS
According to Kittock Wil l~ams. (1967) nitrogel1 ~ p p l ~ c a t ~ o n to ~r r~gated castors In
Nebraska reduced the incidence of leaf spot, and increased the y ~ t l d . l3u1 ;It hlgll Iu\eIs of
n~trogen application i.e. 180 kg per hectare adversely nfkcred oi l colltcnt. Howe\,er oil
f o n a t ~ o n i n thc seed is most active hctween 20-70 d q s after I l o w c r ~ n ~ atld III~I~U~IIIIUI
t h~s period nutnent supply must he adequnte. loforniat~on on tlic pcrlort~l;~~icc 111' l l ~g l l
y~e ld lng varletles and hybrids o f castor at dtffcrent levels o f nltrogcn 1s l l ~ l l ~ t c d IIII~CI. t l ~e
agroclimatic conditions In the castor growllig belt or Telangani~ regton 111' ,21idlir;1
Pradesh.
H~ghest seed yield o f 2130 kg ha and stalk ylcld ot 2470 kg h : ~ wa.i rccordcd hy
GCH-4 w ~ t h app l~cat~on of 100 kg N ha but thcse wcrc p.lr wnl i 75 kg N h.1 ' (Thadoda er.ul., 1996). However, both these levels wcrc I ~ u n d s~g~ i~ l i ca l i t l y SIII~CIIO~ tlii111
application o f 50 kg N h i ' . The highest sccd and stalk y~elds ohta~ncd utidcr lh~glicr Ic!cl
o f nitrogen was probably due to Improvement and devclopn~cnt c)f growth and yluld
attributes vlz, plant hc~ght. number o f sp~hes pcr plut~t, nuniher o f cuphulcs per sp~hc.
length o f mum splke and I 00 sccd weight.
Assured irr~gauon ~ncreased the y ~ c l d hy 18.9 pcr cent over ra~nled caalor in
Telangana reglon. T ~ m i n g of ~ rnga t~oo IS Imponant, lrrlgatlon on 85Ih day i f lowcr~ng of
pnmary spikes) had helped In Ihe format~on of more sp~kes (V~ jay Kumar and Sh~va
Shankar. 1992). The number o f capsules per plant s~gnif~cantly ~ncrcascd w ~ t h an lncrcne
III the level o f N up to 60 kg h i 1 and It was nearly 25 9, more than without N. The lack
o f adequate response to N application m~gh t be due to i n~ t i a l med~um N levcl (VIJPYP
Kumar Bhosekar, 19921,
2.6 NUTRIENT UPTAKE, OIL AND PROTEIN CONTENT
I t i s important to soy about rnpesred as It hulps us to c o ~ i ~ l u d e reg~ rd~ l i p OII
content 011 N appllcation. Applied nitrogen increased the I'orrnatloli o f N cu~i ta~n l l ig
prolein precursors so that protcln formot1011 conipctes 111orc strongly f'or 1pl10to~y11111atcs
As a result, less o f the photosynthates are availohle for fat syntlicsla. 111 r,q)c-heed. OII
content decreased w ~ t h increase i n the nitrogen lebcl. Tlie 011 eo l~ tc~ l : ~ircrcuacd up to Nllxi
and later showed a decllnlng trend.
At Rajcndranagm, Hydcrabud. Madhusudana Roo and Vc~lhatesw.~rlu (1988)
conducted a trail and reported that 011 content o f castor beall ~nc re~scd w l ~ l i 11ic1erlae 111
l 'ertil~ty level up to 30 kg N h a 1 and further ~ncreasc In dose o l N reduced tllc 1111 c o ~ ~ t c ~ i t
progressively. In general o i l yield ~ncreasad due to Irrlgatlon :111d nitroget1 Icvcls. Aswrcd
irrlgatlon and appl~cation o f 30 kg N ha ' rug~stercd higher "11 yleld ovcr ru111lod and 1111
nltrogen respect~vely. Same authors reportcd that N and P uptalc hy castor was
sign~ficontly hlgher under assured Irrtgatlon than llie ramfed colid~llons. '7'111s n~ay hc duc
to the higher dry matter production wlth 11~1gdllon. The uptake o f polaaalum was
significantly vaned due to irrigation and plan: density hut not due to nltrugcn Icvcls
Higher N content at harvest i n seed samples than that o f plant samples was not~ccd In
Amna castor sown during first week o f Augusl In Telangana reglon o f Andhra l'radcsh
I t was due to higher demand o f nutrients by seeds and translocation o f nutrlenta into
reproductive parts from vegetative pans (Uma D c v ~ el n1..1991). Nltrogen content In bolh
plant and seed sample IS not slgn~ficantly influenced by either nitrogen levels or t~llage.
Nitrogen appllcation at the rate of 80 kg ha'' recorded hlgher mean P content (0.38 'lo) In
seed samples but lower mean P content In plant samples (0.15 Yo). Among N levels Nxo
recorded lower mean K content (1.87 % I In plant san~plcs 111 uorltrast to phospllorus
content. Lower K content In seed saniples (0.66 %I were recorded ~n uo~ltrol (No) Ilpt:~Le
by the whole plants at harvest bas I I to 48 kg N ha '. 1.0 to 6 i g I' hd ' and I? to 43 Lg K
h i 1 . Among the N levels, successive lncrsrnel~ts o f N levels up ti, 80 lip N I~;I I
slgn~ficantly Increased N. P and K uptake progresslvcly over control.
Mathuk~a and Modhwadia (1995) reported hlgher N P K colltcnta and uptake due
to N fertilization I n castor crop and stated that I' cmltcnt was Iiiaxlliiuln w~tl lout N
application by NIO and Nx,,. The contents of N. P and uptake o f N I' K ~llcrc:~scd ultli
Increase in level o f N dppl~catlon.
Castor producing an overage seed yield o l 17(XI kg li,~ ' h;ld ~cnlokcd ahi~ut 50 l ig N. 20
kg P201 and 16 k g Kro (Jacoh and Vcxkull, 1958) and 80 lig N. 18 Lg I':O<. 32 K:O kg
%ere removed at seed yleld o f 2000 kg h i ' .
Excess nltrogen appllcat~on to ollsced crops reduces the oil pcrce1ll:lgc 111 ca\c 01'
castor there was no Increase ~n o ~ l perccritage up to 100 kg N lho I;urtllcr w ~ t l i tlic
Increase i n nltrogen dose there was decrease 111 ol l pcrcetit. Irr lgal~on slid InIIrogcrI ap1111cd
castor crop recorded hlgher percentage of 011 content than when compared w ~ t h ralnlbd
crop without nltrogen application. However, therc IS pauclty of ~nl'ormation on N I' and K
uptake at d~fferent crop growth stages by various plant parts
2.7 EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON CASTOR YIELDS
Spacing between plants adapted for plantlng castor plays an Irnpurtdlll nllc In
boosting the yields. Closer spacing can result In considerable damage to branches and
shallow lateral roots during cult~vatlon. Closer spacing also tends to reduce the height and
promote more even growth. Branching may also be suppressed and rlpenlng becomes
more even. The optimum populat~on denslty 1s largely deternilned hy tlie amount of
ralnfall received in a given area.
Purshotam Rao el al.. (1989) conducted a trial at Harydl1.1 under raiilkd
condltlons and found that the average yield of castor was lhlghcst wlluil h war plnntcd ;I[ J
row spaclng of 100 x 30 cni (33.000 plants ha.') with two rows oi grccll gra111 Siiiiil:~~ly
Singh and Slngh (1988) reported that lnter cropplng of castor with grccli grani produced
higher total seed yield compared to sole castor. Under condltlolls of drought thc Inter
crop of green grani falled In all the truatments Juc to Fcwro niolrturc \ ~ r c \ s . Houuvcr.
castor seed yleld h a s lilghest (1630 kg ha ' 1 whcn I I was plai~tcd at a ~paclllg 11(. I00 x SO
cm (20.000 plantslha). It is because of lack ol' competltlon hctwcc~i p1:111ts and hetwccn
rows for moisture, nutrients and spoce for root gnluth and su~il~glit . Vllay;~ Ku111ar
Bhosekar (1992) stated that the illcrease ~n splkcs hy 27 0 , cnpaulc\ hy $9 '% illid Iesl
we~ght by 3.3 9) at wider spaclng (60 x 45 cm) coliipdrcd wltli clozcr spaclrlg (60x30 clnJ
may he due to lcss co~npetltlon for nutrients, light and niolsturc amolig tlic plants at wldcr
spaclng.
Ashok Kumar rr ul., (1995) conducted a trlal at lARl Ncw I)clhl, on randy Iodnl
soils under rninfed cond~tions and stated that castor as a ~ o l c crop (100 cm hetween rowrJ
proved superlor to the pearl rnlllet and castor lntcr crop in growth and dcvelop~iicnt.
Castor as a sole crop sown at wlder spaclng and without any Inter crop proved (11 hc the
best. Subba Reddy rr ul. (1996) conducted a tna1 in rainfed allisols ol' Central I<ocarcli
institute for dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) farm. Hyderabad wlth castor ((iA(:('H-4)
dunng kharif seasons and stated that castor with 7S .W plants per hectare recorded the
hlghest bean yield of 1153 kg ha.' In 1990 and 1350 kg h a 1 In 1991. There was no
variation In bean yields o f castor between plant denslt~cs o f 75 l o 38 ~ l i o ~ s ~ ~ ~ d ~ per
hectare In 1990 and also within plant densities o f 75 to 50 ~l iousn~ids per Ihcctnrc 1111091
The highest bean yreld o f castor at 75 to 50 thousands plants per Iheclurc over olliur rdllge
o f populat~ons was due to increased production of p n ~ h corripolrellt.\ suc l~ .I, dry tilirltcr
and leaf area index, conseque~irly result~ng 111 higher rillrogctr up tnkc ,111d 1d1111d11 L I ~ C
efficiency of seed and total h~ornoss dur~ng differel11 crop growth stagu\, 'I'l~os cn\tor U I I ~
50 to 75 thousands plants per hcctare IS l i ru~ id o p t ~ r i i u ~ ~ i for ~ C ~ I I I I ~ ht:ih!lr/~trg he311 yrcld,
under rnlnfed cand~tions.
Thadoda er ul., (1996) co~iducted a z~udy on rehponx n l unrtor (;('I!--I to p l i l l r t~ l~g
geornetry under rainfed co~ldit ion on cldycy soils sow11 durrng Augo\l 'I'hcy \tnicd tlint
the spacing 9 0 x 60 cm gwe the highest seed yleld of 2380 Lg 113 illid \13Ih y c l d 111
2790 kg h i hut rernaincd sratist~cally sln~l lar w ~ t l i 60 r 611 c111 iarrd 00 x 45 CIII '1'11~
lowest seed and stalk yields were ohtdned at 120 x 60 cm spdclng. 'I' l~c apprcc~i~hlc
Increase In seed 2nd stalk ylelds 111 Invor ol' 90 n 60 cni spnc111g w:~s prohi~hl) due 10
adequate Interception o f sunl~ght hy the crop canopy even at low Ievcl o l ~ l lu r l r~~ ia t lon.
consequently hlgher rates o f photosynthesis and uluniately Increaac III yrcld.
Narkheda rr ul.. (1983) stated that the hrgher value\ 01 yleld .ittrlhu~cc urldcr
wldely spaced plants, could not Increase the yleld as agarnst the narrow \paced plalit\.
The reason for rrductron In seed and stalk y~elds under clober spacing 01' 60 x 45 crn
would be the narrow planted crop ~nvar~ahly had loser values o f g r o ~ t h and ylcld
contributing characters under study.
I t was concluded that 60 x 45 cm spaclng recorded h~ghcr ylcld and yrcld
attributes than 60 x 30 cm, whrch was due to less co~npetition for nutrients. Irght and
moisture among the plants at w~de r spnctng. It is very dtft'tcult to col~fllnt llic resulls due
to confounding between densily and row spaclng. Ho\reve~ ~ ~ I C I C 15 ltltle ~ I I I ' O ~ I I I ~ I I ~ I I
available regnrd~ng the performance of castor at varlous S P O C I I I ~ under blress 1i.x
moisture conditions (trrigated conditions). Partttloning of dry tltatter jtudles on c;tstol 1s
also scanty.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
hlATERlALS AND hlETIIO1)S
The f ield experiments on "Crop growtll 2nd de\'elopilient o l c a w r c u l t ~ \ a ~ s uliiler
opt~mal and sub-optimal waler :lnd n i t r ogn cond~tlons In '~r.l.111g.111.i regloll" %.I\
carried out at ICRISAT center Patancllcru. I lyder ;~h~d to sludy tlic l u l l o ~ ~ ~ i g
aspects.
I. "Effect of water reginies dnd ~ i i l r oge~ l le\cl \ on caslor cull~i.:~r>" du~ lng !,her!/
season of 1997 and 1998.
In~r ia l ly the project was plalitied u ~ t l i J \ icw to develop J castor ~ i n ~ d c l :111d cxtr,~
cxperlrnents on sowlng dates and piant111g density were cwr~cd out. So the d:itsh 111
vuwlng and p lant~ng denslly experllnents welr c ~ r r ~ c d out fur one y c ; ~ ~ IOI da1;1
generatton and to develop model. Extr:~ data w ~ l l he u x d I11r t i l<~dcl dc \~c l~~pl i icn t In Iic.lr
future. Due to lack o f special progratnmc on c;lstor the t~ t l c ol. [lie prolcct w:~s cl~allgcd
dnd model developmel~t part wds deleted from the project work.
2. "Effect o f dates o f sowlng on caslor cult~vars" lrom later part ol. rcrbr \cclalln 1906 to
later part o f rubl 1997.
3. "Effect of planting dcnsity on castor y~clds" dur~ng rohi scason of 1997.
The farm IS located at an alt~tude ol. 545 In above mean sea lebel. 17" 1 9 ' ~
latitude and 78'23' East long~tude.
1 WEATHER DURING THE CROP PERIOD
The meteorologtcal data from November 1996 to January 1999 was
recorded i n a class 'A ' meteorolog~cal observatory situated at I('KISAT.
Patancheru. 1.5 km from the erpenment:~l sltc Wcchl! tllcana I\IS the psr~od .IIW
presented In F~gure 1-2 illid Appendix-I 8; 11
Rainfal l
Thcre was 598.8 nim of rainfall during 111 Ilrat ycol (iilr,ri/ 1907-OSI ~ 1 1 1 l e 11 ~ i 1 5
946.2 mm during the subscque~it year ( i l i < r v ! l 1998-991. 'The tilc.ni In.lxltlluln ;III~
rnlnlmum temperatures recordcd durlllg t l~c lirat yc:lr's study ucri. < . 7 ' I ( ' 311d
12.5 ' C and were 33.4 'C and 8 "(. rc~pccl~vc ly dur~ng 111c sccot~d )c.lr. '1.11~ 111e.111
relat~ve h u m ~ d ~ t y ranged from 58 to 8.7 pcrcclit dur111g I~rat yc.lr. wlic~c.~r 1 1 v.lrlcd
from 59 to 87 pcrcellt durllig sccond year.
