CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF BACTERIAL CANKER SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT IN FIELD AND GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Sally A. Miller 1 , Melanie L. Lewis Ivey 1 , Fulya Baysal-Gurel 1 , Xiulan Xu 1 , Warren Arinaitwe 2 and Michael E. Bledsoe 3 1 The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 2 Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 3 Village Farms International, Inc., Heathrow, FL
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CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF BACTERIAL CANKER SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT IN FIELD AND GREENHOUSE TOMATOES Sally A. Miller1, Melanie L. Lewis Ivey1, Fulya Baysal-Gurel1, Xiulan Xu1, Warren Arinaitwe2 and Michael E. Bledsoe3 1The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 2Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 3Village Farms International, Inc., Heathrow, FL
Bacterial Canker • High consequence bacterial disease in temperate climates and greenhouses • Clavibacter
michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) • Seedborne • Long-lived in environment • Mechanically transmitted • 1°, 2° canker in open fields
Midwestern US outbreak 2011
GH tomato outbreak, 2010
Why Identify and Track Cmm Strains?
• Understand the movement of Cmm
• Identify the source of outbreaks
• Identify critical control points
• Improve management practices
Production Flow Overview – GH Tomatoes
Germination*
Seedling*production
Grafting
Training*Dropping*
Trans6planting
Topping
De6lea7ing*
Seeding
Harvest*
Propa6gation
Crop*Work
Post6harvest*Handling***
Field Tomato Production Overview
Germination*
Seedling*production Pruning*
Staking*Spraying***
Trans6planting
Seeding
Harvest*
Propa6gation
Crop*Work
Post6harvest*Handling***
Development of a Multivariate Matrix for Cmm Surveillance • Rep-PCR fingerprinting
• Historical Cmm types: ABCD • Field tomatoes, Midwestern US, 1998 (Louws et al.)
• Field tomato haplotypes: ABCD - Israel, 2008 (Kleitman et al.) • Greenhouse tomato haplotypes: ABCD – Japan 2010 (Kawaguchi
Only Cmm CG5 was detected throughout large greenhouse 3-5 weeks after transplanting *Does not infer source of Cmm
Village Farms Ft Davis
CG2 and CG3 detected between 2007 and 2010 CG2 Detected in GH 10 in both 2009 and 2010 CG3 introduced in a specific variety in 2009 but affected many other varieties *Does not infer source of Cmm
• Production • Field – not much; long rotations necessary • GH – sanitation, sanitation, sanitation
After 26 Years, What Have We Accomplished in Management of Bacterial Canker? • No resistant varieties • No highly effective bactericides • A new GH tomato industry threatened • Seeds are still a source of Cmm
• We know a lot about the epidemiology of this disease • But not the frequency and mechanism of seed infection
• Cmm testing methods have improved significantly • Standardization is still needed • Effective sanitizing seed treatments are known but are generally not
adopted • Field production practices have changed
• The industry moved away from bare-root transplants but canker did not go away
• Greenhouse environment for seedling production highly conducive to bacterial disease development
Thanks! • OSU
• Melanie Lewis Ivey • Xiulan Xu • Warren Arinaitwe • Fulya Baysal Gurel • Xing Ma • David Francis
• Tomato Industry • Mike Bledsoe, VF • Erika Verrier, BYF • Steve Smith, Red Gold • Jeff Unverferth, Hirzel