CRISE FINANCEIRA E MULTILATERALISMO: A construção do imaginário geopolítico através da cobertura dos movimentos de cooperação internacional pela Folha Online

8/8/2019 CRISE FINANCEIRA E MULTILATERALISMO: A construção do imaginário geopolítico através da cobertura dos movime…

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^gydg G`h|ghi Vcdg Oe`vifg

F\CVI OC@G@FIC\G I AYDXCDGXI\GDCVAE

G fe`vx|yíæe he cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe gx|gãv hg feli|xy|g hev aecai`xev hi

fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd ~idg Oedbg E`dcì

LIDE BE\CZE@XIFi`x|e Y`ci|vcxç|ce hi Lide Be|cze`xi "Y`c!LB#

<>7>



^gydg G`h|ghi Vcdg Oe`vifg

F\CVI OC@G@FIC\G I AYDXCDGXI\GDCVAEG fe`vx|yíæe he cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe gx|gãv hg feli|xy|g hev aecai`xev hi

fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd ~idg Oedbg E`dcì

Aeèm|gocg g~|ivi`xghg ge fy|ve hi Je|`gdcvae he Fi`x|e Y`ci|vcxç|cehi Lide Be|cze`xi "Y`c!LB# feae |iwycvcxe ~g|fcgd î elxi`íæe he m|gy hiLgfbg|id ia Je|`gdcvae.

E|ci`xghe|g: Ghãdcg Lg||eve Oi|`g`hiv

LIDE BE\CZE@XI

Fi`x|e Y`ci|vcxç|ce hi Lide Be|cze`xi "Y`c!LB#

<>7>



Gev aiyv ~gcv.



\IVYAE

E ~|ivi`xi x|glgdbe xia feae eljixce fea~|ii`hi| g |idgíæe i`x|i je|`gdcvae c`xi|`gfce`gd i gfe`vx|yíæe he cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe$ fea e c`xycxe hi i`xi`hi|$ ~e| aice he hcvfy|ve

je|`gdávxcfe `g feli|xy|g hev ogxev c`xi|`gfce`gcv$ g cvæe hi aydxcdgxi|gdcvae wyi g aáhcg

x|g`vacxi. ^g|g cvve$ oec |igdczghe ya ivxyhe hg feli|xy|g he je|`gd Oedbg E`dcì vel|i gv

èxáfcgv |ioi|i`xiv îv c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv "E@Y$ EAF$ OAC i Lg`fe Ay`hcgd#$ lia feae

gv e|mg`czgíùiv hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd "M=$ M2$ M<>$ L\CF$ i`x|i eyx|gv# f|cghgv i%ey

oe|xgdifchgv fea g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd$ c`fdyc`he hifdg|gíùiv hi dáhi|iv ~edáxcfev$ i wyi

c`xi`vcocfga g hcvfyvvæe vel|i aydxcdgxi|gdcvae$ fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd i mei|`g`íg mdelgd. Gchicg ã ~i|fili| g ca~e|xì`fcg feòi|chg ~idg feli|xy|g je|`gdávxcfg gev ~|c`fc~gcv gxe|iv

c`xi|`gfce`gcv è ~|efivve hi |ivedyíæe hg f|cvi$ i vi e hcvfy|ve je|`gdávxcfe g~e`xg ~g|g e

iò|gwyifcai`xe hg bimiae`cg è|xi!gai|cfg`g i e ivxglidifcai`xe hi yag èg e|hia

ay`hcgd.

^gdg|gv!fbgi: Je|`gdcvae c`xi|`gfce`gd; Cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe; F|cvi oc`g`fic|g;

Aydxcdgxi|gdcvae



DCVXG HI CDYVX\GÍÙIV

Ocmy|g 7 ‖ @úai|e hi fcxgíùiv ..................................................................................... 87



VYAÇ\CE

7 C@X\EHYÍÆE ................................................................................................................. >2

< AÁHCG I IV^GÍE ^ÚLDCFE ....................................................................................... 76

<.7 G vefcihghi aihcghg ........................................................................................................ 76

<.< Iv~gíe ~úldcfe i aehi|`chghi ......................................................................................... 7=

<.6 E hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe i viy fg|çxi| irexã|cfe .................................................................... <>

<.7 Bc~öxiviv fe`xia~e|ììgv he je|`gdcvae ........................................................................ <<

6 G _IDBG @E_G E\HIA AY@HCGD ! HE CAGMC@Ç\CE ÎV

C@VXCXYCÍÙIV ................................................................................................................... <=6.7 E cagmc`ç|ce i g vyg fe`vx|yíæe ....................................................................................... <=

6.< E ~g~id i ev dcacxiv hev vcvxiagv aydxcdgxi|gcv ................................................................ 6<

6.6 êhi| i f|cvi hi bimiae`cgv ............................................................................................ 63

8 G FE@VX\YÍÆE HE CAGMC@Ç\CE MIEÊDÁXCFE HY\G@XI G F\CVIOC@G@FIC\G G ^G\XC\ HG FELI\XY\G HG OEDBG E@DC@I ........................... 87

8.7 Aixehedemcg ....................................................................................................................... 87

8.< G f|cvi ia ag`fbixiv ........................................................................................................ 8<8.6 E|cmia i gm|ggai`xe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd .................................................. 86

8.8 E aydxcdgxi|gdcvae feae ~|exgme`cvxg ............................................................................. 8?

9 FE@FDYVÆE ..................................................................................................................... 9<

\IOI\Ê@FCGV .................................................................................................................... 99



2

7 C@X\EHYÍÆE

E ~|ivi`xi x|glgdbe xia feae eljixce fea~|ii`hi| g |idgíæe i`x|i je|`gdcvae

c`xi|`gfce`gd i g fe`vx|yíæe he cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe. E c`xycxe ã i`xi`hi|$ ~e| aice

he hcvfy|ve je|`gdávxcfe `g feli|xy|g hev ogxev c`xi|`gfce`gcv$ g cvæe hi fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd wyi g aáhcg x|g`vacxi$ i i|cocfg|$ ~e|xg`xe$ wygd oec e cagmc`ç|ce

mie~edáxcfe fe`vx|yáhe ~idg Oedbg E`dcì `g feli|xy|g hev aecai`xev hi fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd c`xi`vcocfghev ~idg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g. ^g|g cvve$ digaev ia fe`vchi|gíæe g

ca~e|xì`fcg hghg ~idg feli|xy|g je|`gdávxcfg gev ~|c`fc~gcv gxe|iv c`xi|`gfce`gcv è

~|efivve hi |ivedyíæe hg f|cvi$ i g ca~e|xì`fcg feòi|chg î lyvfg hg vedyíæe hg f|cvi

gx|gãv hi aihchgv aydxcdgxi|gcv$ ia hix|cai`xe hg dchi|g`íg è|xi!gai|cfg`g. G chicg ã

~i|fili| vi e hcvfy|ve je|`gdávxcfe g~e`xg ~g|g e iò|gwyifcai`xe hg bimiae`cg è|xi!

gai|cfg`g i e ivxglidifcai`xe hi yag èg e|hia ay`hcgd.

G ~|e~evxg lyvfg x|gzi| fe`ficxev hi eyx|gv ç|igv he fe`bifcai`xe$ feae gv \idgíùiv

C`xi|`gfce`gcv i gv Fcê`fcgv êdáxcfgv$ ~g|g e fga~e hg Feay`cfgíæe$ ~|e~e|fce`g`he$

gvvca$ fe`bifcai`xev lçvcfev vel|i g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g$ gv e|mg`czgíùiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv i

ev aecai`xev hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd$ fe`x|clyc`he$ gvvca$ ~g|g g lcldcem|gocg hg

ç|ig.

^g|g cvve$ oec |igdczghe ya ivxyhe hg feli|xy|g he je|`gd Oedbg E`dcì vel|i gv èxáfcgv

|ioi|i`xiv îv c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv "E@Y$ EAF$ OAC i Lg`fe Ay`hcgd#$ lia feae

gv e|mg`czgíùiv hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd "M=$ M2$ M<>$ L\CF$ i`x|i eyx|gv# f|cghgv

i%ey oe|xgdifchgv fea g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd$ c`fdyc`he hifdg|gíùiv hi dáhi|iv

~edáxcfev$ i wyi c`xi`vcocfga g hcvfyvvæe vel|i aydxcdgxi|gdcvae$ fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd i mei|`g`íg mdelgd.

E ~|ejixe oec hivièdche ~e| aice hi ~ivwycvg lcldcem|çocfg$ dicxy|g i g`çdcvi hi

agxã|cgv ~yldcfghgv è je|`gd Oedbg E`dcì hi vixial|e hi <>>2 g oii|ic|e hi <>7>

"fghi|èv L|gvcd i Ay`he#$ i eyxyl|e hi <>>2 "fghi|è Hc`bic|e#. Oe|ga fedixghgv

xehgv gv agxã|cgv wyi x|gxgga hgv aelcdczgíùiv ia ~|ed hi yag fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd ~g|g i`fe`x|g| vgáhgv ~g|g g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g. @ivvg fgxime|cg$ c`fdyia!vi

ev i`fe`x|ev i`x|i dáhi|iv ~edáxcfev$ fú~ydgv hi e|mg`czgíùiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv$ lia feaehcvfy|vev hi dáhi|iv ~|eiacì`xiv. Gv agxã|cgv vidifce`ghgv oe|ga g`gdcvghgv g ~g|xc| he



3

fe`xiúhe i he hcvfy|ve$ fea e c`xycxe hi ~i|fili| wygd e cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe

fe`vx|yáhe ~ide ~i|cöhcfe.