3.2 EXPERlhlENTAI. DETAI1,S
3.2.1 1,ayout o f the Exper ime~i l
The dates of sowlng expc~~~ii 'nt. u l ~ l c l i W;I\ rtnrtcd durlllg I.llc nrhr \cdv)n Ii)0(>
was laid-out In completely randorn~sod h loc l dcalgn \rlth lwctlly loul Ircdtllsnl
comb~nnt~ons, replicated lbur t ~ r t i c ~ (l;lg. I ) Tlic trcdtriicnt\ ~ncludc ~ I X data* I I ~
sowlng and four cultivars 3s glveti heluw
'TREATMENT DETAILS
EITect of sowing dates on castor cultivars
SIX dates o f sowlng:
Four cultlvars : C1 . Aruna C2 . DCS-9 C3 : (IAUCH-I C4 : CjCH-4
Rainfed
1
Irrigated
Fig : 3.4 LAY OUT PLAN OF KHARIF 1997
Main plot treatments : Water regimcs (2) (i) W1: Rainfed (11) W2 : Irrigated at 0 75 IWICPE ratio
Sub Plot : Nitrogen level (2) ( i ) NI=lO kg Nlha (ii) N2=60 kg Nlha
Cultivars in factorial set up C I . Aruna C2 : DCS-9 C3 : GAUCH-I C4 : GCH-4
Gross Plot Size : 9 x 10 = 90 m2
Irrigated Rainfcd
N2 NZ N l N1 N1 N1 N2 NZ
Fig: 3.5 LAY OUT PLAN OF KHARlF 1998
Des~gn : CRBD
Replications : 4
Plot Size : Gross plot : 9.0 x 10.0 ni Net plot . 7.5 x 5.0 ni
Spacing : 7 5 x 25 cm
Effect of water regimes and nitrogen levels on castor cultivnrs Kharif - 1997 and Kharif- 1998
Main Plot : Water Reg~rnes - W I - Ra~nfcd - W2 - Irrlgntcd at
IWIC'PE rotlo 0.75
Sub-Plot : Nitrogen Levels - N I - 10 kg N ha ' N r - 60 kg N h a '
Sub-Sub-Plot : Cult~vars
Design : Split plot Rrpl~cations : 4
Plot size : Gross plot : 9.0 x 10 rn Net plot : 7.5 x 5.0 171
Spacing : 75 x 25 cni
Sowing date : 26-6- 1997 & 26-6-98
Effect of planting densities on castor yields
Cultivar : GCH-4
PD-I PD-2 PD-3 I
I I l l
I'ath
Fig3.6 LAYOUT PLAN OF PLANTING DENSITY EXPERIMENT
PD-1 = 75 x 25 cm Spacing = 55,000 plantsiha PD-2 = 75 x 10 cm Spacing = 1,30,000 pla~ltslha PD-3 = 75 x 75 cm Spacing = 17.000 plantsiha
Variety : GCH-4
Replications : 4
Plot size : Gross plot : 9.0 x 10.0 111 Net plot : 4.5 x 8 n~
Sow~ng date : 17-7-1897
3.2.2 SOIL
The soil was an aifisol (Clay loam) with good dra~nage. The conipos~te saniplcs
of soil collected at random from the experlmentdl field prlor to the layout were
analyzed for the physico-chemical propertles. The chemical an;llys~s Indicated
that the so11 was slightly acidic In reaction. low in available N and medium ~n I'
and K. Thc soil physical propertles of the exper~mental slte arc as follows
1. Bulk density : 1.673 d c c
2. Field capaclty :O.lSdg
3. Permanent wlltlng point : 0.14 g/g (Monlurc cootmr b&\ed on oven dry uetghl I
Table 3.1 Soil chemical properties of experimental site
3.4 CULTIVATION DETAILS
3.4.1 Previous c r o p history
Prior to the dates of sowtng experiment, the field was fallow for two years. For
the planting density experiment, the field had previously grown wtth a pigcull pea
crop. Pigeon pea was grown before sowtng kl~or i f -97 and sorgliu~ll was grown
before klrurif-98 sowing.
3.4.2 Prepara tory cultivation
The experimentnl ficld was prepared for s o w ~ n g by working once wtrli a
tractor- drawn disc plough, followed by disc harrow twice. Then thc tractor-drawn
cultivator was run along and across the ficld. The lalid was levcled w ~ t h o tractor-
drawn leveler after removing the dried stubble a ~ l d weed,. Fitlally r i d f ~ b arid
furrows were made at o spacing of 75 cni. The plots were l a d as per thc layout
plan.
3.4.3 Seeds a n d sowing
Seeds of selected castor cultivars Aruna, DCS-9. GAIICII-I, and GCH-4
were hand drbbled at a dcpth of 4-5 cm and 25 cm apart within thc row and
covered with soil, ~naintaining an inter-row spacing of 75 cm. The niurphologrcal
characters of cultivars used in the field expertment are given in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Morphological characters of castor cultivars used in the field experiment
I I Sal~ent features of castor cult~vars I C h a t t e r
DCS-9 GAIJCH-I GCH-4
Stem colour I
( Duratlon (days) 120-150 1 90-150 180-240 210-240
3.4.4. Fertilizer application
The experimental site was applied with the recommended dose of
fertilizers (60 kg N ha.' & 40 kg PlOr ha ' ) Nitrogen was applied In three splits (50
% N as basal, 25 Z N at 30 days after sowlng (DAS) snd 25 B at 60 DAS) by
spot application. In N~level (10 kg N ha.') durlng kliorif-97 ilnd kliarif-98, the
entire nitrogen was applied as basal.
3.4.5 Irrigation
All the experiments were uniformly irrigated immediately after sowing to
~ ~ ~ 1 s t in seed germination. Subsequent irrigations were given based on the
requirement in case of dates of sowing and planting density expenments. In case
of kharif-97 and kharif-98 experiments, migations were given only to irrigated
blocks based on irrigation water depth I cumulative pan evaporation (IW 1 CPE)
ratio of 0.75. The crop received a total of two irrigations during kharif-1997 ilnd
one irrigation during the entire crop growing season of kharif-1998.
Seed oil content (%)
Yield (kg h i ' )
5 1
960
49
1020
50
1700
48
2200
3.4.6 Interculture operations
The weeds present between and within the plant rows were removed
manually at 20, 55 and 80 DAS.
3.4.6 Plant protection
The crop was well protected when semi-loopers became a problem due to
heavy rainfall during October by spraying Monocrotophos @ 0.05% and from
Botrytis disease by spraying Carbendazim @ 0.05%.
3.4.7 Harvesting
The crop was harvested in 2-3 pickings based on the maturity of the main sp~kes
and spikes that we formed on secondaries, tert~aries and quaternaries The
harvested splkes were sun-dried and threshed by manual beating with sticks. The
threshed produce was winnowed and seeds cleaned. The seed and stalk yields for
each plot were recorded sepmately after drying.
3.5 OBSERVATIONS RECOREDED
3.5.1 Meteorological Observations
Weather data (maximum & minimum temperatures, rainfall, solar radiat~on)
were recorded at the meteorological observatory, ICRISAT center Patancheru which is
1.5 Km to the experimental site.
3.5.1.1 Heat units (Growing degree days)
Heat unlts expressed as growing degree-days (GDD) were calculated by the
formula given below:
GDD = Xni (Tmax + Tm~n) - Tb
L
Where E nt = Number of days taken for a phenophase
Tmax and Tmin = Daily maximum and minimum temperature
= Min~mum threshold temperature ( loOc) for castor (Vijaya Kumar er ol, 1997)
GDD = Growing degree days
Tb is also called as "Base temperature" and this is defined as the temperature
below wh~ch, the physiological activity of the crop ceases.
3.5.1 Light observation
Radiation: The canopy l~ght interception was measured by tube-solarimeter
placed across the rows coverlng half canopy of one plant from one rov. and
half canopy of another plant from another row. These solar~meters are used to
record the radiation (0.35-2.5 bm) transmitted through the crop canopy at 2
minutes ~ntervals, using the data collection system. Radiation read~ngs are
recorded and stored at hourly intervals by automatic mill~voltmeter.
Pyranometer was placed just above the crop level to measure the total
incoming radiation (lo) and tube solarimeters are placed 5 cm just above the
ground to measure the rad~ation transm~tred to ground (1). Deild leaves are
removed at weekly intervals from plants around the tube-solarimeters, so that
the radiation transmitted from green leaf area only was recorded. Daily totals
and individual tube calibration factors were used to calculate the proportion of
incident radiation intercepted in each plot.
The light interception (LI) was calcutated using followtng equation
L1(%) = 100 - % transmitted
%Transmitted = I / I o
Where I = Total incoming rediation
la = Radiation transmitted to ground
3.5.2 Soil moisture
Soil moisture at 0-15 cm depth was recorded gravimetrically and beyond 15
cni by neutron probe. For taklng neutron-probe readtngs accession tubcs were
inserted at the centre of each plot. These tubes were inserted before sowing
the crop. Probe readings were taken before and after irrigation and also after
each rainy day.
3.5.3 Growth Parameters
Plant samples were collected at fifteen days interval until harvest for
recording follow~ng growth parameters.
3.5.3.1 Plant height (em)
Five plants were randomly selected w~thin the net plot area and were tagged to
record the plant height. This was recorded in the field (non-destructive
sampling) and was measured on the main stem from the base of the plant
(ground surface) to the tips of the apical bud.
3.5.3.2 Leaf area , leaf a r e a index, leaf, stem a n d spike biomass
Three plants were sampled at random from every plot at 15 days interval
starting from 15 DAS upto harvest. These plants were separated Into
components of leaf, stem and pod mass. The leaf area was measured w ~ t h LI -
3100, area meter (Li - COR Inc. Nebraska,USA). The leaf mass. stem mass
and pod mass were recorded separately after oven drying at 8 0 " ~ or 48 hours
and computed for a square meter area. The leaf arca ~ n d r x (LAI) was
calculated by ustng the following formula:
Leaf area LA1 =
U n ~ t ground area
3.5.4 Days t o 50 % flowering a n d n ~ a t u r i t y
50 %flowering : Day on which 50 percent of plants in one
metre row length flowered.
Physiological maturity : Day on which capsules show characterist~c
browning.
3.5.5 Yield a n d yield components
3.5.5.1 Number of capsules per Spike
The total number of capsules from five tagged plants in each plot were
counted and average number of capsules per plant was recorded.
3.5.5.2 Main spike length
The length of the spike was measured from the main spikes.
3.5.5.3 Number of spikes p e r Plant
Number of spikes present on the entire plant were counted before havesting.
3.5.5.4 100 seed weight (g)
A random sample of 100 seeds from each net plot was taken and weighed In
grams.
3.5.6 Seed yield (kg ha")
It was calculated from net plot area and computed on a per hectare basis and
expressed as kg ha".
3.5.7 Harvest index (HI)
This was calculated by using the following formula:
Seed yield ha.' H.I. = x I00
Total biomass h i 1
3.5.8 Chemical analysis
3.5.8.1 Plant analysis
Five randomly selected plants of destructive samples were collected, dried and
ground and Ig of plant sample was used for N analysis using micro kjeldhal
method after digesting the organic matter by H2SO4 and H202 (Piper. 1950)
Phosphorus and potassium contents were determined in the cxtracts after
digesting the plant matcr~al with the triacid mixture HN03; H~SOJ; HCIO?
(9:2: 1) (Piper. 1950)
P-content: The phosphorus content in the plant digest was determ~ned by
vanado-molybdo-phosphoric colorimetr~c method on Klettsummerson
photoelectric colorimeter (Piper. 1950)
K-content: The potassium content was determined on Elico Rame
photometer (Piper, 1950).
The N, P and K content were expressed in percentage. The uptake of N. P and
K by Castor crop were computed as follows:
Uptake of Nutrient Nutrient content x Total dry matter (kg h i 1 )
(kg ha'') - -
100
3.5.9 Quality characters of castor seed
3.5.9.1 Protein estimation
The quantitative determination of proteln by Techn~con Auto Analyser (TAA)
involve the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia by digesting the
sample with sulphuric acid using the block digestor (BD 40). Ammonical
nitrogen reacts with sodium phenate in presence of sodlum hypochlorite to
form indo-phenol blue complex. This color complex is measured at 660 nm.
3.5.9.2 Oil estimation (Soxhlet method)
Oil content in the seed was estimated by Soxhlet apparatus, using a suitable
solvent. The extracted oil was separated by evaporating the solvent.
3.5.10 Statistical analysis
The observations from the experiment were subjected to statist~cul analysis i.e. RBD
(ftdctorial concept) for dates of sowing experiment, Split-plot design for "Effect of water
regimes and nitrogen levels on castor cultivars"(kl1nrif-1997 & khnr~f 1998), and RCBD
for planting density experiment using GENSTAT package (Gomez and Gornez. 1984).
RESULTS
RESULTS
The field experiments of the project "Crop growth and development of castor
cult~vars under optimal and sub-optimal water and nitrogen cond~tions ~n
Telangana region" were carried out at ICRlSAT center Petancheru, Hyderabad.
1. "Effect of dates of sowing on castor cultivars" from later part of rubi season
1996 to later part of rabi 1997
2. "Effect of water regimes and nitrogen levels on castor cultivxs" during kliarij
scason of 1997 and 1998 and
3. "Effect of planLing density on castor yields" during rubi season of 1997.
EFFECT OF DATES OF SOWING ON CASTOR CULTIVARS
4.1 GROWTH PARAMETERS
4.1.1 Plant height at final harvest
The data on mean plant height at final harvest is presented in Table 4.1
Plant height increased progressively from sowing to harvest of castor. Intcractlon effect
of sowing and cultivars was also significant at all crop growth stages. The plant he~ght of
castor cul t~vus ranged from 48.9 cm (DCS-9) to 63.1 cm (GCH-4). GCH-4 recorded 29
% taller plant he~ght than DCS-9. Among different sowings the plant height ranged from
46.8 cm (November sowing) to 69.2 cm (June sowing)
Among the various interactions GCH-4 sown during the first week of June
recorded the talleer plant height of 77.2 cm. Least plant height of 43.3 cm was recorded
by DCS-9 sown dunng November.
Table 4.1 Interaction effect of sowing date on plant height (cm) of four Castor
cultivars at final harvest
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Aruna 46.7 50.5 59.6 74.1 67.8 57.0 59.3
DCS-9 43.3 42.2 48.8 59.5 52.8 46.9 48.9
GAUCH-1 43.8 45.0 53.9 65.8 58.8 60.2 54.6
GCH-4 53.2 53.3 62.8 77.2 71.7 60.2 63.1
Mean 46.8 47.7 56.3 69.2 62.8 56.1
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
Table 4.2 Interaction effect of sowing date on LA1 at 45 DAS of four Castor
cultivars
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Aruna 0.220 0.182 0.270 0.320 0.318 0.228 0.256
DCS-9 0.200 0.217 0.547 0.716 0.693 0.379 0.459
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
Table 4.3 Interaction effect of sowing date on LA1 at 105 DAS of four Castor
cultivars
Sowing Date L U I I I V H T S
Nov Jan April Jun July Sep Mean
Arunu 0.270 0.679 0.855 1.163 0.892 0.773 0.772
DCS-9 0.370 0.984 1.290 1.522 1.346 1.072 1.097
GAUCH-1 0.361 1.250 1.320 2.050 1.978 1.289 1.375
GCH-4 0.285 1.521 2.171 2.476 2.259 1.867 1.763
Mean 0.322 1.109 1.409 1.803 1.169 1.250
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
Table 4.4 Interaction effect of sowing date on Total drymatter production (!grn") of
four Castor cultivars at 45 DAS
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Arunn 19.8 30.5 39.1 45.4 44.2 35.4 35.7
DCS-9 18.5 29.1 40.0 49.0 46.3 35.8 36.5
GAUCII-I 19.1 35.4 49.7 53.4 49.5 38.6 41.0
GCH-4 27.8 44.4 66.8 71.6 68.3 55.1 55.7
Mean 21.3 34.0 48.9 54.9 52.1 41.2
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
Table 4.5 Interaction effect of sowing date on Total drymatter production (gm") of
four Castor cultivars at harvest
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
DCS-9 183.7 200.0 231.0 237.9 252.3 220.9 221.0
GAUCH-I 273.6 297.1 318.6 380.8 337.2 306.2 318.9
Mean 224.7 248.5 278.6 319.1 297.3 264.7
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
SED * 2.36 3.12
CD (0.05) 5.08 6.24
4.1.2 Leaf area index at 45 and 105 DAS
LA1 differed significantly due to cultivars, sowing dates and thelr
interaction (Table 4.2). The LA1 ranged from 0.256 (Aruna) to0.549 (GCH-4). Out of six
sowing dates June sowings recorded the higher LA1 of 0.646 and lower by the November
sowings. June sown GCH-4 recorded the h~ghest LA1 of ,810, which recorded 153 %
more than that of Aruna.
LA1 differed significantly at 105 DAS due to cultivars, sowing date^ and
their ~nteraction (Table 4.3). LA1 of castor cultivars ranged from 0.772 (Aruna) to 1.763
(GCH-4). Among the different sowings, June sowlngs recorded the hlgher LA1 of 1.803
and the lowest LA1 by November sowlngs. Interaction effect indicated that GCH-4
recording the highest LA1 of 2.476, whlch was 112 B higher than Aruna in June sowings.
4.1.3. Total above ground drymatter production (gm.2) a t 45 DAS and harvest
The TDMP differed significantly due to cultivars, sowing dates and their
interaction at 45 DAS (Table 4.4). The TDMP among cultivars ranged from 55.7 g ~ 2
(GCH-4) to 35.7 gn.> (Aruna). Among different sowings June sowlng recorded the
highest TDMP of 54.9 grn.'. Significant interaction effect lndlcated that June sown GCH-
4 recorded 7 1 . 6 ~ rn.' of TDMP, which was 57 % higher than the Aruna.
