AGROECOLOGY, NUTRITION, HEALTH Cristina Tirado von der Pahlen, DVM, MS, PhD Chair of the IUNS Climate and Nutrition Task Force UN Standing Committee for Nutrition WG on Climate Change [email protected] © Samuel Hauenstein Swan
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AGROECOLOGY,*NUTRITION,*HEALTH*!!
Cristina Tirado von der Pahlen, DVM, MS, PhD
Chair of the IUNS Climate and Nutrition Task Force UN Standing Committee for Nutrition WG on Climate Change
© Samuel Hauenstein Swan
“Agro%ecology*prac-ces,*including*organic**agriculture*and*agroforestry,*are*ways*to**
answer*the*combined*crisis*of*natural*resource**degrada-on,*climate*change*and*food*and*
nutri-on*security”***
(FAO,!2014)!
!
!
Adapted from WHO
Global*Climate*and*Environmental*Change**
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Water quantity
and safety
Diverse pathways
Altered precipitation
Decline in ecosystem services
Conflict
UV exposure Agro-ecosystem Productivity
Summary*of*DirecDon,*Magnitude,*and*Certainty*of*
Projected*Climate*impacts*on*Health!(IPCC,*2007)*
Negative Impact Positive Impact
Very High Confidence Effects on geographic range & incidence of malaria
High Confidence Undernutrition & consequent children developmental disorders Injuries, deaths, disease - Extreme events (heatwaves, floods, droughts, fires, etc) Cardio-respiratory diseases - poor air quality Cold-related deaths
Medium Confidence Diarrheal diseases
Pathways*through*which*climate*change*affects*nutriDon*(Tirado*et*al.*2013*adapted*from*Black*and*UNICEF)*
By#2080#1#(#3#billion#people#will#experience#water#scarcity#and#200#to#600#million,#hunger#(IPCC 2007; 2014)!
Undernurished*children*will*increase*in*a*20%*
Number*of*Malnourished*Children*in*SubOSaharan*Africa*(millions)!!
Calorie*availability*in*2050*likely*decline*throughout*
the*developing*world*
*
!
!
Severe*stunDng*es/mated!to!increase!by*23%*(central**
subO*Saharan*Africa)*to*62%*(South*Asia)*in*2050**
compared#to#a#future#without#climate#change.*(Lloyd*et*al.*2011)!!
*
*
Climate*Change*and*StunDng*!
Effects*of*Carbon*Dioxide*on*Protein*and*Minerals* US Global Climate Change Research Program- Climate and Health Assessment 2015
doubling of CO2 concentration from preindustrial levels
2100
Meinshausen et al. 2013
Average effect on 125 plant species and cultivars
Ziska et al. 2004, Taub et al. 2008, and Loladze 2014.)
about 805 million people are chronically undernourished 1 billion adults and 20 million children are estimated to be overweight. Diets low fruit and vegetable intake – high in meat & saturated fats
Double*burden*of*malnutriDon**
• Integrated!family!farming!(synergies!of!agro?forestry!hor/culture,!
aquaculture!and!!livestock!systems)!
• Mangrove!repopula/on:!Aqua?silviculture!–!Disaster#risk#reducBon*• Extension!services!?!food!diversity!promo/on!!?!Good!Agriculture!
Prac/ces!?!food!safety!(e.g.!aflatoxins,!FBD)!
• Educa/on!?!local!food!systems,!!
biodiversity!!&!micronutrient?rich!foods!
!
!
!
NutriDonOsensiDve*climate*adaptaDon**
*
*
#
Agro?ecology!
• Agro?forestry/Silvi?culture!• Conserva/on!Agriculture!• Rice!Intensifica/on/fish!farming!!
• Integrated!farming!systems!
• Integrated!food/energy!systems!
NutriDonOsensiDve*miDgaDon**
*!
increase!diet!diversity!while*reducing*GHG*
CoObenefits*of*Sustainable*diets*
• Healthy!–!diet*rich*in*fruits*&*vegetables*(400gr/day)!can*save*2.7*million*lives**(WHO,!2008)!
• Environmentally!sustainable!(e.g.!legumes!?!soil!N!fixing)!
• Biodiversity/!tradi/onal!crops/!indigenous!peoples!/socio?cultural!values!
• Socially!equitable!!
Nutri/on!Indicators!–!SDGs!(UNSCN,!2015)!
Minimum*Dietary*Diversity*–Women**
Global**Dietary*Diversity*Indicator*for*Women***
*
EU, FAO, FANTA III, USAID, 2014
!