G ~ivwycvg lcldcem|çocfg oec idgle|ghg ~e| aice hg vidiíæe hi dc|ev$ fg~áxydev i g|xcmev

fci`xáocfev |idgfce`ghev g xiagv feae g fe`vx|yíæe vefcgd hg |igdchghi$ x|gxghe ~e|

gyxe|iv feae Li|mi| i Dyfkag`` "733>#$ Xbea~ve` "7332# i Lgfzke "7329#; hcvfy|ve

hg aáhcg i x|ghyíæe hi fe`ficxev xãf`cfev$ ga~dgai`xi hcvfyxche ~e| \eh|cmyiv "7336#$

Ae|c` "733=# i Dybag`` "<>>>#; g g`çdcvi he hcvfy|ve hi Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#; gdãa hev

fe`ficxev ~|ö~|cev hgv \idgíùiv C`xi|`gfce`gcv i hgv Fcê`fcgv êdáxcfgv$ x|gzchev ~e|

gyxe|iv feae Bicxe| Xe||iv "<>>3#$ Jydce Le|miv "<>>?#$ Caag`yid ]iddi|vxic` "733?#$

I|cf Belvl}g` "<>>=# i Dyfcgè M|y~~c "73=2#.

G f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd ‖ wyi xii viy gm|ggai`xe è vimy`he viaivx|i hi

<>>2$ fydac`g`he fea g wyil|g he lg`fe hi cìvxcai`xev gai|cfgè Dibag` L|exbi|v

ia vixial|e he aivae gè ‖ $ mi|ey ir~ifxgxcgv wyg`xe ge vy|mcai`xe hi yag èg

i|g hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd$ g~ecghg ia ya vcvxiag hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd$ aycxe

ichi`fcghg fea g f|cgíæe i%ey e oe|xgdifcai`xe hi g|xcfydgíùiv vy~|g`gfce`gcv$ xgcv

wygcv e M<$ M=$ M2$ M<>$ L\CF$ E@Y$ OAC$ i`x|i eyx|ev. G aáhcg$ ~e| vyg iz$ ~evvyc

yag agìc|g ~ifydcg| hi gvvcvxc| i gvvcacdg| xgd xi`hê`fcg$ ~e| aexcev wyi ~ehia ivxg|

|idgfce`ghev ge fe`xirxe mie~edáxcfe he ~gáv è wygd e ~i|cöhcfe vi c`vi|i$ i gxã îv

wyivxùiv cì|i`xiv gev ~|efivvev hi ~|ehyíæe hg èxáfcg.

Xbea~ve` "7332# x|gxg ev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe feae aihcghe|iv hev gfe`xifcai`xev$

g~|ercag`he hev ogxev gwyidiv wyi vi i`fe`x|ga ocvcfgai`xi hcvxg`xiv. @e i`xg`xe$ g

aáhcg xia yag agìc|g ~g|xcfydg| hi x|g`voe|ag| ev hcvfy|vev c`vxcxyfce`gcv i

bi|aãxcfev ia vca~dcocfghev i gfivváicv ge m|g`hi ~úldcfe$ feae ir~dcfg \eh|cmyiv"7336#$ Ae|c` "733=# i Dybag`` "<>>>#. Ge xi`xg| c`fe|~e|g| e hcvfy|ve hi

hixi|ac`ghgv c`vxcxycíùiv ey ç|igv iv~ifáocfgv he fe`bifcai`xe$ feae g ~edáxcfg i g

ifeèacg$ e je|`gdcvxg ~ehi ~|eefg| yag hcvxe|íæe `g ~|ö~|cg ai`vgmia. Ivvg

x|ghyíæe hg dc`mygmia iv~ifáocfg ã yag hcvfyvvæe |idig`xi$ yag iz wyi$ vimy`he

Xbea~ve` "7332#$ g aáhcg xia e ~g~id hi fgxgdcvghe| hgv x|g`voe|agíùiv vefcgcv$ e wyi

~g|g Lgfzke "7329# vcm`cocfg hixi| e ~ehi| hi |ioe|íg| ey hivx|yc| e cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd.



7>

Li|mi| i Dyfkag`` "733># ichi`fcga g ca~e|xì`fcg hg dc`mygmia ~g|g g vedchcocfgíæe

he cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd. Hi gfe|he fea Lgfzke "7329#$ e cagmc`ç|ce ã$ ~e| vyg iz$ e

fe`jy`xe hi |idgíùiv cagmãxcfgv wyi ev c`hcáhyev hi yag vefcihghi ~|ehyzia ia

fe`jy`xe$ i wyi feòi|i vi`xche î ~|ö~|cg ircvxê`fcg.

@e hcg <9 hi oii|ic|e hi <>>3$ e je|`gd Oedbg E`dcì ~yldcfey yag agxã|cg vel|i e

~|caic|e hcvfy|ve he ~|ivchi`xi gai|cfgè Lg|gfk Elgag `g Fe`m|ivve$ è wygd

Elgag goc|aey wyi ev Ivxghev Y`chev `æe ~ehia fealgxi| gv gaigígv he vãfyde

vezc`bev$ agv wyi e ay`he xgalãa `æe ~ehi|cg fealgxê!dgv via ev IYG. G agxã|cg

oec c`xcxydghg ’Aevx|gaev ge ay`he wyi yag èg i|g hi i`mgjgai`xe feaiíey$ hcz

Elgag‟. Fi|fg hi ya aêv hi~ecv$ è hcg 7º hi gl|cd hi <>>3$ e je|`gd ~yldcfey yag

agxã|cg vel|i gv |i~i|fyvvùiv ia ç|cev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe wyg`xe î fbimghg he

~|ivchi`xi gai|cfgè Lg|gfk Elgag ~g|g g fú~ydg he M<> ia De`h|iv. G agxã|cg oec

c`xcxydghg ’Elgag iò|i`xg wyihg he ~ehi| hev IYG‟. Jç è hcg 77 he aivae aêv$ e

je|`gd ~yldcfey yag agxã|cg vel|i g ogdg he ~|ivchi`xi è|xi!gai|cfgè ia viy

~|em|gag hi |çhce$ è wygd goc|aey wyi ev IYG hii|cga gvvyac| viy ~g~id hi

dchi|g`íg `g feay`chghi c`xi|`gfce`gd$ agv wyi ev hivgocev mdelgcv ircmcga gíæe

fee|hi`ghg hi xehgv gv `gíùiv. G agxã|cg oec c`xcxydghg ’Elgag hcz wyi IYG xêa wyi

dchi|g| |iv~evxg g f|cviv ay`hcgcv‟.

G ~|caic|g agxã|cg aevx|g yag m|g`hi ayhg`íg hi ~evcfce`gai`xe hc~deaçxcfe he

~gáv$ vi fea~g|ghe ge ~gvvghe |ifi`xi. @e i`xg`xe$ iògxczg g c`fg~gfchghi hev IYG hi

~|eaei| m|g`hiv ayhg`ígv ivx|yxy|gcv è ay`he vi `æe beyi| yag fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd$ i yag aelcdczgíæe fe`jy`xg hi xehev ev mei|èv. Cvve ~ehi vi|

i`xi`hche feae yag odirclcdczgíæe hg fe`hcíæe hi bimiae`cg hev Ivxghev Y`chev$ ia

~|ed hi ya lia agce|.

@g vimy`hg agxã|cg$ e je|`gdcvxg Fdöcv \evvc |iúì yag vã|ci hi ~yldcfgíùiv ~g|g

vi|c| feae ’ichê`fcg‟ hg ~|eoifcg hi wyi e xia~e hg vy~|iagfcg è|xi!gai|cfg`g

ivxg|cg fbimg`he ge oca. E fe`x|gvxi ã |igd fea e hcvfy|ve he ~|ivchi`xi gai|cfgè$

|ivyache è xáxyde hg xi|fic|g agxã|cg$ è wygd e ~|ivchi`xi |igvvimy|g g bimiae`cg

è|xi gai|cfg`g$ gc`hg wyi gx|gãv hg dchi|g`íg hg èg ~edáxcfg mdelgd hi

aydxcdgxi|gdcvae ‖ ya ~evcfce`gai`xe g~g|i`xiai`xi fe`x|ghcxö|ce$ ~ecv g chãcg himei|`g`íg mdelgd gaigíg|cg g ~|ö~|cg vy~|iagfcg hev IYG.