The TDMP at harvest (Table 4.5) also differed significantly due to
cultivars, sowing dates and interaction. The TDMP of cult~vars ranged from 214.4 g m-'
(Aruna) to 335.2 gm.' (GCH-4). GCH-4 castor cultivar recorded 56 % more TDMP than
Aruna. Regarding sowing dates, June sowings recorded the highest TDMP of 319.1gm.',
which was 4 2 % higher than November sowings. Significant interaction between
cultivars and sowings dates indicated that June sown GCH-4 recorded maximum TDMP
of 413.4 g m-* which was 69 D higher than Aruna. Lowest total drymatter was recorded
by Aruna sown during the month of first week of November (158.1gm'z).
4.2 YIELD ATTRIBUTES
4.2.1 Main spike length (cm)
The main spike length of castor differed significantly due to cult~vars and sowing
dates. The main spike length ranged from 22 cm (GCH-4) to 17.1 c m (Aruna). GCH-4
recorded 28 % taller main spike length than Aruna. June sowings recorded 7 2 %. more
spike length than November sowings. Among the various interactions GCH-4 sown
during the first week of June recorded 26.8 c m of spike length, which was 23.5 % taller
than Aruna. Aruna castor sown during the first week of November was recorded the spike
length of 12.7 cm.
4.2.2 Spikes per plant
Out of the four cultivars, GCH-4 recorded the highest number of spikes
per plant (4.7). GCH-4 recorded 11 % more number of spikes than Aruna. Among the
sowing dates the s p ~ k e s per plant ranged from 3.9 to 5.3.
Significant interaction between cultivars and sowing dates indicated that
June sown GCH-4 recorded the highest number of spikes per plant (5.5) which was 5 %
more than the Aruna.
Table 4.6 Interaction effect of sowing date on main spike length of four Castor cultivars
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Aruna 12.7 13.5 19.0 21.7 20.5 15.3 17.1
DCS-9 13.0 13.9 21.3 23.9 22.2 16.6 18.5
GAUCH-1 14.6 17.1 23.5 24.6 24.2 20.1 20.7
GCH-4 15.9 19.0 24.4 26.8 25.2 21.0 22.0
Mean 14.1 15.9 22.0 24.3 23.0 18.3
- -
Culiivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
Table 4.7 Interaction effect of sowing date on number of spikes per plant of four Castor cultivars
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
4.2.3 Capsules per spike
The number of Capsules per spike differed s~gn~ficantly due to cult~vars
and sowing dates. The number of capsules per spike ranged froml6.9 (Aruna) to 20.4
(GCH-4). GCH-4 recorded 20 %more capsules per spike. June sow~ngs recorded the
maximum number of capsules per spike (24.7)
Interaction effect between cultivars and sowing dates revealed that June
sown GCH-4 recorded 27 '7a more number of capsules per spike than Aruna. November
sown GCH-4 recorded the lowest number of capsules per spike (12.4).
4.2.4 100 seed-weight (g)
The 100 seed welght ranged from 23.63 g (Cv.GCH-4) to 16.44 g (Aruna).
Among the various sowing dates June sown cult~vars recorded 13 '7, h~gher 100 seed
we~ght than November sowings. The s~gnificant internction among cultivars and sowing
date indicated that June sown GCH-4 recorded 25.45 g of 100 seed weight, whlch was 14
% higher than November sowings. GCH-4 sown during June recorded 31 % more 100
seed weight than Aruna.
4.3 Seed yield (kg ha.')
The seed yield of Castor differed significantly due to cultivars and sowing dates.
Among the different cultivars GCH-4 recorded seed y~eld of 2280 kg ha.', which was 66
'lo higher than the lowest yielder Aruna (1370 kg ha.'). June sown cultivars recorded 46
'7a more seed yield than November sowlngs.
The cultivars and sowing dates interaction was also significantly. June
sown GCH-4 recorded 2749 kg ha'lof seed y~eld. which was 57 '7a higher than Aruna.
Table 4.8 Interaction effect of sowing date on number of Capsules per spike of four Castor cultivars
Sowing Date Cultivnrs
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Aruna 13.8 15.5 16.3 21.6 18.3 15.9 16.9
DCS-9 14.4 16.4 17.1 23.9 21.2 16.8 18.3
GAUCH-I 12.9 14.8 8 . 9 25.5 22.1 18.0 18.7
GCH-4 12.4 15.1 23.1 27.5 24.9 19.6 20.4
Mean 13.4 15.5 18.8 24.7 21.6 17.6
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
Table 4.9 Interaction effect of sowing date on 100 Seed-Weight of four Castor cultivars
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Aruna 15.14 15.41 16.35 19.29 16.74 15.69 16.44
DCS-9 20.55 21.02 20.72 22.85 22.23 22.79 21.69
GAUCH-I 22.05 21.27 22.85 22.94 22.27 22.21 22.27
CCH-4 22.28 23.42 23.99 25.45 23.68 22.96 23.63
Mean 20.00 20.28 20.98 22.63 21.23 20.91
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
Table 4.10 Interaction effect of sowing date on Seed Yield (kg ha.') of four Castor cultivars
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan April June July Sep Mean
Aruna 1087 1182 1400 1750 1530 1310 1370
DCS-9 1220 1359 1581 1899 1817 1485 1560
GAUCH-1 1760 1861 2073 2464 2160 1957 2040
GCH-4 1954 2051 2313 2749 2445 2189 2280
Mean 1505 1613 1842 2204 1988 1735
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
GCH-4 sown during first week of June recorded 40 % higher seed yield than the
November sowing. Of all the interactions Aruna variety sown during in the first week of
November recorded the lowest seed yield of 1087 kg ha.'.
4.4 Harvest Index
The harvest index vaned sign~ficantly due to cultivars, sowing dates and
~nteraction. The harvest index ranged from 37.5 (GCH-4) to 33.6 (Aruna). There was 11
%increase in harvest index of GCH-4 than Aruna. June sowings recorded the highest
index of 36.5, which was 4 % higher than November sowings. June sown GCH-4
recorded 38.2 per cent harvest index, wh~ch was 9 % h~gher than thut of Aruna (35.0).
4.5 Heat units (GDD) accumulated at 50 % flowering and maturity
The data presented in table 4.12 ind~cated that the heat unlts accumulated by
various castor cultivars under different sowings to reach 50 % flowering and maturity.
Among the six dates, [November Is' week (Dl), January 1" week (D2), April 1" week
(D3), June Is' week (D4), July I" week (D5) and September 1" week (D6)] almost all the
castor cultivars required more heat units to attain 50 % tlowering and maturlty durlng
June I*' week of sowing. Both the cultivar GALICH-I and GCH-4 accumulated same
number of heat unlts (2978) to attain maturity in June I" week sowings. Least number of
heat units was accumulated by November I" week sowings.
Table 4.11 Interaction effect of sowing date on Harvest index of four Castor cultivars
Sowing Date Cultivars
Nov Jan Anril June July Sep Mean
Aruna 32.28 32.88 34.05 35.03 34.10 33.55 33.64
Mean 35.00 35.20 35.89 36.45 36.02 35.72
Cultivars Sowing Dates Cultivar x Sowing date
4.12 Accumulated Heat units (GDD) of four castor cultivars at 50 % flowering and
At SO % Flowering
Note: Flgures in parenthesis indicate the number of days.
EFFECT OF WATER AND NITROGEN ON CASTOR CULTIVARS
4.1 Growth parameters
4.1.1 Plant height at maturity
The plant height d~fferences due to cultivars, nltrogen levels and water regimes
were significant in the two years of study. Plant height ranged from 68 cm (DCS-9)
1081.8 cm (GCH-4). GCH-4 was 20 % taller than DCS-9 cult~var. The plant herght
Increased by about 4 W due to nitrogen fertillzatlon, whlle irrlgatlon had increased the
plant height by about 7 W. The two-way and the three-way interactions were found to be
significant in two years of study (Table No 4.13 - 4.15 & Fig 4.1 - 4.2). As conlpared to
DCS-9. GCH-4 recorded a mean plant helght of 85.3 cm under ~rrlgated cond~trons and
78.4 cm In rainfed conditions
Plants were 5 % taller when they received 60 kg N ha-' than when they rece~ved
10 kg N ha". At 60 kg N ha '. inigated castor recorded a mean plant height of 78.3 cm.
which was 6 70 taller than the ralnfed castor. Two years mean data indicated that the plant
height of GCH-4 at 10 kg N ha-' (84.1) was 19 % taller than DCS-9. GCH-4 at 60 kg N
h i 1 was 22 % taller than DCS-9. GCH-4 at 60 kg N ha-' was 6 % taller than 10 kg N ha.'.
From the three-way interaction, irrigated GCH-4 was 25 W taller with 60 kg N h i ' than
DCS-9, while ~t was 20 % taller at 10 kg N ha". Under rainfed condrt~ons the mean plant
height of GCH-4 was 19 % greater than DCS-9 at 60 kg N h i 1 .
4.1.2 LA1
The table no 4.16 - 4.18 & Fig 4.3 - 4.4 will represent the mean values of LAI.
There were significant differences in LA1 at 45 DAS due to cultivars, nrtrogen levels and
Table 4.13 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Plant height at
maturity (cm)
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 S.Ed.k CD (0.05)
1997-98 77.5 67.2 68.5 80.9 0.84 1.71
1998-99 79.2 68.8 69.1 82.7 0.82 1.66
Mean 78.4 68.0 68.8 81.8
Nitrogen Levels
Year
1997-98 71.5 75.1 0.63 1.53
1998-99 73.2 76.7 0.80 1.96
Mean 72.4 75.9
Water regimes
Year
1997-98 70.4 76.2 1.29 4.13
1998-99 72.3 77.5 0.13 0.40
Mean 71 4 76 9
Table 4.14 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Plant Height at maturity (cm)
- - -
N x W C x W Year
N1 N2 C1 C2 C3 C4
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
Table 4.15 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Plant Height at maturity (cm)
Table 4.16 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on LA1 at 45 DAS
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 %Ed.* CD (0.05)
1997-98 0.752 0.803 0.992 1.016 0.007 0.013
1998-99 0.749 0.802 0.992 1.017 0.007 0.013
Mem 0.751 0.803 0.992 1.017
Nitrogen Levels
Year
1997-98 0.872 0.909 0.004 0.009
1998-99 0.873 0.906 0.004 0.009
Mean 0.873 0.908
-
Water regimes
Year
1997-98 0.853 0.928 0.03 0.009
1998-99 0.877 0.903 0.02 0.006
Mean 0.873 0.908
Table 4.17 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on LA1 at 45 DAS
N x W C x W Year
N1 N2 C 1 C2 C3 C4
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
N1 0.704 0.792 0.983 1.008 0.704 0.734 0.985 1.01 1
N2 0.799 0.814 1.001 1.025 0.794 0.810 0.998 1.023
S.Ed.i C1) (0.05) S.Ed.+ CD (0.05)
N x C 0.008 0.017 0.009 0.018
Table 4.18 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on 1,AI at 45 DAS
Fig 4.4 LA1 as influenced by water regimes and nitrogen levels Kharif-1998
Rainfed castor at 10 Kg N /ha --CM t - 9 --h--GAXH 1 *GCH4
2-
Rainfed castor at 60 kg N I ha +Amma +DCS+ +WUCH 1 -GCH r
25.x
lrr~gated castor at 10 Kg N I ha -Arum +OCE9 - -CCrlUC%I -W(1
2 5 a
lrr~gated castor at 60 Kg N 1 ha -1-z - C L I C S $ - - C G A U C H t
5.x
water regime in two years of study. The mean LA1 at 45 DAS ranged from 1.017 (GCH-
4) to 0.751 (Aruna). LA1 increased by 4 % by nitrogen (60 Kg N ha ' ) application.
Irrigation increased the LA1 by -5 % over rainfed and recorded a mean LA1 of 0.916 in
two years of study.
The interaction effect between cultivars and water reglme was found significant in
both years of study. Rainfed GCH-4 recorded a mean LA1 of 0.978. which was 36 O/o
higher than Aruna. Under imgated conditions GCH-4 registered a mean LA1 of 1.054.
which was 34 'iZ higher than Aruna.
Significant nitrogen and water reglme interaction revealed that 60 kg N h i ' has
increased the mean LA1 of cultivars from 0.840 (10 kg N ha I ) by 3 C/o under rainfed
conditions and it is by 5 % under irrig~ted condit~ons. Nitrogen and cultivars ~nteract~on
was also significant. GCH-4 registered 43 'iZ increase In mean LA1 than Aruna at 10 kg N
ha'' while it was 27 % ~ncrease at 60 kg N ha I . Interaction effect of water reglme,
n~trogen levels and cultivars were also found to be significant. Under irrigated conditions
GCH-4 at 60 kg N ha.' recorded mean LA1 of 1 053, which was 27 % hlgher than Aruna.
ahile it was 42 % higher under rainfed conditions.
The table 4.19 - 4.21 will represent the LA1 at 105 DAS. There were significant
d~fferences in LA1 at 105 DAS due to cultivars, nitrogen levels and water regimes in the
two years. Mean for two years ranged from1.726 (Aruna) to 2.080 (GCH-4). There was
18 % increase in LA1 by nltrogen application. Irrigation Increased the LA1 from 1.888
(rainfed) to 1.953. The signlflcant interaction between cultlvars and water reglmes
Indicated that irrigated GCH-4 LA1 was 20 % higher mean LA1 than Aruna. Irrigated
cultlvars at 60 kg N ha.' recorded 18.5 % more mean LA1 than at 10 kg N ha"
~ h e Interaction effect between cultlvars and nrtrogen levels was also s l gn~ l i ca~~ t . At 60 kg
$ ha GCH-4 recorded 19 C/c niore medn LA1 than at 10 l g N h;~ Tlic three-way
lnrcractlon u,as also s~gn~ticant. Irngdted GCH-4 at 60 kg N Iia rccorded 2.292 111e;111
LA!, w l ~ ~ c h bas 18 a, hlgher than at 10 kg N ha I. KOIIIIC~ (i(.H-4 i ~ t 60 kg N li,~
recorded 22 '7r h~gher mean LA1 than 31 10 kg N 113 I.
4.1.3 Total above ground drymatter pruduction
Table 4.22 - 4.24 rndrcatcs the dat;~ for to 1ota1 d1.y ~iiatter product~o~i dt 45 I)i\S.
( i( 'H-4 recorded mean drymaner o f 78.4 g111'. which %;IS 17 ( X liiglicr tho11 Aruria.
Silnrgen nppl~cnt~on lncrcased the dry~iiatrer korn 70.0 g I" ' I I 0 kg N 113 '1 10 75.1 g 111 ' 160 kg N ha ' ) lrrlgdtlon had ~ncreased the meall drymatter hy 6 '8 over rarlilcd.
Slgnif~cant cultlvar and water reglme lntcractron ~ndlcalcd th;lt rnlnfcd (;('H-4
hdd 15.5 '2 111gher dry niattcr than Aruna. Wlth irrrgat~ori (;('I!-4 Ihad 16 %) IIIOI~ dry
nhdttcr than Aruna At 60 kg N ha ' irrigated cultlvar.; recorded 7 1 morc dry riiallcr Illan
ralnfed. At 60 kg N ha ' <iCl l-4 recorded 111e,111 dry matter o f 84 gnl ', wlrlcli wah XS '#
highcr thali at 10 kg N lia I.
Cultlvars, nltrogen levels and watcr reglme Intcractlon was alho r ~ g n ~ f ~ c a ~ i l .
lrrlgnted GCH-4 at 60 kg N ha recorded h~ghest drymatter of'X2.50 g ni '. wlhlch was 14
1 hlgher than Aruna Ralnfed GCH-4 at 60 kg N ha ' recorded I 3 'i: hlgllcr dry matter
than Aruna the lowest ylelder.
