Critical Evaluation of Data on Atomic Energy Levels, Wavelengths, and Transition Probabilities Alexander Kramida National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Supported in part by the Office of Fusion Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy and National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Critical Evaluation of Data on Atomic Energy Levels, Wavelengths, and
Transition Probabilities
Alexander Kramida
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Supported in part by the Office of Fusion Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy and National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Outline
• Data sources
• Evaluation of wavelengths and energy levels
• Evaluation of transition probabilities
Data sources
• Bibliographic Databases:
– NIST Atomic Energy Levels Bibliographic Database,
http://physics.nist.gov/Elevbib
– NIST Atomic Transition Probability Bibliographic Database,
Workflow of critical evaluation of data on wavelengths and energy levels
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
10000 20000 30000
Δσ
/σ ×
10
6
σ, cm–1
Deviations of Ag II wavenumbers observed by Rasmussen 1940 from Ritz values
Systematic shift to be removed
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
ln(I
ob
sλ/g
A)
Eu, 1000 cm-1
Te = 1.75 eV
factor of 3
Evaluation of line intensities: Deriving excitation temperature from a Boltzmann plot
Ag II Rasmussen 1940
He-filled hollow cathode
Spectral response calibration for Rasmussen 1940
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
2000 4000 6000 8000
ln(I
ob
s/I c
alc)
λ, Å
factor of 3
Verification of linearity of intensity scale
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4
ln(I
calc)
ln(Iobs)
Rasmussen 1940 Photographic plates
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
Δσ
ob
s-R
itz,
cm
-1
σ, cm-1
Deviations “Obs.-Ritz” for Ag II lines in Benschop et al. 1975 with their energy levels
2×unc. bounds
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
Δσ
ob
s-R
itz,
cm
-1
σ, cm-1
Deviations “Obs.- Ritz” for Ag II lines in Benschop et al. 1975 with energy levels from
Kalus, Litzén et al. 2002
2×unc. bounds
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
80 100 120 140 160
ln(I
ob
sλ/g
A)
Eu, 1000 cm-1
Boltzmann plot of Ag II line intensities observed by Benschop et al. 1975
factor of 10
H. Benschop, Y. N. Joshi, and Th. A. M. van Kleef, CJP 53, 700 (1975)
Analysis is incorrect!
Least squares level optimization: Code LOPT, A. Kramida, CPC 182, 419 (2011)
Deriving ionization energy: From Rydberg series quantum defects –
Code RITZPL by C. J. Sansonetti From polarization formula –
Code POLAR by C. J. Sansonetti Semiempirical methods (various)
Theoretical interpretation of levels: Cowan codes, R. D. Cowan, The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (1981). Kramida’s version for Windows: http://das101.isan.troitsk.ru/COWAN
Isoelectronic comparisons
Example: Resonance lines of Li-like ions
Livermore EBIT:
not measured
64.140(12) Å
Interpolation by A. Kramida, CJP 89, 551 (2011)
Evaluation of transition probabilities
• Checking critical factors
• Matching calculated TP with experimental energy levels
• Matching different calculations with each other
• Selecting best TP values
• Checking for regularities
Critical factors in TP evaluation
Theory: • Configuration interaction • Near coincidences of energy levels • Cancellation effects • Relativistic corrections • Convergence of results and of length and velocity forms Experiment (emission spectroscopy): • Validity of the plasma model • Self-absorption effects • Spectral calibration of intensities Experiment (lifetime measurements): • Selective excitation, cascades • Collisional effects and radiation trapping • Absence of line blending • Polarization effects and quantum beats
Use of comparison of observed intensities and calculated A-values for level identification
Two J=1 levels in Na II: 2p53d 3D°1 and 2p54s 1P°1: 333107.74 cm–1 and 333162.94 cm–1 Which is which?