77

G chãcg hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd ã ya gvvy`xe |idgxcgai`xi |ifi`xi `g bcvxö|cg he ay`he$

i wyi gfgley mg`bg`he hivxgwyi è údxcae gè gx|gãv he oe|xgdifcai`xe hgv

g|xcfydgíùiv vy~|g`gfce`gcv$ hiche î f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd. G ivfgvviz hi

~yldcfgíùiv vel|i e gvvy`xe fe`x|clyc$ ~e|xg`xe$ ~g|g g |idiì`fcg hivxg ~ivwycvg.

Hi gfe|he fea Júdce Le|miv "<>>?#$ ~e| ’mei|`g`íg mdelgd‟ i`xi`hi!vi e ~|efivve hi

|ivedyíæe hi feòdcxev gx|gãv hg fe`vx|yíæe hi c`vxcxycíùiv feae g E@Y$ g EAF i e

OAC$ i xgalãa hgv e|mg`czgíùiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv wyi vy|mia ~g|g ghac`cvx|g| i |imydg|

ev hivgocev fe`xia~e|ììev. Jç gv e|mg`czgíùiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv$ feae ir~dcfg \e`czi

Gdcì Agxev "<>>8#$ væe gm|y~gai`xev vy~|g`gfce`gcv oe|agcv$ hi fg|çxi| aydxcdgxi|gd$

wyi lyvfga ogfcdcxg| ev ~|efivvev hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd èv ìalcxev vefcgd$

ife`øacfe$ hi vimy|g`íg$ i`x|i eyx|ev.

E aydxcdgxi|gdcvae$ ~e| vyg iz$ ã hioc`che ~e| Jeb` Mi|g|h \ymmci "733?# feae yag

oe|ag c`vxcxyfce`gd hi fee|hi`gíæe hgv |idgíùiv i`x|i x|êv ey agcv Ivxghev$ fea lgvi

ia ~|c`fá~cev hi fe`hyxg miì|gdczghev. ^g|g Hembi|xs i ôgdxzm|goo "<>>6#$ e

aydxcdgxi|gdcvae mg`bg agce| |idiì`fcg è fe`xirxe hg fee~i|gíæe i hg c`xim|gíæe$

wyg`he gv wyivxùiv wyi hczia |iv~icxe g ya m|y~e hi Ivxghev ~|ifcvga vi| x|gxghgv hi

agìc|g fee|hi`ghg. Hivvg agìc|g$ ev gyxe|iv goc|aga wyi e aydxcdgxi|gdcvae ~ehi

xg`xe gvvyac| yag `gxy|izg miì|gdcvxg "ag`coivxg`he!vi gx|gãv hi g||g`jev

c`vxcxyfce`gcv wyi c`fdyia e|mg`czgíùiv i |imcaiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv#$ feae efy~g|!vi hi

gvvy`xev iv~ifáocfev.

@g gxygdchghi$ ~g|xi hg |igdchghi ã aihcghg ~idev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe. Vi`he gvvca$

g aáhcg ã e agce| gfivve wyi e c`hcáhye xia gev gfe`xifcai`xev. Xe|`g!vi |idig`xi$

~e|xg`xe$ i`xi`hi| feae g aáhcg i`ri|mg$ x|ghyz i fe`vx|öc ivvi cagmc`ç|ce$ yag izwyi gv bc~öxiviv fe`xia~e|ììgv hi je|`gdcvae mg|g`xia wyi g feli|xy|g je|`gdávxcfg

còdyi`fcg g gmi`hg i g ~|ö~|cg e~c`cæe he |ifi~xe|$ ~ehi`he ~|eefg| ca~e|xg`xiv

ayhg`ígv vefcgcv ge fe`vx|yc| ègv |idgíùiv cagmãxcfgv è ~dgè c`xi|`gfce`gd$ wyi$

hiche î x|ghyíæe hi fe`ficxev ~idg aáhcg$ ~ehi gxã `æe fe||iv~e`hi| fea g ~|ö~|cg

|igdchghi. Vi g ca~|i`vg ã fg~gz hi fe`vx|yc|$ gx|gãv he hcvfy|ve$ ya èe cagmc`ç|ce

mie~edáxcfe$ cvve ~ehi xi| ca~e|xg`xi ca~gfxe `g e~c`cæe ~úldcfg$ wyi ~e| vyg iz$ xia e

~ehi| hi fe`hyzc| ev |yaev hi ya ~evváid èe ~|ejixe hg byag`chghi.



7<

Ivxi x|glgdbe ~evvyc x|êv fg~áxydev. @e ~|caic|e$ g~|ivi`xgaev yag hcvfyvvæe vel|i

aáhcg$ g ~g|xcfydg|chghi hi viy hcvfy|ve i vyg |idiì`fcg `g feòcmy|gíæe he iv~gíe

~úldcfe. @e vimy`he fg~áxyde$ x|gxgaev hg fe`vx|yíæe he cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd i hgv

c`vxcxycíùiv ~edáxcfgv wyi e i`fg|`ga. Oc`gdai`xi$ è xi|fic|e fg~áxyde$ g`gdcvgaev e

cagmc`ç|ce fe`vx|yáhe ~e| aice hg feli|xy|g c`xi|`gfce`gd hg Oedbg E`dcì hy|g`xi g

f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd$ g ~g|xc| he vimy`he viaivx|i hi <>>2.



76

< AÁHCG I IV^GÍE ^ÚLDCFE

^g|g fea~|ii`hi| g |idiì`fcg hg aáhcg `g feòcmy|gíæe he iv~gíe ~úldcfe$ ã ~|ifcve

i`xi`hi| e vcm`cocfghe hg aihcgxczgíæe hev gfe`xifcai`xev ia yag vefcihghi$ i feae

cvve goixg ev c`hcáhyev wyi g fea~ùia. ^g|g cvve$ væe g~|ivi`xghev ev fe`ficxev hi

fe`vx|yíæe vefcgd hg |igdchghi i e ~g~id hev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe$ fcxghev ~e| Li|mi|

i Dyfkag`` "7339#$ Xbea~ve` "7332# i Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ gdãa hgv fe`vchi|gíùiv hi

\eyvcdis Agcg "<>>7 i <>>?# vel|i iv~gíe ~úldcfe.

<.7 G vefcihghi aihcghg

Vi|cg ca~evváid ircvxc| `g chg fexchcg`g via g fe`vxg`xi c`xi|gíæe i feay`cfgíæe hev

c`hcáhyev$ vimy`he Li|mi| i Dyfkag`` "7339#. ^g|g ev gyxe|iv$ g c`xi|gíæe ~evvclcdcxg

g fe`vfcê`fcg he vi`ve feaya$ fyjg fg|gfxi|ávxcfg ~|c`fc~gd ã g hi xe|`g| e ay`he

fei|i`xi. G dc`mygmia$ ~e| vyg iz$ feòi|i vi`xche gev eljixev i îv |idgíùiv ìvvi

ay`he fei|i`xi.

^g|g ^gx|cfk Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ g oc`gdchghi he beaia$ ge ogdg|$ `æe ã g hi |ife|xg|$

hivf|ii|$ ivx|yxy|g| e ay`he; e vyjicxe ogdg$ ia ~|c`fá~ce$ ~g|g vi fedefg| ia |idgíæe

ge eyx|e$ ~e|wyi hcvve hi~i`hi g ~|ö~|cg ircvxê`fcg$ cvxe wyi g fe`vfcê`fcg hi vc ~gvvg

~idg xeaghg hi fe`vfcê`fcg hg ircvxê`fcg he eyx|e$ ~idg gvvcacdgíæe he eyx|e i ge$

aivae xia~e$ ~idg hcoi|i`fcgíæe ia |idgíæe ge eyx|e.

Hi gfe|he fea Fbg|gyhigy$ g còe|agíæe ã$ `yag hioc`cíæe ia~á|cfg aá`cag$ g

x|g`vacvvæe hi ya vgli|$ wyi ogz fea wyi e c`hcáhye ~gvvi hi ya ivxghe hi cmè|ì`fcg

~g|g e he fe`bifcai`xe. G ~i|xc`ê`fcg hi yag còe|agíæe hi~i`hi|cg$ ~e|xg`xe$ hgvbc~öxiviv wyi ~ehia vi| oicxgv vel|i e `æe vgli| he hivxc`gxç|ce$ vel|i e c`xi|ivvi wyi g

còe|agíæe ~ehi hiv~i|xg|$ i vel|i vyg g~xchæe ia fea~|ii`hi|.