Table 4.25 - 4.27 Indicates the dry matter data at 105 DAS. The differences
between cultivars, nltrogen levels and water reglmes were s~gmficant. GCH-4 rccorded
the highest (2 years) dry matter o f 324 g m.', whlch was 32 Q hlgher than the lowes~
Table 4.19 Effect of Water reginies, nitrogel1 levels alld culli\urs 011 I ,Al at IUS I).\S
Nitrogen 1.c.vc.l~
Year
\Vater reginies
Year
Tuble 4.20 interaction effects of water reginles, l~itrogen l e~e l s and cultivurs OII 1..\1 at 105 DAS
- N x l V C \ \V
l ear
Nitrogen levelr x Cullivurs (NxCI Year
1997-98 1998-06)
C1 CZ C3 C'l CI CZ C3 C'l
Table 4.21 Isteraction effect of snter regimes, ~ ~ i t r o g e n levels and c~lltivurs 011 1,Al at I 0 5 DAS
Table 4.22 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on total above
ground drymatter production at 45 D A S (-gm")
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 S . E d . i CD (0.05)
Nitrogen 1,evels
Year
Water regimes
Year
Table 4.23 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on total above ground drymatter production at 45 DAS (gm")
N x W C x W Year
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) K ear
1997-98 1998-99
N1 64.6 70.0 74.6 77.6 62.9 68.4 72.8 75.5
N2 70.7 72.4 77.8 80.5 68.0 69.3 76.0 79.4
S.Ed.i CD (0.05) S.Ed.i CD (0.05)
N x C 2.22 4.57 2.12 4.35
Table 2.24 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on total above ground drymatter production a t 45 [)AS (gm")
Table 4.25 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on total above ground drymatter production at 105 DAS (gm.2)
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 %Ed.* CD (0.05)
Nitrogen 1,evels
Year
Water regimes
Year
Table 4.26 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitro en levels and cultivars on total .! above ground drymatter productio~~ at 105 DAS (gm )
N x W C x W Year
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
N l 233.0 274.0 291.0 315.0 216.0 257.0 272.0 295.0
N2 274.0 307.0 336.0 353.0 255.0 286.0 315.0 332.0
S.Ed.i CD (0.05) S.Ed.i CD (0.05)
N x C 2.94 5.94 2.85 5.75
Table 4.27 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitro en levels and cultivars on total 5 above ground drymatter production at 105 DAS (gm' )
y~elder Aruna (244 gm.2). Nitrogen increased the mean dry matter from 269.0 g m.' ( N I )
to 307 g m.' (N1). Irrigation significantly increased the dry matter hy I I 9, more than
rainfed.
Cultivar and water reg~me interaction showed that, irrigated GCH-4 recorded 10
% higher than rainfed. Irrigated castor with 60 kg N ha-' recorded 11 % more In dry
matter than the rainfed castor. Significant interaction effect of n~trogen levels and
cult~vars ind~cated that GCH-4 w ~ t h 60 Kg ha-' registered highest mean dry matter (343
gm') which was 12 % higher than GCH-4 with 10 kg r ha-'. The Interaction effect of
cultivars, n~trogen levels and water reg~me ind~cated that irrigated GCH-4 with 60 kg N
h i ' recorded mean dry matter of 359 g m-", which was 11 % higher than 10 kg N h i 1 .
Under rainfed conditions GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha.' recorded 12 9 htgher dry matter than
at 10 kg N h a ' .
4.2 YIELD COMPONENTS
4.2.1 Main spike length
The data on the mean maln spike length is presented in table 4.28 -
4.30. The main spike length differed s~gnificantly due to cultivars, n~trogen and water
levels. Two yems mean s p ~ k e length ranged from 29.7 cm (GCH-4) to 24.3 cm (Arunaj.
GCH-4 recorded 22 % increase in s p ~ k e length than Aruna. 60 kg ha" recorded 30.0 cm
of main spike length, which was 26 % higher than 10 kg N ha?. Irrigation significantly
increased spike length by about 7 % over the rainfed castor.
Cultivars and water regimes ~nteraction was found to be sign~ficant.
Two years mean main spike length of GCH-4 was 25 % higher than Aruna under ra~nfed
conditions, but it was only 20 B higher under irrigated conditions. Irrigated GCH-4
Table 4.28 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Main spike length (cm)
Cultivars Year
CI c: C3 C4 S.Ed.i CD (0.05)
Mean 24.3 26.3 27.1 29.7
Nitrogen Levels Year
NI N: S.Ed.i CD (0.05)
Water regimes Year
Table 4.29 Interaction effects of rater regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Main Spike Length (cni)
N x W C x W Year
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
C, C2 C3 C4 C, C2 C3 C4
Table 4.30 lnleraction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Main Spike Length (cm)
recorded mean main spike length of 30.5 cm, which was 4.5 % h~gher than Aruna.
N~trogen levels and water regime interaction were also significant. At 60 kg N ha.'
irrigated castor recorded mean spike length of 31.2 cm, which was 7.5 7~ higher than
rainfed castor.
Significant interaction was observed between nitrogen levels and
cultivars. At 10 kg N ha", there was 20 % increase in mean spike length of GCH-4 than
Aruna, while at 60 g N ha" it was 23 %. GCH-4 recorded mean s p ~ k e length of 31.7 cm
at 60 kg N ha.', which was 27 8) higher than 10 kg N ha.'. Interaction effect of cultivars,
nltrogen levels and water reglme was also significant. Two years mean maln spike length
of irrigated GCH-4 at 60 kg N ha.', was 34 cm. which was 25 W higher than Aruna.
4.2.2 Spikes per plant
The data regarding the number of spikes per plant is presented in the table 4.31 -
4.33. The number of spikes per plant differed s~gnificantly due to cultivars, nitrogen
levels and water levels. Two years mean number of spikes per plant ranged from 6.0
(Aruna) to 6.3 (GCH-4). With 60 kg N ha" there was mean spikes of 6.4, compared with
only 5.9 at 10 kg N ha.'. Nitrogen application increased the spikes by about 8 %
compared 10 kg N ha.'. Irrigation resulted in 6.6 spikes per plant compared with rainfed
condition. Irrigated castor recorded 15 7% more number of s p ~ k e s per plant than ramfed
conditions.
Irrigated GCH-4 resulted in 6.8 mean spikes per plant, but only 5.7 under rainfed
conditions. GCH-4 had 6.4 mean spikes at 60 kg N ha" and 5.8 spikes at I 0 kg N ha".
Table 4.31 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Spikes per plant
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 S.Ed.f CD (0.05)
Nitrogen Levels
Year
Water regimes
Year
Mean 5.7 6.6
Table 4.32 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on spikes per plant
N x W C x W Year
N1 N2 C1 C2 C3 C4
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
N 1 5.7 6.3 5.8 6.1 5.5 5.9 5.6 5.8
N2 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.8 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.4
S.Ed.lt CD (0.05) S.Ed.* CD (0.05)
N x C 0.14 NS 0.14 NS
Table 4.33 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on spikes per plant
The interaction of water regimes and nitrogen levels was significant in two years of
experimentation.
Irrigated cultivars at 60 kg N ha" had 7.0 spikes per plant which was 19 70 higher
than 10 kg N ha" There was 12 8 increase in spikes per plant under irrigated conditions
at 6 0 kg N h i ' compared with 10 kg N ha.', while the increase was only 4 Oh under
rainfed conditions.
Two years mean data indicated that under irrigated cond~tions the spikes per plant
ranged from 6.1 ( N I C I ) to 7.3 ( N z C ~ ) , while under ramfed conditions it ranged from 5.2
( N I C I ) to 5.9 (N2C4), The number of spikes on a plant was s~milar in both years of study,
regardless of whether it was rainfed or irrigated crop.
4.2.3 Capsules per Spike
The data on the mean capsules per spike are presented in table 4.34 -
4.36. The differences in the capsules per spike due to water, nltrogen and cultivars were
significant. Significantly h~gher number of capsules per spike was produced by C4 over
the other cultivars. Max~mum number of capsules per spike 1.e. 24.4 (1997) and 22.6
(1998) was registered at 60 kg N ha.', and were found to be significantly higher than 10
kg N ha".
Table 4.34 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Capsules per Spike
Cultivars Year
CI c z C3 C4 S.Ed.? CD (0.05)
Nitrogen Levels Year
Mcan 20.9 23.5
Water regimes Year -
Mean 20.0 23.3
Table 4.35 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Capsules per Spike
Year
N x W
1998-99
\V , \V2
N x W
N x W C x W
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
C, C2 C3 C4 Cl C2 C3 C4
N x C 0.40 0.81 0.38 0.77
Table 4.36 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivnrs on Capsules per Spike
The interaction effect between cultivars and water regimes was found sign~ficant in two
years of study. Maximum number of capsules per spike i.e.. 23.9 (1997) and 25.0 (1998)
was recorded by treatment combination WzC4. Water regimes and nitrogen levels
Interaction was also found significant in both years. W2N2 treatment con~b~nalion
recorded the h~ghest number of capsules per spike i.e.. 25.1 (1997) and 23.2 (1998).
The interaction effect of cultivars and nitrogen levels was significant
In both years. NzC? recorded the max!mum number of capsules per spike of 26.1 dur~ng
1997 and 24.5 during 1998 study.The interaction effect of water regimes. nitrogen levels
and cultlvars were significant in the both years of study, but the treatment GCH-4 at 60
kg N ha-' under irrlgoted cond~tion gave the highest number of capsules per spike.
4.2.4 100 Seed Weight (g)
Data on 100 seed-weight are presented in table 4.37 - 4.39. Differences in 100 seed
we~ght due to cultivars, nitrogen levels were s~gnificant in both years of study except due
to water regime. Among the different cultivars, GCH-4 recorded max~~nutn 100 seed
weight over the other cultivars. Maximum 100 seed weight of 23.9 g (1997) and 23.1 g
(1998) was recorded at 60 kg N ha.' and were found significantly higher than 10 g N ha ' .
The interact~on effect, between cultivars and water regimes was found
significant in both years. Maximum 100 seed weight of 26.8 g (1997) and 25.4 g (1998)
was recorded by WzC4. The interaction effect of nitrogen levels and water regimes was
also s~gnificant in both years of study. Max~mum 100 seed weight of 24.7 g (1997) and
23.7 g (1998) was recorded by W2N2.
Table 4.37 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivurs on 100 Seed Weight (grams)
Cultivars Year
CI Cz C3 C4 S.Ed.t CD (0.05)
Nitrogen Levels Year
Water regimes Year -
WI M'z S.Ed.+ CD (0.05)
1997-98 22.8 24.2 28.51 IVS
Table 4.38 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on 100 Seed-weight (grams)
N x I V C x W Year
NI Nz CI Cz C 3 C4
1997-98
WI 22.5 23.2 20.1 23.2 23.3 24.6
W2 23.8 24.7 21.3 24.3 24.5 26.8
S.Ed.t CD (0.05) S.1ld.k CD (0.05)
0.07 0.17 0.41 0.84
1998-99
IV, 21.7 22.4 19.5 22.5 22.5 23.6
\V> 22.7 23.7 20.4 23.5 23.6 25.4
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
C1 C2 C3 C4 C, C2 C3 C4
Table 4.39 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on 100 Seed-weight (grams)
'Tahle 4.40 Effect of water regimes, l~itrogr~l levels and cultivars 011 Seed Yield (kg 11a.9
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 S.Ed.t CD (0.05)
Nitrugen Levels
Year
1997-98 1370 1510 7.00 17.10
1998-99 l I00 1300 2.90 7.20
Mean 1230 1400
Water regimes
Year
Table 4.41 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels slid cultivars on Seed yield (kg ha")
N x W C x W Year
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997.98 1998-99
Table 4.42 l~lteraction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Seed Yield (kg ha.')
The interaction effect of cultivars and nitrogen levels was also
significant in both years of study (table). C2 and C i were on par with each other at bolh
levels of nitrogen. NZCI recorded maxlmum 100 seed weight of 26.0 g durlng flrst year
and 25.1 g during second year of study. WZN~CI recorded n mean 100 seed weight of
27.0 g (1997) and 25.9 g (1998).
4.3 Seed Yield
Data on seed yield was presented In table 4.40 - 4.42. Significant d~fference was
observed due to cultivars, nitrogen levels md water regimes on seed yield. The mean
seed y~eld ranged from 1055 kg he'' (Aruna) to1660 kg h i 1 (OCH-4). Nitrogen (60 kg N
ha.') application increased the seed yield by 14 %compared to that with 10 kg N ha.'.
Irr~gation increased castor seed yield by 32 W co~nparcd with rainfed crop.
Inleract~on effect of cul~ivars and water reglmes was s~gnificant. llnder ramled
cond~tions highest yielder GCH-4 recorded 58 W more mean seed yield than Aruna,
while ~t was 68 W under migated cond~tions. Seed y~eld of irr~gated GCH-4 was 1930 kg
ha.', which was 38 9c higher than ramfed GCH-4.
Significant interaction between nitrogen and water regimes ind~cated that, seed
yield of irrigated castor cultivars was increased by 16 W with 60 kg N ha" than at 10 kg
N ha.', while it was only 10 W under rainfed cond~tions. GCH-4 yielded 72 %, higher than
Aruna at 10 kg N ha-I. At 60 kg N ha-' GCH-4 had 56 % more yield than Aruna. The
cultivar, nitrogen level and water regime interaction was also significant. Under irrigated
Table 4.43 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Stalk yield (kg ha")
Cultivars
Year
C I C2 C3 C4 S.Ed.+ CU (0.05)
Nitrogel1 Levels
Year
- -
Water reginies
Yrar
1997-98 1650 2080 7.10 22.60
1998-99 1630 1880 4.30 13.70
Mean 1640 1980
Table 4.44 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cullivars on Stalk yield (kg ha")
N x W C x W Year
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) Year
1997-98 1998-99
C1 CZ C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
N 1 1590 1670 1850 2030 1440 1590 1800 1940
N2 1790 1820 2070 2080 1620 1710 1940 2020
S.Ed._t C D (0.05) S.Ed.f CD (0.05)
N x C 15.20 30.90 12.80 25.90
Table 4.45 Interaction effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivnrs on Stalk Yield (kg ha")
conditions GCH-4 recorded a mean seed yield of 2050 kg ha.', w h ~ c h was 6 0 Ph hlgher
than Aruna. Irrigated GCH-4 at 6 0 kg N h a 1 had 14 70 higher seed yleld than II( i0 kg N
h i 1 . The two years mean seed yleld of rainfed GCH-4 at 6 0 kg N ha-' was 6 % higher
than 10 kg N ha".
4.4 Slalk Yield
The dale pertaining to stalk yield is presented in table 4.43 - 4.45. The differences
due to cultivar, nitrogen levels and water regi~ne were all significant. Stalk yield ranged
froni 1610 kg ha-' (Aruna) to 2020 kg ha" (GCH-4). Nitrogen fert~lizer increased the
stalk yield by 8 % in the two ycars of the study, lrr~gation increased stalk yleld by about
20 %, over rainfcd condltlon and recorded mean stalk yield of 1985 kg h i 1 .
The interect~on between cultivars and water regime was significant in both years
of study. Under ramfed cond~tions. GCH-4 recorded a mean stalk yleld of 1810 kg ha I ,
w h ~ c h was 24 % higher than Aruna, Irrigated GCH-4 recorded 26 rh more meal1 stalk
y ~ e l d than Aruna. Irrigated GCH-4 recorded 24 % Increase in stalk yield over the
rainfed ones.
Nltrogen and water levels interaction revealed that 60 kg N h i 1 had greater stalk
yleld than w ~ t h 10 kg N h a 1 under ruinfed condit~ons, and the difference was I I %' under
irrigated conditions.
The interaction between nitrogen levels and cultivars interaction was also
significant. GCH-4 had 30 % greater mean stalk yield than Aruna when I 0 kg N h i ' was
applied, while it was 20 % greater at 60 kg N ha.'. The interaction effect of water regime,
nitrogen levels and cultivars were also stgnificant. Under irrigeted conditions GCH-4 at
Table 4.46 Effect of water regin~es, nitrogen levels and cultivnrs on Harvest Index ( % I
Cultivars
Year
1997-98 39.7 40.7 44.9 46.6 0.20 0.41
1998-99 37.1 38.1 42.0 43.1 0.18 0.38
Mean 38.4 39.4 43.5 44.9
Nitroge~~ Levels
Year
1997-98 42.7 43.3 0.11 0.27
1998-99 38.8 41.1 0.03 0.08
Mean 40.8 42.2
Water regimes
Year
1997-98 42.0 44.0 0.08 0.27
1998-99 39.0 41.1 0.07 2.21
Mean 40.5 42.6
Table 4.47 Interaction effects of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Harvest Index (%)
N x W C x W Year
Nitrogen levels x Cultivars (NxC) I ear
1997-98 1998-99
NI 39.0 40.5 45.1 46.1 35.9 37.2 41.2 41.8
N2 40.6 40.8 44.8 47.1 38.2 39.0 42.9 44.4
S.Ed.i: CD (0.05) S.Ed.?: C D (0.05)
N x C 0.27 0.54 C x W 0.23 0.46
Table 4.48 Interaction effect of water regin~es, nitrogen levels and cultivars OII
Harvest Index (%)
60 kg N ha-' recorded the highest mean stalk yield of 2300 kg h i 1 . which was 22 Cir
lhlgher than Aruna, while it was 17 % higher than under ralnfed conditions.