Key!messages!!!*
• Agro?ecology!and!agroforestry!preserve!biodiversity!and,!therefore,!directly!facilitate!the!diversity!of!diets,!with!usually!a!posi/ve!effect!on!nutri/on.!!
!
• Women!are!vital!to!achieve!food!and!nutri/on!security!through!agro?ecology!in!
their!role!as!both!the!primary!producers!of!food!in!many!parts!of!the!world!and!
the!primary!caretakers!of!children.!!
!
• Indigenous!knowledge!and!tradi/ons!are!an!important!part!of!agro?ecology!and!
can!be!key!to!address!chronic!health!issues!due!to!loss!of!tradi/onal!diets!and!
farming!prac/ces.!!
!
• The!promo/on!of!agro?ecology!needs!to!be!supported!through!a!mul/?sectoral!
approach!through!applied!research,!integrated!monitoring!and!evalua/on,!good!
governance!and!public!policies.!
!
Key!messages!!!*
• Nutri/on?sensi/ve!adapta/on!and!mi/ga/on!!bring!coO
benefits*to*health*and*the*environment***
• Need!to!include!nutriDon*indicators!in!climate!
adapta/on!and!mi/ga/on!planning!and!programming*
(e.g.*Women*Minimum*Dietary*Diversity)*
• Policy*coherence*–**climate*and*2030*development*
agenda:*Climate,!environmental,!agriculture,!health,!
nutri/on!policies!
“opportuni-es*to*achieve*co(benefits#from#acBons#that#reduce#emissions#and#at#the#same#Bme#improve#health#by#shiEing#consumpBon#away#from#animal#products,#especially#from#ruminant#sources,#in#high(meat#consumpBon#socieBes,#toward#less#emission#intensive#healthy#diets”*!!!(IPCC!AR5!WGII!chapter!11,!
2014)!
IPCC*2014**
CoObenefits*of**changing*diets**
Gender*equality*O*access*to*resources*
and*extension*services****!!!!
*Equal*access*to*agriculture*land,*training,*credit,*informa-on*
will*increase#farm#producBvity#by#20(30%##and*100%150*million*fewer*people*would*be*hungry*
*! ! ! ! ! ! !*
*
FAO,!2011!
Values Establish a culture of healthy living
Embrace equitable solutions Support universal food security
Encourage to steward natural resources Transparency in the work
Supply-Chain Participants Conserve natural resources
Use capital and labor responsibly
Innovate in R&D Enhance Biodiversity
Sustainable Diets
Consumers Sustainability & healthy diets
Healthy dietary patterns Increased demand for
sustainable food Minimize food waste
Policies Informed by best evidence
Engage multiple sector stakeholders Local, regional, national, global
Monitoring & accountability systems Align polices to promote health &
sustainability
US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015
Health*Indicators*for**
sustainable*agriculture,**food*security*and*nutriDon*!**
NutriDon*and*Health*outcomes:**
• anemia!in!women!of!reproduc/ve!age;!!
• stun/ng!in!children!under!5!years;!!• obesity!in!children!under!5!and!in!adults;*Food*access,*dietary*quality*and*sustainable*food*producDon:!!
• adequate!access!to!protein!supply;!!!• excessive!adult!saturated!fat!consump/on;!!
• household!dietary!diversity?!Minimum!Dietary!Diversity!for!Women!
Food*market/trade*policies*supporDng*health*and*sustainability:!!
• countries!that!have!phased!out!use!of!an/bio/cs!as!growth!promoters;!!
• health!impact!assessment!in!agricultural!policies,!trade!plans. • compliance!with!food!safety!standards!(addi/ves,!residues,!etc)!!
USDA!dietary!guidelines!2015!
• decrease meat intake by increase seafood intake
• chapter on sustainability - promote health of the population through sustainable diets
Effect*of*diets*on*annual*per*capita*GHG*emissions*
Tilman & Clark , Nature 2014
Global*diets*link*environmental*sustainability**
and*human*health*
per!capita!reduc/ons!
being!30%,!45%!and!55%!for!
the!Mediterranean!and,!
pescetarian!and!vegetarian!
diets,!respec/vely.!
ReducDon*of*in*relaDve*risk*of*health*condiDons*
relaDve*to*convenDonalOomnivorous*diets*
(Tilman & Clark , Nature 2014)
FoodSECuRE will:
i) trigger action based on climate forecasts, to reinforce community resilience before shocks occur; and
ii) provide multi-year financing to deliver high-quality resilience- building activities are undertaken during post-disaster recovery operations.