Feay`cfg|$ còe|ag|$ xyhe ã ivfedbg. @æe veai`xi ivfedbg hi fe`xiúhev gx|g`vacxc|$ `æe veai`xi ivfedbg hgv oe|agv ghiwyghgv ~g|g ivxg| hi gfe|hefea gv è|agv he lia ogdg| i xi| fdg|izg$ agv ivfedbg hi ioicxev hi vi`xche~g|g còdyi`fcg| e eyx|e$ cvxe ã$ è oca hgv fe`xgv$ ivfedbg hi ivx|gxãmcgvhcvfy|vcgv. "FBG\GYHIGY$ <>>?$ ~. 63#



78

Gh|cgè Hyg|xi \eh|cmyiv "7322# ir~dcfg wyi$ g`xcmgai`xi$ gv vefcihghiv |ife||cga gev

acxev feae agìc|g hi ir~dcfg| i ir~i|cai`xg| e ay`he. Fea g vel|igde|czgíæe he

fe`bifcai`xe fci`xáocfe g ~g|xc| hg Chghi Aãhcg$ ev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe gvvyaia e

~g~id hi e|mg`czg| e gdigxö|ce i ir~dcfg| g |igdchghi. Oec gx|gãv he hivièdcai`xe

hev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe wyi$ hi gfe|he fea Xbea~ve` "7332#$ ègv oe|agv hi gíæe

i hi c`xi|gíæe oe|ga f|cghgv i$ fe`viwôi`xiai`xi$ èev xc~ev hi |idgfce`gai`xev

vefcgcv vi oe|ag|ga. ^g|g e gyxe|$ cvve ~|eefey yag fea~dirg |ie|mg`czgíæe hi

~gh|ùiv hi c`xi|gíæe byag`g gx|gãv he iv~gíe i xia~e$ yag iz wyi idg vi hcvvefcey

he galci`xi oávcfe. I`x|g ia fi`g e fe`ficxe hi ’gíæe î hcvxì`fcg‟ wyi$ feae ir~dcfg e

gyxe|$ ~i|acxcy ge c`hcáhye hc|cmc| vygv gíùiv ~g|g eyx|ev$ hcv~i|vev è iv~gíe i è

xia~e$ i xgalãa |iv~e`hi| g gíùiv i gfe`xifcai`xev efe||chev ia galci`xiv hcvxg`xiv.

Ivvg agìc|g hi ir~i|cai`xg| e ay`he ã |idgxcgai`xi |ifi`xi `g bcvxö|cg. Xbea~ve`

"7332# ir~dcfg wyi g agce| ~g|xi hg bcvxö|cg byag`g ã fg|gfxi|czghg ~ide fg|çxi| ogfi g

ogfi hgv vygv c`xi|gíùiv vefcgcv. @idgv$ ev c`hcáhyev vi |idgfce`ga ~|c`fc~gdai`xi `g

g~|ercagíæe i è c`xi|fìalce hi oe|agv vcalödcfgv$ e wyi |ivx|c`mi e gdfg`fi

miem|çocfe hgv x|ghcíùiv hi yag hixi|ac`ghg vefcihghi. E ghi`xe hgv ègv oe|agv hi

c`xi|gíæe ga~dcey gv ~evvclcdchghiv hi feay`cfgíæe.

Hi yag oe|ag ey hi eyx|g$ ^gx|cfk Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?# ir~dcfg wyi xehe hcvfy|ve

hi~i`hi$ ~g|g g fe`vx|yíæe hi viy c`xi|ivvi vefcgd$ hgv fe`hcíùiv iv~ifáocfgv hg vcxygíæe

hi x|efg `g wygd idi vy|mi. Ge c`cfcg| yag feay`cfgíæe$ ev c`hcáhyev vi |i~e|xga ge

wygh|e |ioi|i`fcgd fe`vxcxyáhe ~idg vcxygíæe feay`cfgfce`gd. Hi gfe|he fea e gyxe|$ ’g

vcxygíæe hi feay`cfgíæe ã feae ya ~gdfe$ fea vygv |ivx|cíùiv hi iv~gíe$ hi xia~e$ hi

|idgíùiv$ hi ~gdg|gv$ è wygd vi i`fi`ga gv x|efgv vefcgcv i gwycde wyi fe`vxcxyc e viy

gde| vcalödcfe‟ "FBG\GYHIGY$ <>>?. ~.?=#. Ã hivvg oe|ag wyi væe ivxglidifchgv gv feì`íùiv i è|agv hev fea~e|xgai`xev dc`mygmic|ev$ via gv wygcv e gxe hg

feay`cfgíæe byag`g vi c`cglcdczg|cg. Gvvca vi`he$ e gyxe| goc|ag wyi e defyxe| hii

`æe g~i`gv vylaixi|!vi g xgcv |ivx|cíùiv$ agv xgalãa vy~e| wyi viy c`xi|defyxe| xia g

fg~gfchghi hi |ife`bifê!dgv. Vimy`he Fbg|gyhigy$ gvvca vi ivxglidifi e fe`x|gxe hi

feay`cfgíæe.

^g|g Xbea~ve` "7332#$ væe x|êv ev xc~ev hi c`xi|gíæe vefcgd ircvxi`xiv: ogfi g ogfi$aihcghg i wygvi!aihcghg. G c`xi|gíæe ogfi g ogfi$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ efe||i ia



79

galci`xiv hi fe!~|ivi`íg$ e wyi ogz fea wyi xi`bg ya fg|çxi| hcgdömcfe. ^g|g Li|mi| i

Dyfkag`` "7339#$ veai`xi `g vcxygíæe ogfi g ogfi g vyljixcchghi he eyx|e ã

ir~|ivvcgai`xi ’~|örcag‟. Cvve gfe`xifi ~e|wyi g |igdchghi hg chg fexchcg`g fe`xãa

ivwyiagv xc~cocfghe|iv gx|gãv hev wygcv ev eyx|ev væe g~|ii`hchev$ vi`he ivxglidifchev

ev ~gh|ùiv hi fea~e|xgai`xe èv i`fe`x|ev ogfi g ogfi.

G ir~|ivvcchghi byag`g ã fg~gz hi eljixcgíùiv ‖ ag`coivxg!vi ia ~|ehyxev hg

gxcchghi byag`g. Li|mi| i Dyfkag`` "7339# ir~dcfga wyi ev vc`gcv i ev vcvxiagv hi

vc`gcv væe gdmy`v iria~dev hivvgv eljixcgíùiv$ vi`he g dc`mygmia e agcv ca~e|xg`xi

vcvxiag hi vc`gcv hg vefcihghi byag`g. G fea~|ii`væe hg dc`mygmia ã ivvi`fcgd ~g|g g

fea~|ii`væe hg |igdchghi hg chg fexchcg`g: idg xgalãa xc~cocfg gv ir~i|cê`fcgv i gv

xe|`g g`ø`cagv; ivxglidifi ~e`xiv i`x|i hcoi|i`xiv ze`gv hi`x|e hg |igdchghi hg chg

fexchcg`g i gv c`xim|g ia yag xexgdchghi hexghg hi vi`xchev. ê| cvve$ gv c`xi|gíùiv

aihcghgv vi xe|`g|ga oy`hgai`xgcv g ~g|xc| hg Chghi Aehi|`g. Feae ir~dcfg G`xø`ce

Bebdoidhx "<>>7#$ hcoi|i`xi hgv vefcihghiv ~|cacxcgv$ `gv vefcihghiv g`ø`cagv

"y|lg`czghgv i fea~dirgv# g aihcgíæe hev gfe`xifcai`xev ~idev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe

xe|`g!vi ìfivvç|cg. Cvve gfe`xifi ~e|wyi ev c`hcáhyev `æe xêa gfivve gev ogxev$ i ã

gx|gãv hg aáhcg wyi idiv ~gvvg|æe g ir~i|cai`xg| e ay`he i g~|ii`hi| g |igdchghi.

Hi gfe|he fea Xbea~ve` "7332#$ gv c`xi|gíùiv aihcghgv ca~dcfga e yve hi aice

xãf`cfe wyi ~i|acxi g x|g`vacvvæe hi còe|agíæe i fe`xiúhe vcalödcfe ~g|g c`hcáhyev

vcxyghev |iaexgai`xi è xia~e i%ey è iv~gíe. Jç g c`xi|gíæe wygvi!aihcghg x|gxg

iv~ifcocfgai`xi hgv |idgíùiv vefcgcv ivxglidifchgv ~idev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe hi

agvvg. ^g|g Xbea~ve` "7332#$ ìvvi aehide gv oe|agv vcalödcfgv væe ~|ehyzchgv ~g|g

ya `úai|e c`hioc`che hi |ifi~xe|iv ~exi`fcgcv$ vi`he gvvca yag gxcchghi e|ci`xghg i

hi fg|çxi| aeèdömcfe.

^g|g Xbea~ve` "7332#$ e hivièdcai`xe hev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe gjyhey g f|cg|

ya ay`he ia wyi ev fga~ev hi c`xi|gíæe ~ehia vi xe|`g| mdelgcv ia ivfgdg i ia

gdfg`fi$ i e ~gvve hg x|g`voe|agíæe vefcgd ~ehi vi| gfidi|ghe ~idg idefchghi hev

odyrev hi còe|agíæe. E ~|efivve hi mdelgdczgíæe$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ `æe vi |ivyai î

ir~g`væe hi gxcchghiv gdãa hi o|e`xic|gv hi ivxghev `gfce`gcv ~g|xcfydg|iv. ^g|g wyi

gfe`xiíg g mdelgdczgíæe ã ìfivvç|ce$ hi gfe|he fea Xbea~ve` "7332#$ wyi gvgxcchghiv gfe`xiíga `yag g|i`g wyi ã mdelgd ey wygvi cvve. Gdãa hcvve$ gv gxcchghiv



7?

hiia vi| e|mg`czghgv$ ~dgìjghgv ey fee|hi`ghgv `yag ivfgdg mdelgd. ê| údxcae$

~|ifcvga ièdi| gdmya m|gy hi |ifc~|efchghi i c`xi|hi~i`hê`fcg$ hi aehe g ~i|acxc|

wyi gxcchghiv defgcv vcxyghgv ia hcoi|i`xiv ~g|xiv he ay`he vijga aehidghgv yagv

~idgv eyx|gv.