4.5 Harvest Index
D~fferences in harvest index occurred between cultivars, nitrogen levels and water
regime. Within the cultivars, the maximum harvest index of 44.9 was in GCH-4. The
harvest index ~ncreased significantly with lncreas~ng nitrogen. The rnnxlrnum harvest
~ n d e x of 42.2 with 60 kg N ha? was slgnificwtly superior lo harvest indcx w ~ l h I0 kg N
ha.'. All the two way and three way interactions were significant in two years of
experimentation.
The interact~on effect of cultivars, nltrogen levels and water reglmes were also
s~gtiificant (tahle 4.46 -4.48). Maximum harvest index of 48 4 (1997) md 45.9 (1998)
was recorded by migated GCH-4 at 60 kg N h i 1 .
4.6 Quality parameters
4.6.1 Oil content (%)
Data penainlng to oil content of castor seed was presented In tablc 4.49. There
was no s~gnificant d~fference in oil content due to cultivars, nitrogen levels and water
regimes. Mean oil content for cultlvars ranged from 48.3 5% (GCH-4) to 45.7 % (DCS-9)
In the two years of the study. 60 kg N ha.'recorded the mean oil content of 47.7 '70, while
~t was only 47.0 % at 10 kg N ha.'. Irrigated castor recorded the mean 011 content of 47.8
per cent.
4.6.2 Protein content (%)
Table 4.49 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Oil content (%)
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 S.Ed.f CD (0.05)
Nitrogen Levels
Year
1997-98 47 9 48.7 0.29 NS
1998-99 46.2 46.8 0.24 h'S
Mcsn 47.0 47.7
Water regimes
Year
Table 4.50 Effect of water regimes, nitrogen levels and cultivars on Protein contellt (70)
Cultivars
Year
C1 C2 C3 C4 S.Ed.t CD (0.05)
Nitrogen Levels
Year
1997-98 31.5 31.2 1.18 5.07
1998-99 30.1 30.7 1.80 7.76
Mean 30.8 31.0
-- -
Water regimes
Year
W1 W2 S.Ed.t CD (0.05)
1997-98 31.2 31.6 0.03 0.33
1998-99 28.7 32.1 0.55 7.05
Mean 30.0 31.8
Data regarding the protein content of castor seeds was presented in table 4.50. In
both years, differences due to cultivms, nitrogen levels and water regimes were non-
significant. Mean (2 years) protein content of the cultivars ranged frotn 32.0 (GAIJCH-I)
to 30.0 (DCS-9). The mean protein content of cultivars ranged from 31.0 (60 kg N ha")
to 30.8 (10 kg N ha") Irrigated castor recorded a mean protein content of 31.8. wll~le 11
was only 29.9 under rainfed conditions.
4 7 Nutrient uptake
Uptake of nutrients by Leaf
The differences in nutricnt uptake by leaf due to water regimes, nllrogen levels
and cultivars were non-significant. The nutrtent uptake by leaf at 30, 60,90. 120 DAS
and at harvest are presented In the figure .As the crop grows the uplake of nutrients
increased up to 90 DAS, thereafter the nutrient content of leaf decreased.
1997-98 Kharif
Under irngared cond~tions, at harvest nutrient uptake by leaf was only 7.0 kg N
ha'', 0.71 kg P ha-' and 3.14 kg K ha". At 60 kg N level the uptake was 6.78 kg N ha ', P
was 0.63 kg ha.'and 2.89 kg K ha-'of polash. GCH-4 recorded only 6.97 kg N h i 1 . 0.66
kg P ha" and 3.48 kg K ha".
1998-99 Kharif
Fig 4.5 Uptake of nitrogen by castor cultivars Kharif-1997
Nitrogen-upJake by Aruna [ i i l s t e m - - - - - tears sl,
--- ~ - -
...............
0
OA3 I 1 l,"l"o.l
~~ ..... -- -~
Nitrogen uptake by DCS-9 -~ ~ p;-iyern 1::: - - ~ a i & stom TO!^!,
............
Nitrogen uptake by GCH-4- E- - - - ~ e r l s stem Talrl] .... - ..
......... ._..
e m - - - - - : r - -
a"
Fig 4.6 Uptake of nitrogen by castor cultivars Kharif-1998
Nitrogen uptake by Aruna +st.". &Leal s stern -To,.,
Nitrogen uptake by DCS-9
Nitrogen uptake by GAUCH-I t . t . m -La., (L stem +TOl.l
Nitrogen uptake by GCH-4 t . , . m .-.--Lea,& stam +Total
Fig 4.7 Uptake of phosphorus by castor cultivars Kharif-1997
Phosphorus uptake by Aruna - C . l . r n +L..l&SI.rn +TO,.,
Phosphorus uptake by DCS-9 +.I.", --CL..,bSI.rn +To,.,
Phosphorus uptake by GAUCH-1 +arm --CL.alL S I r n +TOIS#
Phosphorus uptake by GCH-4 *stern + ~ s d d stern +Total
Fig 4.8 Uptake of phosphorus by castor cultivars Kharif-1998
Phosphorus uptake by Aruna
Phosphorus uptake by DCS-9 +$$em +Loel8 S1em 4 T o f a l
Phosphorus uptake by GAUCH-1
-$Ism -Leal& S s m 4 T a l a l
Phosphorus uptake by GCH-4 - C . , . m +Led l Slam +To!sl
Fig 4.10 Uptake of potash by castor cultivars Kharif-1998
Potash uptake by Aruna +*cam -a-~eaf& stem -A-~otal
Potash uptake by DCS-9 +.,em +Lo.,& s1.m &Tola,
Potash uptake by GAUCH-1 +,lorn +Leaf& Stom +Total
Potash uptake by GCH-4 +stem + ~ s a ! d . Stem &Total
The irrigated castor recorded an uptake of 4.87 kg N h i ' . 0.45 kg P ha" and 1.81
kg K ha.', while 60 kg N level recorded 5.0 kg N ha.', 0.45 kg P h i ' and 1.81 kg K ha ' .
Out of all the cultivars, GCH-4 recorded the maximum amount of nutrient uptake is . ,
5.29 kg N ha", 0.59 kg P ha.' and 1.97 kg K ha-'.
Uptake of nutrients by Stem
The nutnent uptake by stem is presented in the Fig 4.5 - 4.10 .The nutrlent uptake
by stem at various stages of crop growth was non-significant due to water regimes,
nltrogen levels and cultivars. Similar to that of uptake of nutrients by leaf, the nutrient
uptake by stem also increased with growth up to 90 DAS. Later, as the crop reaches
maturlty the uptake decreased.
1997 Kharif
At harvest the irrigated castor recorded uptke of 8.35 kg N ha-', 1.90 kg P ha.'
and 12.96 kg K ha.'. As compared to 10 kg N ha.'level, 60 kg N ha-'level recorded
maximum uptake i.e., 7.98 kg N ha.', 1.61 kg P ha-'and 11.94 kg K ha". Out of four
cultivars tested GCH-4 recorded the highest amount of uptake of 9.65 kg N ha.', 1.67 kg
P ha-'and 15.87 kg K ha.' at harvest.
1998 Kharif
In Kharif1998 experimentation, an uptake of about 5.15 kg N ha". 1.57 kg P ha-' and 8.9
kg K ha'' was recorded by irrigated castor. The 60 kg N ha" level recorded the highest
amount of nutrient uptake than 10 kg N ha"level. Highest yielder GCH-4 recorded 7.05
kg N ha.', 1.59 kg P ha.' and 10.42 kg K h i ' .
Uptake of nutrients by the Spike
The N, P and K uptake by the spike at 90. 120 DAS and at harvest were presented in the
Fig4.5 -4 .10 . As the crop approached maturity the uptake of nutrients increased in the
spike. W~th regard to the uptake of nutrients by sp~ke, only the cult~vars differed
significantly.
1997 kharif
Irrigated castor recorded 45.6 kg of nitrogen uptake per hectare, 9.33 kg of 'P' per
hectareand 15.7 kg K per hectare at harvest. With increase in nitrogen appltcat~on thcre
was improvement i n the uptake of nutrients. At harvest N60 level recorded 46.4 kg of
nitrogen uptake, 9.4 kg of P and 15.7 kg of K uptake. GCH-4 recorded the highest
nitrogen uptake of 47.5 kg ha-' than the other cultivars and 9.74 kg of P and 19.2 kg of K.
1998-99 Kharij
At harvest irrigated castor recorded 48 kg of nitrogen uptake, 8.16 kg of
phosphorus uptake and 16.8 kg potash uptake per hectare. N60 recorded the nitrogen
uptake of 29.45 kg, 6.63 kg P and 17.41 kg of potash. At harvest GCH-4 recorded highest
nitrogen uptake of 48.lkg ha', which was 20 % htgher than Aruna, the lowest
yielder.7.31 kg of P uptake was registered by GCH-4 at harvest and was 28 % higher than
Aruna. The highest yielder GCH-4 recorded 18.29 kg ha-' uptake of potash at harvest.
while Aruna recorded 15.47 kg of uptake only.
4.7 Heat units (GDD) accumulated by various treatments a t 50 % flowering and
maturity of khorif experiment
The data presented in table 4.51 - 4.52 reveals the growing degree days required
for 50 % flowering and maturity by various treatments. Overall data indicated that
Table 4.51 Heat units (GDD) accumulated by various treatments at 50 % flowering
and maturity of khnrifexperiment.1997
Maturity
/Treatments I W I N l / W I N 2 1 WzNl I WIN?
50 70 Flowering
Treatments W I N , W I N 2 1 WzNl 1 W2N2
Table 4.52 Heat units (GDD) accumulated by various treatments at 50 Q flowering
and maturity of kharifexperiment-1998
Maturity
I Treatments 1 WIN1 ( W,N2 i W:N, I W?N?
Flowering
Note: F~gures In paretlthesls itid~cate the number u t days.
Treatments
CI
c z
c3
W I N l
1121 (69)
1029 (63)
1208 (75)
1179 (73)
W I N z
1179 (63)
1058 (64)
1255 (78)
1223 (76)
WZNI
1149 (64)
1043 (64)
1194 (74)
1179 (73)
WzN:
1074 (66)
1149 (70)
1254 (78)
1223 (76)
irrigated treatments accumulated more number of heat units than rainfed one. Out of the
two levels of nitrogen 60 kg N ha.' accumulated higher GDD to attam 50 % flowering or
maturity. Best yielder GCH-4, under irrigated conditions with 60 kg N ha.' accumulated
1262 GDD to attain 50 % flowering and 3023 GDD to reach maturity in 1997 kharif'and
1223 (50 % flowering) and 2664 (maturity) In 1998 kharfexpenments.
4.9 Peak Radiation use efficiency of castor cultivars recorded by different
treatments during its crop growth
The data in table 4.53 reveels that the maximum RUE recorded by 1997 kharifwas more
than that of 1998 kharif'trial. Maximum dose of nitrogen (60 Kg N ha?) recorded higher
values of RUE in almost all cultivars both in rainfed and irrigated treatments in two years
of experimentation. When compared to rainfed ones, irrigated castor recorded the highest
RUE in both years of study. In 1997 the GAUCH-I cult~var recorded the highest RlJE of
1.130, while it was 0.499 in 1998 indicating the most favorable conditions in kl1arf1997
season.
The slope of the relationship between biomass accumulation and intercepted radiat~on
gives the RUE, which was represented graphically from Fig4.11 -4.18.
Table 4.53 Peak radiation use efficiency of castor cultivars recorded by different treatments during its crop growth
FIG 4.41 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
RUE of WIN,Ci-97 1 QMJ.' )
1258 5506 1 1 9 8 2237 3397 4 7 2 6 511 4 631 8 6 9 0 2 8055
Intercepted redletion 1 MJm-2 )
RUE o fWIN IC2 97 ( gMJ ' 1 350 00 -- 300 00
E 250 00
200 00
2 15000
m 100 00
50 00
0 00 17 / 72 77 57 172 5 319 5 466 4 564 4 676 7 798 6 899 9 1040
Intercepted radlallon ( MJm 2 )
RUE of WlNlC3-97 1 (IMJ' 1 350 00
300 00
250 00
200 00
15000
10000
50 DO
0 00 1 6 6 /,-"- 7 2 5 160 311 484 633 738 797 848 926 1013 1127
Intercopled rsdlaflon ( MJm 2 1
RUE of WlNIC4-87 (0MJ' )
3 * h~C&eh%h22 ~ ~ ~ ~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ r ) ~ , ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ B ~ ~ , ~ 0 1 ~ ~
Intercepted redlaflon 1 MJm-2)
FIG 4.12 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
303 00 RUE of WlNlCl-98 ( gMJ' )
RUE ofWlN1CZ-98 ( gMJ' )
RUE of WlN IC 3-98 ( ~ M J " )
100 00 RUE of W1N1C 4-98 ( ~ M J ' )
;; 150 I W DO W ,,,,--
S O W
0 W
Intercepted rMlatlm I MJm-2 )
FIG 4.13 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
RUE Of WZN(C1-97 (9M-I' I
350 W
l 8 S l 81 63 1791 3334 1226 670 8 2 2 8 8686 1095 ,282 lnlarcepled radlstlon < MJm 2 1
RUE of WZNIC4-07 (gM.).' 1
.qe p.'%*%G'%9&* ( ~ 0 * , ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ & ~ $o,~z*,+ee .eeb Internepled radmtlon ( MJm 2 )
FIG 4.34 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
RUE Of WtN2CT-97 (aMd ' ) 350 00
15000
700 W
50 00
0 00 5i 2084 / 91 88 1958 - 2 2 533 1 6871 8173 9391 1016 1222
Intorsepfed radmelion ( MJm 2 1
RUE ol W1N2C2-II7 ( OM,' I
RUE I IW(NZC3 91 ( .MJ' )
4W 00
g ! gE/ , W O O
50 W
0 W
4 0 4 3 9 103 241 384 518 817 692 100 IlOe 1031 1ZOB
Intercepted radiallon ( MJm 2 1
FIG 4.15 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
RUE of W2NlCl-98 ( gMJ' )
--
50 00
5 76 7 5 2 s 1563 281 6 438 3 5 8 0 2 7465 898 7 1034 1296
lnterccplad radlallon ( MJm.2 I
2708 1392 187 3085 4456 593 3 7 6 2 8 8959 9986 1142
Intercepted redlallon ( MJm 2 I
4 W W RUE of W2NlC4-98 ( 9MJ ' I
350 00 - 300,
S 250 W
1 :2: TWO0
50 W
OW ,b*-44e*,(\2" r 28" 'Pdp~b29~9DeeeeDDeo,PD~~D.~hh.8',?.~ee~3-
~nlsrcspfed rsdlnlia I MJm 2 I
FIG 4.16 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
RUE of WZN2C1-98 ( S M ~ - ' ) 350 00
RUE of W2N2C2-98 ( gMJ'' ) 4WOO
RUE of W2NZC3-98 ( gMJ ' ) 400 00
350 00
" 30000
,5000 g 2WOO
75000 . 10000
50 00
0 00 21 r 4 109 216 358 548 134 905 1051 1198 1343 1504 $730
Inl*rsspted rrdlatlon t MJm 2 >
RUE of WZN2C4-98 ( gMJ ' ) 450 00
FIG 4.17 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
RUE olW2N1C1-97 (OM,' 1
RUE Of WIN2C1.97 ( gM2 ' ) 4W 00
1172 8 4 4 2 131 9 2 - 4 1 322 4 3 8 6 571 7 Be05 708 1 4 8 8
lnlersspfsd radiation 1 MJm-2 1
RUE of W2NIC1-91( OMJ' I 150 00
FlG4.18 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
350 W RUE of WIN2Cl-98 ( gMJ1 )
RUE of W1N2CZ-98 ( gMJ' ) 350 W
- room 50 00
O W
RUE of WlNZC3-98 ( gMJ ' )
-- E 250 W
too 00
50 00
0 00 8 5 6 6821 1 4 7 9 1 0 5 9 1 9 8 4 6 8 9 7 894 1088 l l O B 1485 1652 1889
~nterscpted radsatbon ( MJm.2 I
1W 00 RUE of WlN2C4-98 ( ~ M J ' )
Fig 4.20 Partitioning of above ground drymatter Kharif-1998
Rainfed Aruna at 10 kg N ha ' -stern DM t L ~ . l b Srtm DM -7- OM - m I
- -
Ramfed DCS-9 at 10 kg N ha' t S I ~ r n 0 U - C L e s 1 & S l a n D H +Tow# DU
Ramfed GAUCH-1 at 10 kg N ha ' Ralnfed GCH4atlO kg N ha'
-5- W t l e P l l Stem DY -To?* DM t S 1 E r n D U -Lea, & St- OM &Tola# DM
5 r Z Y I M
i z n m
I S
Ll m w m
o m
Fig 4.20 Partitioning of above ground drymatter Kharif-I998
Rainfed Apna at 10 kg N ha ' - t S m r n DY - - C L e * L S t n OU -ToW DY
mm - Rainfed DCS-9at 10 kg N ha' -5wm W t i . d t ElrmOU +TOW Ou
Ralnfed GAUCH-1 at 10 kg N ha ' Rainfed GCH-4 at10 kg N ha ' - +sari ar -c..rs 5,n.n ar t T r u rn -51.m OU &Lmal& Stern DY - C T * * D U
2YIM
'"m 3Ylm
Ylm
Fig 4.22 Partitioning of above ground drymatter Kharif-1998
Rainfed Aruna at 60 kg N ha" --Csc.mm --CLesl ( lScem Dhl d--7omlDM
Rainfed GAUCH-1 at 60 kg N ha" -stGou - c c ~ s s c a m w r -&-roiaroar
Rainfed DCS-9 at 60 kg N ha ' -stemDM - - C L e f l l S l r m D U +TWIG
3% m I
Rainfed GCH4 at 60 kg N ha" -+-stsm 3M - L l d l m [ l . +Tom! DOU
am oo I
4.10 Partitioning
Partitioning of the above ground drymatter was depicted from tigures In whlch
the amount of drymatter partitioned to stem, together stem and leaf and total above
ground drymatter (stem, leaf and spike) is presented in Fig 4.19 - 4.26.