47 percent of WFP’s emergency and recovery operations included response to climate-related events with a combined budget of US$23 billion.
Climate!Risk!Management!
Dietary Recommendations Swedish National Food Administration (2009)
Meat (beef, lamb, pork)
Eat less, reduce portion size. Eat locally produced and grass fed animals
Fish and shellfish choose seafood with sustainable eco-labels
Fruits, vegetables Seasonal and locally produced Pesticide free
Potatoes, cereals Locally grown – reduce rice intake
Cooking fat Choose rape seed and olive oil– reduce palm
Water Choose tap water Locally produced/packed
Mainstreaming*nutriDon*at*the*UNFCCC**
!
Biofuel!expansion!
Page 3INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 3
Changes in number of malnourished pre-school children by 2020 under two scenarios compared to the baseline levels (%)
Source: IFPRI IMPACT projections
Risk!management!Finance!&!Insurance!!
Weather*insurance*powerful*tool*to*help*people*to*manage*climate*risk,**
providing!insurance!protec/on!to!help!become!more!resilient!and!food!secure.!!
R4*Rural*Resilience*IniDaDve:**building*resilience*to*climate*change*for*long*term*food*security**
!Combina-on*of*4*risk*management*strategies**
Improved resource management through asset creation
Savings
Insurance
Livelihoods diversification
*
~*74*million*
fewer**
children*
stunted**
in*2025**
*
*
NutriDonOspecific*
intervenDons*
*#Includes#per#capita#GDP,#food#availability#and#diversity,#and#women’s#educaBon,#health#and#empowerment##
Child*StunDng:*Trends*and*Targets!
Underlying*determinants*
of*stunDng**
162m*stunted*
$1*invested*in*
stunDng*=*~**$18*
economic*returns*
~100m*stunted*! by 40% by 2025 !
30
Total*$49.6*billion*over*ten*years**
Source: World Bank and R4D, 2016 (forthcoming)
A!changing!climate!towards!responsible!!
consump/on!and!produc/on!
SOURCE OF DATA – EUROBAROMETER 2010
Base all respondents % EU 27
Should be a label indicating a product’s carbon footprint mandatory?
Environmental*Impacts*of*ConsumpDon*and*
ProducDon*(UNEP,#2010)*
“As*the*global*popula-on*surges*towards*a*predicted*9.1#billion#people#by#2050,*western#tastes#for#diets#rich#in#meat#and#dairy#products#are##unsustainable”*“global*shiS*towards*a*vegan*diet*is*vital*to*save*the*world*from*hunger,*fuel*poverty*and**the*worst*impacts*of*climate*change”*
(Weber and Mathews, 2009)
*
Green*House*Gas*emissions*by*supply*Der*in*the*
associated*by*household*food*consumpDon*USA***
*
! Aflatoxins*!
Summary!of!projected!changes!in!crop!yields!due!to!
climate!change!over!the!21st!century! !!*
Why invest in nutrition?
SCHOOLING*
Early*nutriDon*
programs*can*
increase*school*
compleDon*by*
one*year*
EARNINGS*
Early*
nutriDon*
programs*can*
raise*adult*
wages*by*
5O50%*
POVERTY*
Children*who*
escape*stunDng*
are*33%*more*
likely*to*escape*
poverty*as*
adults*
!
ECONOMY*
ReducDons*in*
stunDng*can*
increase*GDP**
by*4O11%*
*in*Asia*&**
Africa*
Defini/ons!!
Food*security!exists!when!all!people,!at!all!!
/mes,!have!physical,!social!and!economic!access!!
to!sufficient,!safe!and!nutri/ous!food!that!meets!!
their!dietary!needs!and!food!preferences!for!an!!
ac/ve!and!healthy!life(FAO,!2002;!FAO,!2009;!!
UNSCN,!2010).!!
NutriDon*security*exists!when!food!security!is!coupled!!
with!a!sanitary!environment,!adequate!health!services,!!
and!proper!care!and!feeding!prac/ces!to!ensure!a!!
healthy!life!for!all!household!members!(WB!2009;!!
UNSCN,!2010;!SUN,!2010).!
Biofuel!expansion!
Page 3INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 3
Changes in number of malnourished pre-school children by 2020 under two scenarios compared to the baseline levels (%)
Source: IFPRI IMPACT projections
!
Biofuel!expansion!and!undernutri/on!!*
-50% -15% 0%
+35% +15% 200
39
Climate*change*changes*in*Food*ProducDon**
2003O2080*Increasing*Temperature*and*CO2**
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