M|gígv ge hivièdcai`xe hg xifèdemcg i hg agfcíg fe`fi`x|gíæe hi |ify|vev$ gv

gíùiv beji ~ehia xi| fe`viwôê`fcgv wyi ydx|g~gvvga ia aycxe ev defgcv caihcgxev. Hi

gfe|he fea Xbea~ve` "7332#$ e y`ci|ve ãxcfe `æe ~ehi agcv vi| ~i`vghe feae ya

ay`he hi fe`xia~e|ììev fe!~|ivi`xiv. Gv fe`hcíùiv hi fe`xia~e|gìchghi i

~|ercachghi `æe vi vyvxi`xga agcv$ i e y`ci|ve ãxcfe hii vi gdg|mg| ~g|g gl|g`mi|

eyx|ev gxe|iv hcvxg`xiv wyi$ iale|g |iaexev è iv~gíe i è xia~e$ ~ehia ogzi| ~g|xi hi

yag viwyê`fcg c`xi|dcmghg hi gíùiv i vygv fe`viwyê`fcgv.

E gyxe| hioi`hi g ìfivvchghi hi vi lyvfg| hivièdi| yag xie|cg vel|i g ãxcfg wyi

ogíg jyvxcíg îv ègv fc|fy`vxg`fcgv$ vel gv wygcv gv wyivxùiv ae|gcv beji vy|mia. Hii!

vi$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ feaiíg| |ife`bifi`he g c`xi|feay`cfglcdchghi he ay`he

aehi|è$ e`hi g ~|ercachghi iv~gfcgd i xia~e|gd ~i|hiy vyg |idiì`fcg feae aihchg

hi ca~e|xì`fcg ãxcfg. Hii!vi$ xgalãa$ ghacxc| ya vi`xche hi |iv~e`vglcdchghi ~idev

eyx|ev ‖ `æe veai`xi è vi`xche oe|agd hg ~gdg|g$ hi gfe|he fea e wygd ya c`hcáhye

|iv~e`vçid ã gwyidi wyi vi |iv~e`hi ~idgv ~|ö~|cgv gíùiv$ agv ya vi`xche agcv oe|xi i

vylvxg`xce$ hi gfe|he fea e wygd ev c`hcáhyev vi ~|iefy~ga ~ide lia!ivxg| hi eyx|ev

i ~g|xcdbga el|cmgíùiv aúxygv ~g|g x|gxg| ev eyx|ev fea hcm`chghi i |iv~icxe. Hii!vi$

gc`hg$ |ife`bifi| wyi ivvg vylvxg`xcg |iv~e`vglcdchghi gc aycxe gdãa hg ivoi|g hi

~|ercachghi hgv c`xi|gíùiv fexchcg`gv$ ~ecv$ `ya ay`he ia f|ivfi`xi

c`xi|feay`cfgíæe$ ev be|cze`xiv xgalãa vi ivxi`hia ~g|g eyx|ev gxe|iv hcvxg`xiv è

iv~gíe i è xia~e. I$ oc`gdai`xi$ ã ~|ifcve xeag| fe`vfcê`fcg hg iè|achghi hev|cvfev$ î aihchg wyi e f|ivfcai`xe he ~ehi| hcv~e`áid ~idev vi|iv byagèv gc

gdfg`íg`he aixgv wyi `æe mg|g`xia g vel|icê`fcg hgv iv~ãfciv i he ~|ö~|ce ~dgìxg.

Hi gfe|he fea Xbea~ve` "7332#$ ev ç|cev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe xêa hivia~i`bghe

i fe`xc`yg|æe hivia~i`bg`he ya ~g~id f|yfcgd `g oe|agíæe hi ya vi`xche hi

|iv~e`vglcdchghi ~ide hivxcè hg vefcihghi. ^g|g e gyxe|$ idiv gjyhg|ga g f|cg| ivvi

vi`xche hi |iv~e`vglcdchghi$ wyi `æe vi |ivx|c`mi g~i`gv g feay`chghiv defgdczghgv$agv wyi ã fea~g|xcdbghe yag ivfgdg via~|i agcv ga~dg. Xbea~ve` goc|ag$ gc`hg$ wyi



7=

ev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe gjyhg|ga g ~ø| ia aecai`xe yag fi|xg ’hiaef|gxczgíæe hg

|iv~e`vglcdchghi‟$ è vi`xche hi wyi g ~|iefy~gíæe ~e| eyx|ev hcvxg`xiv vi xe|`g fghg

iz agcv i`x|g`bghg `g chg fexchcg`g hi agcv i agcv c`hcáhyev.

ê|xg`xe$ e hivièdcai`xe hev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe$ vimy`he Xbea~ve` "7332#$

oeai`xey yag f|ivfi`xi fe`vfci`xczgíæe hg c`xi|feìræe i c`xi|hi~i`hê`fcg wyi e

~|ö~|ce hivièdcai`xe$ i`x|i eyx|ev$ gjyhey g f|cg|. E hivièdcai`xe hg aáhcg

gdcai`xey e o|çmcd vi`xche hi |iv~e`vglcdchghi ~idg byag`chghi i ~ide ay`he

fedixcgai`xi bglcxghe. ^g|g e gyxe|$ ã ivxi vi`xche hi |iv~e`vglcdchghi wyi ~ehi|cg

ogzi| ~g|xi hi ya èe xc~e hi |iodiræe ae|gd!~|çxcfg$ dc|i hgv dcacxgíùiv

g`x|e~efê`x|cfgv$ iv~gfcgcv i xia~e|gcv hg fe`fi~íæe x|ghcfce`gd hi ãxcfg ‖ ya xc~e hi

|iodiræe wyi ivxglidifi yag |idgíæe xedi|gidai`xi fei|i`xi fea gv |igdchghiv hi ya

ay`he ia f|ivfi`xi c`xi|feìræe.

<.< Iv~gíe ~úldcfe i aehi|`chghi

^g|g \eyvcdis Agcg "<>>7 i <>>?#$ ivoi|g ~úldcfg ~ehi vi| hioc`chg feae e defyv hg

hcvfyvvæe$ ey vijg$ ev iv~gíev èv wygcv gv ~ivvegv hcvfyxia wyivxùiv hi c`xi|ivvi

feaya$ ~|efivvga g e`xghi fedixcg$ oe|aga e~c`cùiv ey ~dgìjga g gíæe. Ã$

~e|xg`xe$ feae ir~dcfg Ghãdcg Oi|`g`hiv "<>>9#$ e defgd hi i`fe`x|e hev ~|eldiagv he

fexchcgè hev beai`v feay`v$ wyi hivialefg|æe èv fi`x|ev hi hifcvæe ~edáxcfg. Hivvg

oe|ag$ ~i|acxi g ~g|xcfc~gíæe hi xehev ev fe`fi|`chev$ e wyi feòi|i ya fg|çxi|

hc`ìacfe hi hidcli|gíæe î ivoi|g ~úldcfg.

Agcg "<>>7# ir~dcfg wyi$ `g hioc`cíæe gxygd hi Bgli|agv$ g ivoi|g ~úldcfg ivxç

|idgfce`ghg xg`xe îv c`xi|gíùiv vca~div wyi efe||ia è fexchcgè wyg`xe gev oö|y`vagcv ey aièv e|mg`czghev hg vefcihghi fccd.

Bgli|agv ~|e~ùi x|êv xc~ev hi ivoi|g ~úldcfg: ivoi|g ~úldcfg i~cvöhcfg"lg|iv$ fgoãv$ i`fe`x|ev `g |yg#; ivoi|g ~úldcfg hi ~|ivi`íg e|mg`czghg"i`fe`x|e hi ~gcv$ ~úldcfe wyi o|iwôi`xg e xigx|e$ fe`fi|xev hi \efk$|iy`cùiv hi ~g|xche ey fe`m|ivvev hi cm|ijgv# i ivoi|g ~úldcfg glvx|gxg$~|ehyzchg ~idg aáhcg "dicxe|iv$ eyc`xiv i iv~ifxghe|iv vc`mydg|iv iiv~gdbghev mdelgdai`xi. "BGLI\AGV$ 733=$ ~. 7>= g~yh AGCG$ <>>7#



72

^g|g Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ e iv~gíe ~úldcfe ã ,ya iv~gíe hi |i~|ivi`xgíæe$ hi

fea~g|xcdbgai`xe i hi hcvfyvvæe hg fchghg`cg, "FBG\GYHIGY$ <>>?$ ~. 779#. ^g|g

e gyxe|$ e iv~gíe ~úldcfe ã e |ivydxghe hg fe`jy`íæe hgv ~|çxcfgv vefcgcv i hgv

|i~|ivi`xgíùiv. Gv ~|çxcfgv vefcgcv$ ~e| ya dghe$ væe e aexe| hgv |i~|ivi`xgíùiv$ i gv

|i~|ivi`xgíùiv$ ~e| eyx|e dghe$ gx|clyia gde|iv îv ~|çxcfgv vefcgcv$ feòc|ag`he!gv ey

aehcocfg`he!gv. Hi gfe|he fea Fbg|gyhigy$ ivvg c`xi|gíæe hcgdãxcfg ã |iv~e`vçid ~e|

fe`vx|yc| ya iv~gíe ~úldcfe ~dy|gd i ia fe`vxg`xi aecai`xe. E gyxe|$ ~e|xg`xe$ `æe

gf|ihcxg wyi gv aáhcgv aehi|`gv vi g~ehi|ga he iv~gíe ~úldcfe ~g|g x|g`voe|aç!de.