Irrespective of the effect of different treatments. the amount of drymatter
partitioned to the stem portion was comparatively higher than the amount pivtitioned to
other parts of the plant. As the growth advanced, the partitlonlng of assimilates was more
towards leaf area development. With the initiation of reproductive phase assimilates were
transported to sink as well as vegetative parts. After attaming the peak reproductive phase
(after the initiation of primary and secondary spikes) the transportation of assimilates to
stem and leaf started deciinlng.
As compared to ra~nfed treatments ir~lgated castor recorded maximum amount of
total above ground drymatter production, as such more is the amount partit~oned to sink
portion for the production of economically useful portion i.e, bean yield. Irrigated castor
cultivars with 60 kg N ha" recorded comparatively higher drymatter production than the
castor cultivars cultivated with 10 kgN ha.'. Out of the four cultivars tested, GCH-4
recorded the maximum amount of photosynthates partitioned In the production of seed
y~eld followed by GAUCH- I.
4.11 Correlation
Table 4.54 Correlation between cumulative Light interception, LA1 and Seed yield (kharif-1997)
Trealn~enls Seed ClR at LA1 a t60 CIR at 90 LA1 at YO CIR at LA1 at Yield QODAS DAS DAS DAS IIarvesl Harvest (kgha-I)
W l N l C l 872 223.7 0.766 472.6 1305 803.7 ,333 WlNlC2 994 319.5 1.066 564.4 1.416 1039.7 ,368 WINIC3 1309 311.0 1.177 632.9 1.498 1127.2 ,347 W l N l C l 1455 352.1 1.211 6700 1651 1699.6 327 WlS2CI 1042 342.2 0.815 687.6 1.418 1221.6 ,284 WIN2C2 1079 310.4 1.087 604.4 1.454 12652 322 WIN2C3 1423 240.9 1.192 518.3 1.630 1205.6 ,370 WIN2C4 1503 345.1 1.334 597.4 1723 18205 ,260 W2NlCl 1166 187.6 0.873 351.99 1522 800.2 ,400 W2NIC2 1305 333.4 1175 670.0 1.633 1281.8 ,435 W2NIC3 1809 270.7 1.284 543.6 1.715 1402.4 ,441 W2NIC4 2055 305.9 1.321 601.3 1.868 1498.6 ,421 W2N2C1 1412 283.9 0.968 616.1 1.635 1180.1 351 W2N2C2 1437 214.1 1.204 438.6 1.671 748.9 ,389 W?N2C3 1946 145.6 1.309 370.9 1.847 977.7 464 W2N2C4 2230 266.6 1451 5797 1.940 1005.1 Seed yeld x .0.18675 .0.07226 0 ?2785 CIK Seed y~cld x 0 835291 0.9669 0.4344 LA1 ClR x LrU 0.078592 -0.0733 -0 3326
Table4.55 Correlation between cumulative Light interceptio~i, LA1 and Seed yield (kharif-1998)
- Treatnienh Seed ClR at LA1 at 60 CIR at YO LA1 at 90 ClR at LA1 at
Yield 6ODAS DAS DAS DAS Hnrvest llarvest (kaha.')
WINICI 732 365.0 0.877 7362 1.289 1443.4 0.321 WINIC? 867 351.3 1.181 681.1 1.402 1293.6 0.361 WINIC3 1131 348.4 1.294 708.6 1.495 61625.6 0342 WlNlC4 1243 404.6 1.333 757.2 1947 1655.6 0.318 WlN2Cl 881 323.5 0.965 689.2 1401 1465.1 0.279 W1N2C2 970 315.3 1.201 638.7 I439 131 1.4 0.318 WIN2C3 1273 305.9 1.310 689.7 1.616 1888.9 0.363 WlN2C4 I371 311.6 1.453 697.9 1 71 1 1638.9 0.219 W2NlCl 883 291.6 0.879 580.2 1406 1295.5 0362 W2NlC2 1017 3088 1.184 591 2 1.518 1141.9 0.398 WZNIC3 1385 314.3 1.29'1 614.4 1.605 15048 0.391 W2NIC4 IS55 289 5 1.330 529.2 1.756 1364.9 0 370 W?N?CI 1136 333.8 0.967 689.4 1.518 I4921 0315 W?N2C? 1221 301.5 1.203 608.6 1.555 1147.7 0.354 W2N2C3 1658 367.9 1.311 734.4 1.732 1730.1 0414 W2N2C4 1880 351.8 1.455 686.6 1826 1648.5 0.301 Sced y~r ld x 0.0948 -0 0179 0.4810 CIR Seed y~eld x 0.7821 0.9656 LA1 0.1042 CIR x LA1 0.1785 .0.1868
Castor seed yield and cumulative intercepted radiation are negatively correlated at
different stages of the crop growth except during harvest. There was 14.6 % average
variation in seed yield by the change in the cumulative intercepted rad~ation at harvest.
LA1 and seed yields were positively correlated during the entire crop growth.
Maximum amount of about 90 per cent variation was observed at 90 DAS and 12 %
variation was noticed at harvest between seed yield and LAI.
LA1 and cumulative intercepted radiation was positively correlated at init~al
stages of the crop growth and at later stages both are negatively correlated.
1.6 EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON CASTOR YIELIIS
4.6.1 Plant height
When the plant height was measured from the base of the stem to the
tip of the main spike there was gradual increase in plant height from emergence to 105-
120 DAS. Later on the plant height remained steady. Out of the three planting densities
I'D.2 (1,30,000 ple~lts ba") recorded the talle~t plant hc~gllt lbllowcd by PD-I (55,000
plants ha'') and PD-3 (17,000 plants ha").
4.6.2 LA1
As tllc growth ildvanccs tllc LA1 il~crcased ot an ~ncrcasing order. Up
to 45 DAS, the LA1 of all plant densities were almost equal. Later on there was drastic
improvement in LA1 especially in PD-I (55,000 plants ha.') and PD-2 (1,30,000 plants
ha.'). Peak LA1 of 4.0 was recorded by PD-2 followed by PD-I.
The data regarding yield and yield components of plant~ng density experllrlerlt was
~ ~ r c s c ~ ~ l c d in table 4.56. l'hc yield and yiclil colnpollcnts d~llkrcd s ig~~~l io t l~~ l ly due to
densities. PD-3 (17,000 plants ha") rccordctl signilic;~ntly higt~est sccd yield of 2220 kg
ha.' followed by PD-1 (55,000 plants ha.'). The seed yield of PD-I (1890 kg ha") was on
par with PD-2 (1670 kg ha"). PD-1 mcordcd signilicently bigllcs[ lharvcst index 01'47.7
and the lowcst by PD-2 (40.8). PD-3 recorded significantly 111ghost main spike length of
40.1 cm. PD-3 recorded significantly highest spikes per plant (15.2) and capsules per
Table 4.56 Effect of planting density on yield and yield components of castor cultivnr GCH-4
Seed Harvest Maill Spikcs Capsule 100 Yield Index Spike per per seed
Treatment (kdha) (%) Le11gt11 I'ln~~t Spikc Weight (cm) I (g)
FIG 4.27 EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON PLANT HEIGHT OF GCH.4 CASTOR
I C
1 4 0 ,
) o : - - 7 - - - - , - , - - 7 7 - -,--- " U t 8 z " $ P g )
DAS 2 L - - -
FIG 4.28 EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON PLANT HEIGHT OF GCH-4 CASTOR
- - - - - - - - . -
Effect of Planting density on LA1 of GCH-4 castor cultivar
: x 2 s r s p g y p s g i DAS 1
spike (38.9) followed by PD-I. PD-2 recorded lowcst nul~lber of spikes per plant and
cnpsulcs per spikc. PD-3 rccordcd 23.7 g of 100 soctl wcigl~l, wllicli was sigrlificalitly
highcr \bin u\Iicr dc~ailics, 21.3 g was rccordcd by I'D-l ~ullowcd by I'D-2 (19.1 y)
rcgsrding 100 secd.wcigbt.
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Crop growth and subsequent yields are the results of interaction between genetic
structure of the plant and external environment, which in turn are varied in nature. These
external factors influence the agronomic practices, hence constitute a major problem In
crop production. As castor is grown as rainfed crop, studies on effect of imgation on
castor yields were meager. In additlon to irrigation, dates of sowing, planting density,
growth and yield of castor are Influenced to a greater extent by nitrogen. The response of
cultivars to applled fertilizers depends on the genetic potentlal of different genotypes.
Keeping the above polnts in view, the present investigation was conducted to study the
"crop growth and development of castor culllvars under optimal and sub-opt~mal water
and nitrogen conditions in Telangana region".
The results of two years investigations presented in the preceeding chapter were
discussed under growth parameters, yield components and nutrient uptake. The life
history of castor plant can be divided into two periods 1. Vegetative period and
2. Reproductive penod. The vegetative growth penod is the period during which the
castor plant grows itself after germination. Increase in the number of nodes and leaf size
is the most salient features of this period. The reproductive growth period is divided lnto
four monthly periods broadly coinciding wlth the physiological stages of the crop.
bY2 Staee of the croe
1-30 vegetative
3 1-60 flowenng of primaries
6 1-90 flowenng of secondaries and maturlty of primaries
91-120 flowering of tertianes and maturity of secondaries
121-150 maturity of tertiaries and higher order sp~kes
The reproductive phase was charactenzed by the sp~ke formallon and 11s growth.
The two growth periods are demarcated by the initiation of the primaries. In the present
investigation, plant height at harvest was significant.
5.1 EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON GROWTH OF FOUR CASTOR CULTIVARS
Lowest plant height was recorded by castor cultivars in November and
January sowings, which was mainly due to low temperatures prevailed durlng
germination and the subsequent growth was also poor, finally affecting the plant height.
Maximum plant height of GCH-4 sown dunng the first week of June was due to the
expression of the genetic potential under the most favorable cond~t~ons.
LA1 mainly depends on in~tial growth of the plant i.e. the leaf number and
leaf size it1 terms of area. The differences In LA1 at 45 DAS among the cult~vars were
least due slow initial gowth. As the growth advanced, at 105 DAS all most all the
cultivars recorded the peak LAI. Increase in LA1 by 112 8 of GCH-4 in June sowlngs
over Aruna was due to maxlmurn growth expression by a cultivar under favorable
environmental conditions.
The differences between cultivars in total drymatter production at early stages of
growth (45 DAS) were mlnimum, because the crop has less difference in leaf area. The
leaf area had a positive effect on the drymatter production, as is the case with
photosynthetic activity. In June sowlng, GCH-4 recorded 57 % higher TDMP than Aruna
at 45 DAS, while it was 69 8 at harvest. As the growth advances, the differences in total
drymatter production also increased
Optimum temperature and solar radiation were the most important factors for
increased drymatter product~on in June sowings of all the castor cultivars. Lowest total
drymatter production in November sowings was due to low temperatures preva~led
during germinat~on and the initial vegetative gowth, which might have affected the plant
height, leaf area index and finally the total drymatter production.
5.1.1 Yield attributes
Main spike length may not be a hue representat~ve for higher seed yield because
sometimes even though the spike length is more the capsule per spike will be less. The
number of capsules on main spike length depends on the Initial growth and development
of crop. Main spike length of GCH-4 IS 28 %taller than Aruna over sowing which is a
varietal characteristic. 23.5 % Increase in main spike length of GCH-4 than Aruna in June
sowings was due to more LAI, total drymatter production and part~tioning of more
assimilates to the spike.
Spikes per plant depend on the gowth and development of the crop during
the crop period. The more the branches and leaf area development, the more w~ll be the
number of sp~kes. Increase in number of spikes by 5 % in GCH-4 than Aruna In June
sowings was again a varietal characterist~c, which is expressed to ~ t s maximum under
more favorable conditions.
The number of capsules per spike depends on the drymatter produced by
the plant and partitioning of photosynthates to the reproductive pan spike. When
compared to Aruna, GCH-4 recorded 27 % more number of capsules per spike in june
sowings. This was due to more TDMP and partitioning to spike for the production of
capsules. 100 seed- weight is a genetic characterist~c, which depends on the overall
growth, development of the plant. There was 14 % increase in 100 seed-weight of GCH-4
in June sowings than November, which was due to more favourable temperature and
moisture available for the dry matter production, partitioning and seed development. Low
temperatures and hlgh relative humidity prevailed during crop per~od had affected the
growth, DMP and partitioning of photosynthates, which had finally affected the 100 seed-
weight. June sown GCH-4 recorded 3 1 % increase in test weight that of Aruna due to the
presence of high temperatures at flowenng and matunty.
5.1.2 Seed and stalk yield
Almost all the cultivars recorded h~ghest seed yield in June sowing followed by
July sowing. Crops sown later than July recorded the lowest seed yleld due to the
coinc~dence of flowering or capsule development with relatively low temperatures of
November and December, which adversely affected fertilizat~on. This is in agreement
with Thomas (1960) and Juang (1975). Also heevy rains coupled with hlgh relative
humidlty during this period cause severe damage of Botrytis mould.
Seed y~eld of GCH-4 when sown in the first week of June were 40 % hlgher than
with the November sowjlngs. T h ~ s can be attributed to longer primary splkes and the
favorable female to male flower ratio In the primary spike. Maln spike length, number of
capsules per spike and test welght of GCH-4 all contributed to perceptible increased seed
yield. Increased yield of the June sown crop was mainly due to more favourable rainfall
during the entila crop growth per~od.This was also observed by Baby Akula and Bopi
Reddy (1998).
5.1.3 Harvest Index
Harvest Index indicates the amount of dry matter partitioned to the spike
(sink) in the production of economic yield (seed yield). GCH-4 recorded 11 % higher
increase in harvest index than Aruna, indicating the highest partitioning efficiency of
GCH-4. The more the partitioning, the more will be the harvest index and seed yield.
June sown GCH-4 recorded the highest harvest index of 38.2, which was due to higher
LAI, TDMP and partitioning of dry matter to reproductive parts i.e. spike.
5.1.4 Growing degree days
Highest seed yields were recorded by GCH-4 sown in early June when there was
maximum accumulation of heat unlts. This indicates the importance of sowing time.
which has a direct bearing on yield indicating the importance of temperature (both
maximum and minimum temperature) on plant growth.
Lowest seed yields were with November sowing castor cultlvars due to
very low temperatures during this crop period, which had a direct affect on growth,
development and finally on seed yield.
5.2 EFFECT OF WATER AND NITROGEN
In the present study plant height at maturity was increased by irrigat~on and
nitrogen in all the cultivars in both years. The cultivar GCH-4 was the tallest particularly
under irrigated conditions with added nitrogen. The combined effects of nitrogen and
adequate soil moisture influence many components of crop growth and yield includ~ng
cell multiplication, growth enhancement, and in the manufacture of food matenals, and
better development of roots wh~ch help in better uptake of nutrients.
LA1 was significantly Increased by water and nitrogen, pmticularly in
higher yielding cultivars. Early in growth that is at 45 DAS the increase was small. Only
4 % increase in LA1 due to nitrogen application, and 5 % increase due to m~gation. At 45
DAS irrigated GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha ' recorded 27 % h~gher LA1 than rainfed Aruna
with 60 kg N ha'' while it was 42 % under irrigated Aruna with 60 kg N ha^'. At 105
days after sowing irrigated GCH-4 with addit~on of 60 kg N ha.' recorded 2.29 LAI,
which was 18 %higher than with only 10 kg N ha" added.
Thus in the presence of adequate moisture and nitrogen, the d~fferences in
LA1 between the cultivars were small. Differences between the cultivars were higher
when they were grown under moisture deficit conditions. Adequate moisture and
nutrients might have met the uptake needs of the crop. This helped for proper growth and
development of canopy wh~ch had a positwe effect on the photosynthetic act~vity and
finally on LAI. The optimum leaf area helps in better absorption of rad~ation thus higher
dry matter production and yield.
Total dry matter production increased with application of nitrogen and
water with higher yielding cultivars. The highest yielder GCH-4 recorded 32 7c high total
dry matter than the lowest yielder Aruna. There was 14 9% increase in total dry matter due
to nitrogen application and I I % increase in total dry matter due to migation. The
irrigated GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha.' recorded 11 % h~gher total dry matter than GCH-4
with 10 kg N ha.'. Thus the response of cultivars to applied fertilizer depends on the
genetic makeup of different genotypes. Vigorous shoot growth helps in the manufacture
of photosynthates in large quantities. Increase in growth parameters such as plant height,
and LA1 might have helped the plant to synthesize more photosynthates. Rainfed GCH-4
with 60 kg N ha" recorded I2 % higher total dry matter than rainfed GCH-4 with 10 kg
N ha1 . Molsture deficit caused lower photosynthesis due to low photosynthet~c rate, and
also adversely affected the translocation of photosynthates to growing pans.
5.2.1 Yield attributes
Main spike length differed between cult~vars and nitrogen and water
regimes. There was 26 % increase in spike length by nitrogen application, and 7 5%
increase due to imgation. Among the various ~nteractions Irrigated GCH-4 w~th 60 kg
N ha ' recorded 18 % longer spikes than irrigated Aruna with 60 kg N ha?. Thus if there
is no limitation for moisture and nitrogen growth and development was at its peak, and
spike length was maximized thus having a direct bearing on seed yield.
Spikes per plant were also influenced by water, nitrogen and h~gher
yielding cultivars. Flowering (primaries, secondary spike stage) was the most sensit~ve
stage for moisture and nutrients. Lack of moisture in these stages adversely affected the
spike production and the y~eld. Similar findings were reported by Subba Reddy el (11.
1996,Increasing the nitrogen input from 10 kg N ha.' to 60 kg N ha" gave 12 % increase
in spikes per plant under irrigated conditions whereas it was only 4 % under ramfed
cond~tions. Two years mean data indicated that irrigated GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha'
recorded the highest number of spikes per plant.
Cultivars, nihogen levels and water regimes significantly influenced the number
of capsules per spike. GCH-4 recorded the highest number of capsules per spike under
Irrigated conditions. GCH-4 under Irrigated conditions with 60 kg N ha" had registered
the maximum number of capsules per spike. This might be due to the availability of
nitrogen under irrigated conditions for uptake that helped in the production of more
number of male flowers, without affecting the production of female flowers and further
there was a great improvement in seed yield. Vijaya Kumar and Shiva Shankar (1992)
also reported the same findings.
Nitrogen and cultivars significantly influenced the 100 seed weight.
Irrigated GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha.' had a mean 100 seed weight of 26.58. The 100 seed-
weight is a stable vanetal character because the bean size IS rigidly controlled by the size
of the capsule coat. Hence seed cannot grow to a size greater than that permitted by the
capsule coat, no matter how favorable weather conditions and nutrient supply are.
5.2.2 Seed and stalk yield
Seed yield differed significantly due to cultivars, nltrogen levels and water
regimes in both years. GCH-4 had the highest yield of 1930 kg N ha.' under irrigated
condition, which was 38 % higher than rainfed ones. Irrigatron improved the growth and
development of the crop. There was significant Increase in LAI, which In turn increased
the dry matter accumulation and yield.
GCH-4 was the highest yielding cultivar and the highest seed yield at was at 60
kg N ha.' under irrigated conditions. This is confirms the findings of Bind and Patil
(1991). Lack of response of Aruna to fertilizer application may be attributed to its yield
potential being well below the productivity level of GCH-4.
Nitrogen application with irrigation enhanced the production of male and female
flowers without affecting the sex ratio. Thus there was increased number of capsules per
plant, which increased seed yield.
The higher levels of nitrogen might have provided nitrogen in adequate quantities
under favourable soil moisture conditions influencing the yield attributes namely the
number of spikes per plant, capsules per spike and 100 seed weight. This facilitated
overall increase in the seed production at higher nitrogen levels compared to the low level
of nitrogen application.
Stalk yield of castor cultivars was significantly influenced by nitrogen and
irrigation in both years of study. At 60 kg N h i ' significant interaction effect ~ndicated
that there was 4 % Increase in stalk yield of cultivar under rainfed condition, while it was
11 % under irrigated conditions. This is because of the availability of nutr~ents for uptake
by the plants under imgated conditions. This facilitated for the sign~f~cant growth,
development and accumulat~on of dry matter by the plant.
Irrigated GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha.' had stalk yield of 2,300 kg ha" which, was 22
% higher than irrigated Aruna wlth 60 kg N ha-'and 17 %higher than rainfed Aruna w~th
60 kg N ha". This clemly states that a cultivar will accumulate the dry matter to a
maximum extent expressing its genetic potentiality under adequate moisture and nutrlent
conditions, due to the improvement in the plant height, high LA1 and dry matter
production.
5.2.3 Harvest index
The harvest index of castor differed significantly between cultlvars, nitrogen
levels and water regimes. GCH-4 recorded highest maximum harvest index of 44.9. This
was due the efficiency of that cult~var to accumulate dry matter and to partition
accumulated dry matter to the useful sink. Maximum harvest index was recorded by
migated GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha-' in both years. This indicates that this plant can
synthesize, accumulate and partit~on more dry matter when there is no limitation for
moisture and nutrients.
5.2.4 Oil and protein content
Even though the oil content was not significantly influenced by water, nitrogen and
cultivars imgated castors recorded the highest oil percent. Excess appl~cation of nitrogen
beyond the optimum (60 kg N ha-') increase the formation of protein precursors, so that
protein formation competes more strongly for photosynthesis. As such the fat synthesis
was very much affected finally affecting the oil yield. Effect of water, nitrogen and
cultivars on protein content of castor bean were non-significant. M~nute differences in
protein (lo) content either among nitrogen treatments or among the water reglmes
indicates that nitrogen and imgation are having less effect on seed protein.
5.2.5 Nutrient uptake
The growth pattern of castor as well as the nutrient uptake differs greatly under
different ago-climatic conditions. This is due to variation in the climatic factors, soil
factors and management, which include variety and amount of nutrient applied. Nutrient
uptake by plant parts was mainly influenced by the yield of respectwe plant parts.
Higher uptake of all the nutrients measured was observed w~th increasing levels
of nitrogen. This may be due to the favorable effect of nitrogen on all the growth and
yield attnbutes, particularly root and shoot growth, which might have facilitated for the
absorption of nutrients.
Leaf: As the growth advances after germination, the nitrogen, phosphorus and
potash uptake by the leaf increased until peak flowering and thereafter it declined in both
years of study. It was due to higher demand of nutrients by seeds and translocation of
nutrients into reproductive parts from vegetative parts. Uma Devi er ul., 1991 also
reported the same findings.
With 60 kg N ha-' and irrigated treatments recorded comparatively higher
amounts of nutrient uptake than the lower levels of nitrogen (10 kg N hd ') and rainfed
treatment. This was due to the availability of more nutrients in the root zone at 60 kg N
ha-'and so11 moisture present In the soil. Under adequate moisture conditions, the
availability of nutrients was increased, and this was responsible for increased uptake by
the plants.
Shoot: Concentrat~on of nltrogen, phosphorus and potash In plant shoots
decreased steadlly from the commencement of the reproductive phase. Due to the h~gh
mobility of nitrogen, nutrients were translocated to the capsules and the conce~itration in
the castor beans increased. This shows that much of the castor beans nitrogen is derived
from other plallt parts. However, the amount of nltrogen removed to the capsules IS
proponjonately lower than the quantity of nitrogen available in the foliage. Possibly some
quantlty of nitrogen IS being utilized in the increase in dry weight of vegetative parts.
Williams (1979) also observed a decline in the amount of nitrogen in leaves and stems
shortly after the reproductive growth. Phosphorus and potash in the shoot of castor
increased up to peak flowering and thereafter decreased due to the part~t~oning to the
reproductive parts as well as increase in dry matter production. Nitrogen application hod
increased the nutrient uptake by the vegetative plant parts. Irrigation increased the stalk
yields, which ultimately increased the removal of nutrients from the soil.
Spike: Accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash in floral pans started
from flowering. As the spike grew and reached to full miturity, the nutrient uptake also
~ncreased. The nutrients are translocated from the vegetative parts (both leaf and shoot) to
the reproductive parts. Applicat~on of 60 kg N h i ' had increased the uptake by leaf and
shoot, and moreover it was part~tioned to spike more than at lower nitrogen level (10 kg
N ha.'). Similar findings also reported by Venkateswarulu (1988). Irngat~on had
increased the availability of nutrients at the root zone level, as such increased the uptake
by vegetative parts. There was overall increase in dry matter production. Seed yields and
nutrient uptake by seed was increased due to irrigation. GCH-4, which recorded the
highest seed yield had recorded the maximum nutrient uptake.
5.2.6 Radiatlou use efficiency
Differences between the two years of experimentation was mainly due to the
weather conditions prevailing during those seasons. Temperatures prevailed dur~ng the
vegetative growth had a direct bearing on the crop growth, infrastructure development
and also on ovrrall growth of the crop. With increase in application of nitrogen there was
increase in RUE also. This was mainly because of the availability of nitrogen for the
plant needs in adequate amounts for crop growth and development. 60 kg N ha.' under
il~igated conditions had recorded greater RUE values because the nutrient nltrogen wlll
be available for the uptake by plant roots only when moisture is sufficient. lnsufficient
moisture in soil will reduce the amount of plant nutnent made.
Even though GAUCH-3 recorded the greater RUE values, the seed yields
are lower than the GCH-4 cultivar both under rainfed and Irrigated condition. This was
mainly due to the differences in partitioning of assimilates from source (leaf) to sink
(spike) portion.
Differences in RUE of kharif 1998 experiment between ralnfed and
irrigated treatments were low. This is because of the ramfall pattern of the season. The
1997 irrigated treatments received one imgation, 1997 kharifrece~ved two ~rrtgations due
to dry weather and less number of rainy days. The resulting plants were tall and lanky
with fewer branches in 1998 due to low temperatures and high humidity prevailed during
crop growth. The plants were stronger enough with more branches due to higher
temperatures and low humldity occurred during the crop period of 1997 kltnrif. The slope
of the relationship between net biomass accumulation and cumulattve intercepted
radiation was linear throughout most of the growth except dunng the capsule
development phase. The decrease in RUE just prior to maturity was associated with loss
of biomass due to leaf shedding.
5.2.7 Partitioning
The amount of photosynthates partitioned to the stem ranged from 60 to 80 LTn out
of the total dry matter produced at initial stages of the crop growth. It is mainly for the
growth and development of the plant infrastructure. As the crop growth advances, the
amount of assimilates partitioned to stem attained a steady state (75-1 10 DAS). Once the
crop entered the reproductive phase, the amount of dry matter partitioned to stem strarted
declining reaching to a minimum of 8-10 % of the total above ground dry matter
produced.
Out of the total above gound dry matter produced, the amount of dry matter
transported to leaf ranged from 25-40 % at the initial stages of crop gowth. As the crop
growth increases, the amount of dry matter partitioned also increased which depends
mainly on the activtty of the crop in the production of new leaves, leaf expansion and
light interception. Maximum dry matter partitioning to leaf portion was recorded during
90-120 DAS (peak LAI). Later the percentage of assimilates partitioned to leaf portion
started declining due to mobilization of assimilates from leaf to sink.
Mobilization of photosynthates to sink starts wtth the initiat~on of reproductive
phase. Spike Initiation itself ~nd~cates the partitioning of assimilates to sink portion. The
percentage of dry matter partitioned to spike Increased with the advancement of
reproductive phase to maturity.
5.2.8 Correlation
Negative correlation between seed yield and cumulattve intercepted radiation up
to 60 DAS was due to the utilization of intercepted radiation for the growth and
development of the plant infrastructure rather than for the production of seed. As the crop
growth advances, the amount of radiatton intercepted increases and most of the
accumulated radiation is used in the production and development of the seed.
As the growth advances amount of radiation intercepted increases and it has a
positive effect on LA1 because of maximum l~ght interception between 90 to 105 DAS.
After that assim~lates produced by the plant were utilized for the production of seed. The
correlat~on between LA1 and seed yield decreased and reached to minimum when once
the panitioning of assim~lates to seed started. Senescence of leaves at harvest was also
one of the reason for the decrease in the correlat~on between seed yield and LAI.
Unless and until there is no shading of leaves by another one the LA1 and
cumulative intercepted radiation are pos~tively correlated. Once shading starts with
increase In LAI, there was decrease in cumulative Intercepted radid~on.
5.3 EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON CASTOR YIELDS
Maximum plant height of PD-2 (130000 plants ha.') was due to high co~npetit~on
between plants within a row and among rows. As such the inter-nodel length increased
very much than the plants in other densities.
H~ghest LA1 was recorded at 105 DAS (active growth period). Highest LA1
recorded by PD-2 was mainly due to the presence of more number of plants per square
metre. Lack of competition had helped to put-forth more number of secondaries, tertixy
branches with large leaf area, which might have contributed for higher LA1 of PD-1.
5.2.9 Yield and yield components
PD-3 recorded more spikes per plant, capsules per spike, higher 100 seed we~ght
and seed yield than PD-I. This is because of higher harvest index i.e, partitioning of more
dry matter to the reproductive sink from the source.
The more number of plants per unit area in PD-I compensated the lower per plant
yield and yield components to some extent. As such the yields of PD-I are comparatively
higher than PD-2. Optimum plant spacing had reduced the competition between plants
for moisture, nutrients, light and space. The same findings have been reported by Singh
and Singh (1988) & Vijay kumar Bhosekar (1992). The reduction in seed and stalk yield
under high density planting in PD-2 (1,30,000 plants ha") was mainly due to lower
values of growth and yield attributing characters. Thadoda et al. (1996) had also reported
the same research findings.
Initially the experiment was planned for the development of castor model. Extra
data was recorded which will be used in the castor model development in near future.
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
Castor is an important non-ed~ble oilseed crop grown In India. Today castor 011
finds its application in the manufacture of an ever expanding range of ~ndustrial products
such as nylon fibres, jet engine luhricants. hydraul~c surfactants, coatings, greases.
fungistats, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polyesters and polymers. Suitable agronomic
practices need to be developed to ~mprove the productivity of new promis~ng castor
var~eties for increasing castor productiot~ to meet the increasing future demands. An
cxperiment on "Crop growth and development of castor culttvars under optimal and suh-
optimal water atid nitrogen conditions 111 Telangana region" was conducted with threc
ohjectivcs namely
I. To determine the r e l a t ~ o ~ ~ s h i p between light Interceptton, leaf area
development and seed yteld.
2. T o understand the effects of water and nitrogen on g o w t h and
productivtty of castor cultivars.
3. T o quant~fy the partitioning of assimilates to castor seeds In diffcrcnt
cultivars.
lntttally the project was planned with a view to develop a castor model and extra
experiments on sowing dates and planting density were carried out. So the dates
of sowing and planting density expenments were carned out for one year for data
generation and to develop model. Extra data will be used for model development
in near future. Due lack of special programme on castor the title of the project was
changed and model development part was deleted from the project work.
4. To study the effect of sowing dates on growth and development of castor
cultivars.
5 . To study the effect of planting densities on castor yields.
The dates of sowing experiment was laid in CRBD with six dates and four
cultivars replicated four tlmes. The experlnient was laid out in a split plot design with
water regimes as main plots, nitrogen levels as sub-plots and castor cult~vars as sub-sub-
plots w~th four replications. The planting density experiment was laid in KBD design
w~th four replications.
Biometrics on growth and physiological parameters, yield and yield attributes
were recorded and chemical analysis was done to determine nutrient uptake, oil and
proteln content. The salient findings of the investigat~on are sum~narised here below.