’Gv aáhcgv væe g~i`gv yag oe|ag hi ~yldcfczgíæe. Vyg gíæe ã ~g|xcfc~g| he wyi

fe`vxcxyc$ hivfe`vxcxyc$ x|g`voe|ag e iv~gíe ~úldcfe$ è wygh|e he fe`x|gxe hi

còe|agíæe achcçxcfe, "FBG\GYHIGY$ <>>?$ ~. 7<>#.

@e i`xg`xe$ feae g~e`xg \eyvcdis Agcg "<>>7#$ ã ichi`xi wyi ev èev aicev hi

feay`cfgíæe$ iv~ifcgdai`xi g C`xi|ìx$ feòcmy|ga!vi feae yag ca~e|xg`xi ’g|i`g

feì|vgfce`gd‟. ’Gv |ihiv idix|ø`cfgv ~i|acxia wyi gv ~ivvegv c`xi|gjga defgdai`xi

ey x|g`vfi`hga gv o|e`xic|gv he Ivxghe @gíæe$ ~g|g x|efg| còe|agíæe i fea~g|xcdbg|

c`xi|ivviv feay`v ia oö|y`v c|xygcv$ ia ivfgdg mdelgd‟ "AGCG$ <>>7#.

Hi gfe|he fea g gyxe|g$ g ircvxê`fcg ioixcg hi ya ~|efivve hi hglgxi ã$ è i`xg`xe$

gdme wyi `æe ~ehi vi| ~|icvxe$ ~ecv hi~i`hi hg dc|i aexcgíæe i gíæe hev viyv gxe|iv.

@e i`xg`xe$ Agcg goc|ag wyi$ ge c`fe|~e|g| gv hcvfyvvùiv hi hidcli|gíæe ia yag

hcai`væe fydxy|gd agcv ga~dg$ ã ~evváid i`xi`hi| g fe`fi~íæe fydxy|gd gl|g`mi`xi he

hcvfy|ve$ i viy ~g~id `g oe|agíæe hi ~|ioi|ê`fcgv i fe`cfíùiv. ’Xgd gle|hgmia eoi|ifi

yag ~i|v~ifxcg agcv ga~dg ~g|g g~|ifcg| e ~exi`fcgd wyi g c`xi|ìx eoi|ifi îv |ihiv

fácfgv ~g|g wyi |ièia ev ca~ydvev hiaef|çxcfev‟ "AGCG$ <>>7#.

Ã feaya i`x|i ev xiö|cfev$ vimy`he \eyvcdis Agcg "<>><#$ e wyivxce`gai`xe hi wyi ev

aicev hi feay`cfgíæe hi agvvg ~evvga oy`fce`g| feae yag ivoi|g hi hidcli|gíæe

f|áxcfe |gfce`gd$ hiche g viy fg|çxi| feai|fcgd i xi`hi`fceve. G gyxe|g gf|ihcxg$ è

i`xg`xe$ wyi$ fea xehgv gv vygv dcacxgíùiv$ veai`xi g ivoi|g achcçxcfg ~ehi ~|ii`fbi|

oy`íùiv ca~|ivfc`háicv ge iri|fáfce ga~dcghe hg hidcli|gíæe ~úldcfg `g aehi|`chghi.

Hi gfe|he fea Agcg "<>>?#$ `æe vi ~ehi vy~e| wyi g aáhcg$ ge ~|ehyzc| ’cvclcdchghi‟$

mi|i yag ivoi|g ~úldcfg. G gyxe|g ir~dcfg wyi$ gc`hg wyi ircvxg yag ivoi|g hi hilgxivhi`x|e hg c`vxì`fcg achcçxcfg$ idg ~evvyc fg|gfxi|ávxcfgv ~|ö~|cgv. Gdãa hcvve$ ev aicev



73

hi feay`cfgíæe iri|fia oy`íùiv ~edáxcfgv g|cghgv `gv vefcihghiv hiaef|çxcfgv$ wyi

`æe vi |ihyzia ge oö|ya hi hilgxi fácfe.

^g|g \eyvcdis Agcg "<>>8#$ ~yldcfchghi |ioi|i!vi `æe vö î cvclcdchghi hev oi`øaièv$

agv xgalãa îv è|agv wyi |imydga e hcçdeme i g ìmefcgíæe hev i`xi`hcai`xev ia

~úldcfe. Hi gfe|he fea g gyxe|g$ g ~yldcfchghi ã ya |iwyi|cai`xe oy`hgai`xgd ~g|g g

hidcli|gíæe$ ~ecv f|cg e iv~gíe ~g|g wyi e hilgxi vi ivxglidiíg. ’Veai`xi wyg`he ev

gxev$ gv c`xi`íùiv ey ev ~dgèv ~ehia vi| fe`bifchev xia!vi g ~evvclcdchghi hi mi|g|

ya ~|efivve hcgdömcfe hi x|efg hi |gzùiv fea e eljixce hi vedyfce`g| vcxygíùiv

~|eldiaçxcfgv‟ "AGCG$ <>>8 ~.8#.

@e ìalcxe achcçxcfe$ vimy`he Agcg$ g cvclcdchghi ã fe`vxcxyáhg ~ide fe`jy`xe hi

iacvvùiv hev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe. G gyxe|g ir~dcfg wyi$ ge hcv~e`clcdczg| agxã|cgv

hci|vgv ~g|g e fe`bifcai`xe feaya$ g aáhcg xe|`g!vi yag ca~e|xg`xi c`vxcxycíæe$

fg~gz hi ~|ã!ivx|yxy|g| g ivoi|g ~úldcfg ~edáxcfg.

Hi gfe|he fea Agcg "<>>8#$ g c`vi|íæe hgv ogdgv hev gxe|iv hg vefcihghi fccd è

iv~gíe hi cvclcdchghi achcçxcfg ~i|acxi ‖ ~g|xcfydg|ai`xi ia vcxygíùiv ~|eldiaçxcfgv$

hi ivfì`hgde ey f|cvi ‖ $ feò|e`xev hc|ixev ey c|xygcv i`x|i |i~|ivi`xg`xiv he g~g|gxe

ivxgxgd ghac`cvx|gxce$ iv~ifcgdcvxgv i gxe|iv hg vefcihghi fccd. G gyxe|g ir~dcfg wyi ev

m|y~ev hi c`xi|ivvi ey |i~|ivi`xg`xiv ~edáxcfev væe c`vxghev g vi ~evcfce`g|

~yldcfgai`xi$ e wyi hivi`fghicg e hilgxi.

Wyg`he i`fga~ghgv ~idg aáhcg$ ev gxe|iv hg vefcihghi fccd ~ehia fedefg|vel vyv~icxg gv ~i|v~ifxcgv i ev hcvfy|vev g~|ivi`xghev ~idev gxe|iv~ehi|evev$ fbgag`he g gxi`íæe ~úldcfg ~g|g ~e`xev hi cvxg gdxi|`gxcev ey~g|g ègv |gzùiv$ ey aivae$ hivivxglcdczg`he oe|agv c`xic|gv hi

jyvxcocfgíæe. Xgalãa feae gxe|iv ivx|gxãmcfev$ ev |i~|ivi`xg`xiv hiaecai`xev vefcgcv lyvfga ’hividg|‟$ è fi`ç|ce ~úldcfe$ e~i|gíùivefydxgv hi ~ehi|$ ~e`xev fimev `gv ~edáxcfgv ~úldcfgv$ ~|ife`ficxe ey yvecdimáxcae hg gyxe|chghi hi eyx|ev gxe|iv hg feay`cfgíæe. Ia fi|xgvefgvcùiv$ ~ehia eoi|ifi| ègv c`xi|~|ixgíùiv wyi ’i`wygh|ga‟ gv wyivxùivhi aehev hcvxc`xev hev ~gh|ùiv feì`fce`gcv. "AGCG$ <>>8 ~.7=#

ê|xg`xe$ g cvclcdchghi achcçxcfg$ ~g|g Agcg "<>>8#$ fe`x|clyc ~g|g e ivxglidifcai`xe hi

ya èe wygh|e hc`ìacfe hi c`xi|~|ixgíùiv. @ivvi vi`xche$ g fe`x|clycíæe hev gxe|iv

f|áxcfev vi hç aivae wyg`he ev aial|ev hev ~úldcfev oe|xiv `æe |iv~e`hia$ `g fi`g

achcçxcfg$ g eljiíùiv iv~ifáocfgv.