Favourable day length and temperatures prevailed during June first week sowings
were responsible for the expression of taller plant height by GCH-4 to the fullest extent.
GCH-4 recorded 112 % ~ncrease in LA1 at 105 DAS and 69 70 higher total above ground
dry matter production than Aruna at harvest due to the prevalence of favourable day
length, temperature and solar radiation during June sowings. Higher yield components
like main spike length, number of spikes, capsules per plant and 100 seed -weight of
GCH-4 in iune sowings contributed to significant increase in seed yield. The crop sown
beyond July recorded the lowest seed yield, which was due to the coincidence of
flowering and capsule development with relatively low temperatures finally affecting the
fertilization and sometimes due to Botrytis mould disease. The same treatment recorded
11 % increase in harvest index than Aruna indicating the highest partitioning efficiency
of GCH-4. The more the partitioning the more will be the seed yield and harvest index.
Highest seed yields recorded by GCH-4 in June sowings than the remaining dales were
due to the accumulation of maximum heat units. This indicates the importance of sowrng
time, which has a direct beating on yield indicating the importance of daylength and
temperature.
In the experiment where water regimes and nitrogen tested against each other,
~rrigated GCH-4 castor cultivar at 6 0 kg N ha" recorded the tallest plant herght. This was
due to the increased availability of nutrients under irrigated conditions than the rainfed,
which has a pos~tive effect on cell multiplication growth and development. Irrigated
GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha.' recorded 2.29 mean LA1 and I I % higher total above ground
drymatter than at I 0 kg N ha".
There was 26 B ~ncrease in main spike length by nitrogen application and 7 %
increase due to irrigation. Nitrogen appl~catron under ~rrigated conditrons had enhanced
the production of male and female flowers without affecting the sex ratio. As such there
was improvement in the production of capsules per plant, which had a positive effect on
seed yield. Out of the four cultivars tested, GCH-4 recorded the higher seed yield of 1920
kg ha.' under ~rrigated conditions, which was 38 % higher than the rainfed ones. The
higher levels of nitrogen might have provided nitrogen in adequate quantities under
favourable soil moisture conditions influenced the yield and yield attributes namely main
spike length, spikes per plant, capsules per spike and 100 seed weight. This might have
facilitated the overall increase in seed production at higher levels of nitrogen. At 60 kg N
ha-' stalk yield increased by I 1 % under ~rr~gated condition, while it was only 4 C under
rainfed situation. This is because of the availability of nutrients for the uptake by the
plant under irrigated conditions. This facilitated the significant growth, development and
accumulation of drymatter by the plant.
Irrigated GCH-4 with 60 kg N ha-' recorded the higher mean harvest index of
44.9, which indicates that a plant can synthesize, accumulate and partition more
drymatter when there is no limitation for the moisture and nutrients. The plants have a
temperature requirement for their growth, development and maturity. Temperature
~nfluences the plant through root growth, nutrient uptake, water absorption,
photosynthesis, respiration and translocation of photosynthates. The highest seed y~eld
recorded by GCH-4 at 60 kg N ha.' under irrigated conditions was mainly due to the
accumulation of higher growlng degreedays. Peak RUE recorded by ~rrigated GCH-4 at
higher level of nitrogen was due to the availability of nutrients in adequate amounts for
the plant growth and development. Slight changes in RUE was due to the disease
~ncidence, leaf shedding. Same treatment comb~nation also recorded maximum drymatter
part~tioning to leaf portion during 90-120 DAS (peak LAI). Later the percentage of
assimilates partitioned to leaf portion started declining due to the mobilization of
assimilates from leaf to sink portton. The percentage of drymatter partitioned to spike
portion ~ncreased with the advancement of reproductive phase to maturity.
Unless and until there is no shading of leaves by the above leaves the LA1 and
cumulative intercepted radiation are positively correlated. Once shading starts with
increase in LAI, there was decrease in the amount of radiation intercepted. The uptake of
the major nutrients by the leaf increased from germination until peak flowering and there
after it starts declining due to higher demand for the nutrients by seed and translocation
of nutrients into the reproductive parts from vegetative portton. The amount of nitrogen
in leaves and stem started declining after the reproductive growth. Phosphorus and potash
in the shoot of the castor cultivars increased up to the peak flowering and thereafter
decreased due to the partitioning to the reproductive parts as well as wtth the
advancement in the growth. Out of the four cultivars, GCH-4 recorded the highest seed
yield, nutrient uptake. oil and protetn content.
Out of the three planting densit~es, PD-2 (75x 10 c m j recorded the maximum
plant height and LAI. Less competition in PD-I (75x 25 c m j helped it to put forth more
branches that contributed for higher LA1 than PD-3 (75 x 75 cm). PD-3 recorded more
number of spikes per plant, capsules per spike, and higher100 seed-we~ght and seed yield
than PD-I. This is due to less compet~tion between plants within a row and betwccn rows
and also due to the partitioning of more drymatter to the reproductive parts. Opt~mum
plant spacing had reduced the competition hetween plants for motsture, nutrients, light
and space.
The following conclusions can be drawn f rom the results of the present study
1 . S o w ~ n g of castor during first week of June was found to be the best. S o w ~ n g beyond
June-July was found to reduce the castor yield drasttcally due to the co~ncidence of
flowering with high relative humidity, low temperatures, incidence of Botrytis mould
and semi-looper attack.
2. Wherever there is irr~gation fac~lity, castor can be grown under irrigated cond~tions
by scheduling the irrigat~on at 1W / CPE ratio of 0.75.
3. When compared to 10 kg N ha" application of 60 kg N h i 1 was found to be better.
Application of 60 kg N h i 1 under irr~gated conditions w~ll help to boost tile castor
seed yield. Under irrigated conditions top dressing with nitrogen at vegetative phase
and spike in~tiation will help in achieving higher yields.
4. Among the cultivars investigated, GCH-4 was found to perform hetter under irr~gated
conditions with recommended dose of nitrogen (60 kg ha-'), owing to its efficiency in
partitioning of the assimilates from source to sink.
5 . Out of three planting dens~t~es 17,000 plants h a 1 was found to yield better than
1,30,000 plants hiland 55.000 plants ha.'.
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APPENDICES
Appendix I. Weekly Meteorological data during the Crop period. (kharif, 1998)
SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT RECORDED AT DIFFERENT PROFILES (mm of moisture Imm depth of soil)
1997 Treatment Sampllng 0 1 5 15-22.5 22.5-37.5 37.5-52.5 52.5-67.5 67.5-82.5 82.5-97.5 97.5-112.5 WlNZCl 18-7-97 0059 0022 0016 0 126 0 128 0 104 0 118 0209 WlN2C1 7\8/97 0081 0005 0071 0093 0 12 0 133 0084 0 183 WlN2C1 13-897 0066 0009 0083 0088 0 108 0 113 0072 0064 WlNZCl 16-8-97 0 159 0042 0075 0079 0 101 0109 008 0 181 WlN2C l29 -8 -97 0207 0137 0066 0122 0139 0115 008 0175 WlNZCl 9/9/97 0201 0092 0.017 0127 0 113 0 071 0 108 0 18 WlN2C1 15-9-97 016 0068 0024 0096 0107 0109 0076 0175 WINZCl19-9-97 0172 0064 0044 0129 0107 0063 0114 0186 WlN2Cl 23-9-97 0 184 0073 0038 0 119 0 113 0 069 0 108 0 184 WlN2Cl 30-9 97 0 127 0 045 0038 0086 0 099 0 097 0 065 0 168 WlN2Cl 27-10-97 005 0022 0093 0 105 0082 0047 0075 0181 WlN2Cl 28-10-97 0 191 0 050 0 091 0 102 0 084 0 04 0 067 0 195 WlNZC1 29-10-97 0 191 0065 0062 0 109 0074 0 061 0067 0 175 W2N2C1 18 7-97 0073 0 083 0 093 0 165 0 087 0 064 0 116 0 09 W2N2C1 7/8/97 0 108 0084 0059 0 158 0 109 0058 0 102 0 121 W2N2C1 13-8-97 0 1 0078 0055 0134 0081 0167 0158 0153 W2N2C1 16-8-97 0223 0 157 009 0 158 0 106 006 0 105 0 132 W2N2C1 29-8-97 0259 0217 0 175 0 188 0 124 0084 0 133 0 159 W2N2C1 9/9/97 022 0 154 0087 0 137 0068 0 127 0 167 0 148 W2NZC115-997 0154 0120 0086 0164 009 0045 0083 0112 W2N2C119-9-97 0158 0117 0075 015 0049 0043 0103 0102 W2NZCl 23-9-97 0 135 0 104 0 072 0 146 0 042 0 04 0 099 0089 W2N2C1 30-9-97 0175 0 115 0054 0 139 0066 002 0056 0083 W2N2C1 27-10 97 0 079 0 056 0032 0 115 0005 0009 0 064 0 05 W2N2C1 28-10-97 008 0052 0023 0 118 0002 0047 005 0041 W2N2C1 29-10-97 0 239 0 189 0 138 0 15 0 039 0 037 0 074 0 059
SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT RECORDED AT DIFFERENT PROFILES (mm of moisture Imm depth of soil)
1997 0 1 5 15-22.5 22.5-37.5 37.5-52.5 52.567.5 67.5-82.5 82.5-97.5 97.5-112.5 Treatment Sampling date WlNlCl 18-7-97 0058 0 049 0.039 0.119 0 090 0200 0.203 0 146 Wl NlCl 7/8/97 0.073 0.017 0.039 0 108 0.043 0.151 0 249 0 189 WlNlCl 13-8-97 0 062 0 002 0 058 0.093 0.045 0.150 0246 0 184 WINlC1 16-8-97 0.168 0.062 0 044 0 089 0.032 0.145 0.240 0.181 WlNlCl 29-8-97 0212 0.166 0.119 0153 0092 0.172 0.241 0172 WlNlCl 9/9/97 0208 0143 0.078 0.102 0.085 0.220 0.200 0.128 WINICI 15-9-97 0138 0.091 0.044 0.118 0054 0.160 0237 0.157 WlNlCl 19-9-97 0149 0098 0.046 0104 0.088 0220 0.183 0.127 WlNlCl 23-9-97 0 158 0108 0.057 0 102 0083 0.219 0 186 0.125 WlNlCl 30-9-97 0 128 0082 0.035 0 109 0045 0.146 0.234 0.157 WlNlCl 27-10-97 0054 0015 0.024 0080 0052 0208 0.175 0.107 WlNlCl 28-10-97 0.185 0080 0.025 0.076 0059 0196 0.175 0108 WlNlCl 29-10-97 0185 0107 0028 0081 0052 0193 0174 0112 W2NIC2 18-7-97 0.077 0.102 0.127 0 175 0075 0.124 0 182 0 133 W2NIC2 718197 0092 0071 005 0 166 0 105 0 162 0.133 0.097 W2NIC2 13-8-97 0092 0067 0.041 0.163 0107 0.098 0134 0142 W2NIC2 16-8-97 0.163 0.121 0079 0.154 0056 0102 0183 0177 W2NIC2 29-8-97 0253 0216 0 178 021 0 131 0.152 0 206 0 177 VVLNICZ 9/9/97 0207 0186 0164 0146 0079 0.145 0.2 0156 WNIC2 15-9-97 0 171 0 153 0.134 0.179 0054 0 101 0.168 0164 WNlC2 19-9-97 0178 0174 0169 0.124 0065 0118 0179 0139 WNIC2 23-9-97 0 184 0162 0.139 0131 0053 0118 0172 0124 WNIC2 30-9-97 0.133 0 117 0 101 0 167 0041 0.069 0136 0139 W2NlC2 27-10-97 0074 0.077 0.08 , , 0.1 0033 0071 0 136 0091 W2NIC2 28-10-97 0061 0063 0065 0097 002 0.073 0 126 0088 W2NlC2 29-10-97 022 0.190 0159 0121 0037 0075 0138 0089
SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT RECORDED A T DIFFERENT PROFILES (mm of moisture Imm depth of soil)
1997 Treatment Sampllng WlNIC4 18-7-97 WlNlC4 7/8/97 WlNlC4 13-8-97 WlNlC4 16-8-97 WlNlC4 29-8-97 W1 N1C4 9/9/97 WlNlC4 15-9-97 WlNlW 19-9-97 WlNlW 23-9-97 WlNlC4 30-9-97 WlNlC4 27-10-97 WlNIC4 28-10-97 WlNlC4 29-10-97 W2NlC4 18-7-97 W2NlC4 7/8/97 W2NlC4 13-8-97 W2NlC4 16-8-97 W2NlC4 29-8-97 W2NlC4 9/9/97 W2NlC4 15-9-97 W2NlC4 19-9-97 W2NlC4 23-9-97 WZNlC4 30-9-97 W2NlC4 27-10-97 W2NlC4 28-10-97 W2NlC4 29-10-97
SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT RECORDED AT DIFFERENT PROFILES (mm of moisture Imm depth of soil)
1997 Treatment Sampling WlN2C2 18-7-97 WlN2C2 7/8/97 W1 N2C2 13-8-97 W l N2C2 16-8-97 W1 N2C2 29-8-97 W1 N2C2 9/9/97 W1 N2C2 15-9-97 W1 N2C2 19-9-97 W1 N2C2 23-9-97 WlN2C2 30-9-97 WlN2C2 27-10-97 WlN2C2 28-10-97 WlN2C2 29-10-97 W2N2CZ 18-7-97 W2N2C2 7/8/97 W2N2C2 13-8-97 W2N2C2 16-8-97 W2N2C2 29-8-97 W2N2C2 9\9/97 W2N2C2 15-9-97 WN2C2 19-9-97 W2N2C2 23-9-97 W2N2C2 30-9-97 W2N2C2 27-10-97 W2N2C2 28-10-97 W2N2C2 29-10-97
SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT RECORDED AT DIFFERENT PROFILES (mm of moisture Imm depth of soil)
1997 Treatment Sampllng 0-15 15-22 5 22 5-37 5 37.5-52 5 52 5-67 5 67 5-82 5 82 5-97 5 97 5-1 12 5 WlN2C4 18 7-97 0047 0043 0038 0 135 0 151 0 165 0 17 0 187 WlN2C4 718197 0076 0035 006 0124 0122 0181 0181 019 W1 N2C4 13-8-97 0064 0027 001 0112 0095 0191 0189 0188 WlN2C4 16 8-97 0 162 0083 0003 0 104 0082 0 17 0 179 0206 WlN2C429-897 0196 0163 013 0165 0127 0174 0191 0206 WlN2C4 919197 0189 0125 006 0122 0132 0157 0163 0184 WlN2C4 15-9-97 0144 0103 0062 0119 0088 0154 0161 0175 WlN2C4 19-9-97 0174 0093 0012 0119 0 131 0 154 0162 0186 WlN2C4 23-9-97 0 192 0 103 0014 0 114 0131 0 154 0151 0178 WlN2C4 30 9-97 0 146 0084 0021 0 11 0075 0 145 0 152 0 158 WlN2C4 27 10-97 0 053 0 004 0 046 0 086 0089 0 115 0 127 0 142 WlN2C4 28-1097 0 173 0064 004 0089 0081 0114 0 118 0 145 WlN2C429-1097 0173 0098 0022 0098 0095 0119 0122 0143 W2N2C4 18-7 97 0084 0066 0047 0 16 0 121 0 147 0201 0 195 W2N2C4 718197 0 117 0 074 003 0 166 0 12 0 165 0 211 0 237 W2N2C4 13-8-97 0 155 0084 0013 0 158 0 129 0 168 0222 0 186 W2N2C4 16-8-97 0236 0 152 0067 0 164 0 127 0 165 0226 0247 W2N2C4 29-8-97 0 198 0 179 0 159 0202 0 168 0 197 0237 0256 W2N2C4 9/9/97 0251 0 180 0 108 0 153 0 143 0 183 0231 0241 W2N2C4 15997 0175 0109 0042 0 165 012 0152 0213 0242 W2N2C419-997 0202 0150 0097 0153 013 0179 0233 0262 W2N2C4 23-9-97 0 169 0 125 0 08 0 149 0 123 0 166 0222 0235 W2N2C4 30-9-97 0 143 0089 0034 0 15 0 106 0 137 0 191 0223 W2N2C4 27-10-97 0 089 0 064 0 038 0 128 0 1 0 129 0 175 0 18 W2N2C4 28-10-97 0092 0063 0033 0 124 0095 0 126 0 167 0 185 W2N2C4 29-10 97 0225 0 193 0 161 0 167 0148 0 165 0214 0224
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