<>

<.6 E hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe i viy fg|çxi| irexã|cfe

^g|g ^gx|cfk Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ ã feaya wyi e je|`gdcvxg vi g~|ivi`xi feae |iidghe|

hg còe|agíæe efydxg$ gvvyac`he$ gvvca$ e ~g~id hi ghi|vç|ce hev ~ehi|iv c`vxcxyáhev ‖

i gdcghe he ~úldcfe. Ia eyx|ev aeai`xev$ e ~|eocvvce`gd hg còe|agíæe vi ~evcfce`g

feae c`xã|~|ixi hev gfe`xifcai`xev$ lyvfg`he!dbiv gv fgyvgv i vcxyg`he!ev. E gyxe|

ir~dcfg$ è i`xg`xe$ wyi g c`vxì`fcg achcçxcfg ~ehi g~i`gv |iidg| ~cvxgv i ~|e~e|

fe||idgíùiv ~|ecvö|cgv$ bc~öxiviv wyi$ `g agce|cg hgv iziv$ væe |idgxcczghgv ey

hivx|yáhgv ~idev ogxev vylviwyi`xiv. Hg aivag oe|ag$ e je|`gdcvxg `æe fe`wycvxg e

~g~id hi ihyfghe| hg e~c`cæe ~úldcfg$ wyi ã e wyi idi lyvfg wyg`he ~|ixi`hi vi|

hchçxcfe. Hi gfe|he fea Fbg|gyhigy$ g c`vxì`fcg achcçxcfg ~ehi g~i`gv vca~dcocfg| gv

ir~dcfgíùiv$ e wyi `æe ã g aivag fecvg wyi ir~dcfg| vca~divai`xi.

G x|g`voe|agíæe he hcvfy|ve c`vxcxyfce`gd$ wyg`he g~|e~|cghe ~idg aáhcg$ ã eljixe hi

ivxyhe hi hci|vev gyxe|iv. @e i`xg`xe$ gv |idgíùiv i`x|i e fga~e achcçxcfe i ev eyx|ev

fga~ev vefcgcv xia ia Gh|cgè Hyg|xi \eh|cmyiv "7336# yag gle|hgmia e|cmc`gd: e

gyxe| vi~g|g ev hcvfy|vev ia hygv m|g`hiv fgxime|cgv$ g hev ivexã|cfev i g hev

irexã|cfev$ ~i|xi`fi`he e hcvfy|ve hgv aáhcgv ge vimy`he m|y~e. Hi gfe|he fea

\eh|cmyiv$ ge g~|e~|cg|!vi hg dc`mygmia iv~ifáocfg i bi|aãxcfg hi ya hcvfy|ve

ivexã|cfe$ e hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe xi`hi g feì|xê!de ia x|g`v~g|i`xi i y`ci|vgdai`xi

fea~|ii`váid$ e wyi fe`x|clyc ~g|g g ~i|aiglcdchghi hev hcvfy|vev hgv eyx|gv

c`vxcxycíùiv i ~g|g g beaemiìczgíæe hgv vefcihghiv aehi|`gv. Gv o|e`xic|gv i`x|i xgcv

fea~eì`xiv ‖ ivexã|cfe i irexã|cfe ‖ væe ag|fghgv ~e| |idgíùiv hi ~i|agì`xi xi`væe$

~e|wyi ã ~ide hcvfy|ve wyi gv c`vxcxycíùiv x|g`vacxia vyg dimcxcachghi. E hcvfy|ve

achcçxcfe$ gx|gãv hgv aixçoe|gv$ hivvgf|gdczg ev hcvfy|vev c`vxcxyfce`gcv.

^g|g @ckdgv Dybag`` "<>>>#$ e ~|eldiag hg x|g`voe|agíæe he hcvfy|ve ivexã|cfe ia

irexã|cfe ã wyi e yve hi föhcmev hi feay`cfgíæe fea~|ii`váicv i hi oçfcd gfivve ~g|g

xehev vi|i ~g|g gyai`xg| g gyhcê`fcg$ |ihyzc`he$ gvvca$ g wygdchghi hg ~|ehyíæe

fydxy|gd. Feae ir~dcfg Fc|e Ag|fe`hiv Ocdbe "7322#$ ge g~|e~|cg|!vi hi ya vimai`xe

hi fe`bifcai`xe ~ifydcg|$ e hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe xi`hi g x|g`voe|ag| gwycde wyi

e|cmc`gdai`xi vi|cg ya ’~|ehyxe fydxy|gd‟ ia ’ai|fghe|cg fydxy|gd‟$ wyi jç `æe ~evvycwygdwyi| |idgíæe fea e e|cmc`gd$ g `æe vi| ~idev ogxe|iv idiai`xg|iv. Ag|fe`hiv Ocdbe



<7

goc|ag$ gc`hg$ wyi g g~|e~|cgíæe hi xgcv vimai`xev iv~ifáocfev ~ide hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe

c`feaehg `æe vö gev hixi`xe|iv hg dimcxcachghi hgv c`vxcxycíùiv$ vi`æe ge ~|ö~|ce

|ifi~xe|$ ~e|wyi idi elvi|g g ’agxã|cg ~|cag‟ hg c`húvx|cg fydxy|gd "g fydxy|g he ~ee#

i vyg ç|ig hi c`xi|ivvi xe|`g|ia!vi fghg iz agcv c`hcoi|i`fcghgv. I vi ivvg

’heaivxcfgíæe‟ hg fydxy|g$ ~e| ya dghe$ c`x|ehyz ègv chãcgv i fea~e|xgai`xev$ ~e|

eyx|e$ ~ehi dcacxg| g ~exi`fcgdchghi cèghe|g hev c`hcáhyev$ ~ecv ia~el|ifi g

fe`vfcê`fcg i agvvcocfg gv ~|ioi|ê`fcgv. Gv chicgv c`x|ehyzchgv ~idev gyxe|iv$ gc`hg wyi

edxghgv ~g|gv ev ivxyhev fydxy|gcv$ ~ehia vi| g~dcfghgv g eyx|gv ç|igv iv~ifáocfgv he

fe`bifcai`xe$ ~ecv elvi|g!vi wyi e oi`øaiè xgalãa vi |i~ixi è ìalcxe hg ~edáxcfg$

hg ifeèacg i he hc|icxe c`xi|`gfce`gd.

G m|g`hi wyivxæe wyi ir~ùi Dybag`` "<>>># ã wyi ev föhcmev hi feay`cfgíæe hg g|xi$

hg dcxi|gxy|g ey hg fcê`fcg væe ivexã|cfev i ã ~|ifcve fe`bifê!dev g oy`he ~g|g hifco|g|

vyg ai`vgmia i hg| vi`xche g idg. E gyxe| g~e`xg$ è i`xg`xe$ wyi g gheíæe ~idev aicev

hi ya föhcme ~|ö~|ce ~i|acxi x|g`voe|ag| ia feay`cfgíæe i hg| vi`xche g ai`vgmi`v

wyi ~|eãa hi eyx|ev ìalcxev. E icre hg ivx|gxãmcg$ cvve vca$ ã wyi e feay`cfçid vijg

gficxe ~idg agce|cg ‖ hgá g ca~e|xì`fcg wyi ev aicev gx|clyia î gyhcê`fcg. G lyvfg ~idg

gyhcê`fcg g xehg fyvxg ~ùi ia ~i|cme$ feae g~e`xg ^ci||i Ley|hciy "733=#$ gv

hcoi|i`xiv ivoi|gv hg ~|ehyíæe fydxy|gd. Gv aivagv hcvxe|íùiv ~ehia vi| elvi|ghgv `g

~|ehyíæe je|`gdávxcfg feae ya xehe: g vca~dcocfgíæe hgv ai`vgmi`v i g ivxg`hg|hczgíæe

hg feay`cfgíæe lg`gdczga e feay`cfghe i e ìalcxe ~|em|gaçxcfe$ goixg`he e wyi vi

ogz i e wyi vi ~|ehyz ìvvi fga~e. Ã ~e| cvve wyi Gh|cgè Hyg|xi \eh|cmyiv "7336#

goc|ag wyi g c`vxcxycíæe achcçxcfg hivia~i`bg$ `gv vefcihghiv aehi|`gv$ e ~g~id hi

fea~evcíæe i hi fe`viwyi`xi fcai`xe beaemiìczghe| hg chg fedixcg ‖ g

fe`vedchgíæe hg fydxy|g hi agvvg.

@e i`xg`xe$ e wyi i`xi`hi J. L. Xbea~ve` "7332# ~e| ’agvvg‟ ã wyi ev ~|ehyxev

fydxy|gcv ‖ i i`xi`hi!vi wyi xgalãa ev föhcmev viaì`xcfev iv~ifáocfev ‖ $ g`xiv ivx|cxev

g yag idcxi$ gme|g vi i`fe`x|ga hcv~e`áicv ~g|g xehev. @ivvi vi`xche ircvxi$ ia

|igdchghi$ yag hiaef|gxczgíæe he gfivve. Ã ~evváid wyi bgjg g lg`gdczgíæe he

fe`xiúhe$ agv e gyxe| g~e`xg$ xgalãa$ viy fg|çxi| gfivváid. Ivvg chãcg gc ge i`fe`x|e

hg ~|e~evxg hi Ihmg| Ae|c` "733=#$ wyg`he hcz wyi fea g fydxy|g hi agvvg ya agce|

`úai|e hi ~ivvegv ~gvvg g xi| gfivve g ivvgv ag`coivxgíùiv fydxy|gcv i g|xávxcfgv.



<<

ê|xg`xe$ feae hioi`hi Dybag` "<>>>#$ ev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe hi agvvg xêa gdxg

fg~gfchghi ~g|g goixg| gv ~|çxcfgv i hixi|ac`g| g hc`ìacfg hgv c`vxcxycíùiv. Vyg

fg~gfchghi hi hioe|agíæe èv fga~ev agcv bixi|ø`caev elihifi$ ~g|ghergdai`xi$ î

vca~dcfchghi he föhcme wyi yxcdczg$ hi oçfcd fea~|ii`væe ~g|g e ~úldcfe `æe

iv~ifcgdczghe. E gv~ifxe ~evcxce he fg|çxi| irexã|cfe he hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe$ vimy`he

Ae|c` "733=#$ ã e ioicxe hg hiaef|gxczgíæe hg fydxy|g hi agvvg ‖ e wyi ~ehi vi|

xgalãa i`xi`hche feae yag hiaef|gxczgíæe hg ~|ö~|cg còe|agíæe ‖ $ gxã i`xæe ivx|cxg

g yag idcxi i wyi ~gvvg g vi| gfivváid g ya m|g`hi `úai|e hi ~ivvegv. @e i`xg`xe$

feae goc|ag e gyxe|$ ge dghe hg hiaef|gxczgíæe bç g fe`viwôi`xi lg`gdczgíæe i

ydmg|czgíæe hg fydxy|g.

<.8 Bc~öxiviv fe`xia~e|ììgv he je|`gdcvae

Hi gfe|he fea G`xe`ce Bebdoidhx "<>>7#$ g hãfghg hi 73=> fe`fi`x|ey yag vã|ci hi

ivxyhev `g ç|ig hi feay`cfgíæe$ wyi ocfg|ga fe`bifchev feae feaay`cfgxce`

|ivig|fb. E eljixce hev ivxyhev i|g fea~|ii`hi| g gl|g`mê`fcg feay`cfgfce`gd i viy

ca~gfxe vel|i ev c`hcáhyev. Bebdoidhx "<>>7# ir~dcfg wyi$ ìvvi aeai`xe$ e

x|ghcfce`gd fe`ficxe hi ag`c~ydgíæe ~i|hiy iv~gíe ~g|g gv ègv bc~öxiviv

feay`cfgfce`gcv$ wyi xi|ac`g|ga ~e| vylvxcxyá!de fea~dixgai`xi.

@idve` X|gwyc`g "7322# goc|ag wyi e je|`gdcvxg `æe xia e ~g~id hi ’iv~idbe‟ he |igd$ ey

vijg$ hi vca~divai`xi |i~|ehyzc| ev gfe`xifcai`xev `gv èxáfcgv. Vimy`he e gyxe|$ ev

je|`gdcvxgv væe ~g|xcfc~g`xiv gxcev he ~|efivve hi fe`vx|yíæe hg |igdchghi. ^g|g

X|gwyc`g "7322#$ e eljixce hev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe ã oe|ìfi| |idgxev hev

gfe`xifcai`xev jydmghev vcm`cocfgxcev i c`xi|ivvg`xiv. @exáfcg$ ~e|xg`xe$ ã e |ivydxghe

he ~|efivve hi ~|ehyíæe wyi x|g`voe|ag gfe`xifcai`xev "agxã|cg ~|cag# ia èxáfcg"~|ehyxe#. E gfe`xifcai`xe$ ~e| vyg iz$ f|cg èxáfcg$ agv èxáfcg xgalãa f|cg

gfe`xifcai`xe.

@e hcvfy|ve hi còe|agíæe$ feae ir~dcfg Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ `æe vi x|gxg hg i|hghi

ia vc$ agv hg i|hghi dcmghg î agìc|g hi |i~e|xg| ev ogxev$ ey gv fe`hcíùiv hi

i|gfchghi. Î c`vxì`fcg achcçxcfg fgli gyxi`xcfg| ev ogxev$ hivf|iê!dev hi agìc|g

i|evváacd$ vymi|c| gv fgyvgv i jyvxcocfg| gv ir~dcfgíùiv hghgv. ’Gyxi`xcfg|‟$ hi gfe|hefea e gyxe|$ fe`vcvxi ia ogzi| f|i| `g fec`fchê`fcg$ e wyi efe||i ~g|xcfydg|ai`xi fea g



<6

oexe hi ca~|i`vg ey fea g cagmia xidicvcg; ’xe|`g| i|evváacd‟ ã xi`xg| ogzi| f|i| wyi

e |idgxe fe||iv~e`hi î |ife`vxcxycíæe agcv ~|eçid$ e wyi `gv aáhcgv gfe`xifi gx|gãv

hi cagmi`v i xivxiay`bev; ’hczi| g c`xi`íæe‟ vcm`cocfg wyi gwycde e wyi ã hcxe

fe||iv~e`hi ge wyi ã ~i`vghe; oc`gdai`xi$ ’oe|ìfi| g ~|eg‟ hgv ir~dcfgíùiv vcm`cocfg

aevx|g| ev aexcev hev ogxev ey g vyg ~evváid fe`viwyê`fcg. @æe vi x|gxg agcv hi

|i~e|xg| ogxev$ agv hi irx|gc| hidiv vyg |gzæe hi vi|. ^g|g Fbg|gyhigy$ ivvi heaá`ce hg

i|hghi ã$ ~ecv$ e he |gfcefá`ce.

^g|g G`xe`ce Bebdoidhx "<>>7#$ gv feì`íùiv hi e|mg`czgíæe he x|glgdbe he je|`gdcvxg

hixi|ac`ga i hiocìa e wyi vijg èxáfcg$ i dimcxcaga e ~|efivve ~|ehyxce hgv aivagv$

f|cg`he$ gvvca$ e fe`ficxe hi èxcfcglcdchghi$ ey vijg$ e fe`jy`xe hi |iwycvcxev wyi vi

ircmi he gfe`xifcai`xe ~g|g wyi idi mg`bi e vxgxyv hi èxáfcg. G èxcfcglcdchghi$ ~e|

vyg iz$ ivxç |im|ghg ~e| ’gde|iv!èxáfcg‟$ wyi ã e fe`jy`xe hi idiai`xev i ~|c`fá~cev

gx|gãv hev wygcv ev gfe`xifcai`xev væe ggdcghev ~idev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe hi

agvvg i viyv ~|eocvvce`gcv ia vyg ~exi`fcgdchghi hi ~|ehyíæe hi |ivydxghev i èev

ii`xev$ fgve x|g`voe|aghev ia èxáfcg. Vimy`he e gyxe|$ ivviv væe gdmy`v hev

~|c`fá~cev he @i}vagkc`m$ ey vijg$ ev ~|efivvev hi ~|ehyíæe hg èxáfcg.

Gv aáhcgv$ hi gfe|he fea Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ g~|ivi`xga!vi feae ya e|mg`cvae

iv~ifcgdczghe wyi xia g efgíæe hi |iv~e`hi| g yag hiag`hg vefcgd ~e| hii| hg

hiaef|gfcg. I`x|ixg`xe$ feae ir~dcfg e gyxe|$ x|gxg!vi hi ya e|mg`cvae wyi vi hiocì

xgalãa gx|gãv hi yag dömcfg feai|fcgd. Cvve vcm`cocfg wyi ev gfe`xifcai`xev wyi

vy|mia è iv~gíe ~úldcfe `æe ~ehia vi| |i~e|xghev hi agìc|g irfdyvcgai`xi ogfxygd:

ã ìfivvç|ce wyi g còe|agíæe vijg hcv~e`clcdczghg hi agìc|g g c`xi|ivvg| e agce|

`úai|e ~evváid hi fchghæev. Vi`he gvvca$ gv aáhcgv |ife||ia g ç|cev xc~ev hi

hcvfy|vev ~g|g gxc`mc| viyv eljixcev:

Wyg`he xc|ga ~g|xche hi fgvev c`xi|ac`çicv$ ã ~e|wyi vi x|gxg hi yage~e|xy`chghi hi hivf|ii| î irgyvxæe gfe`xifcai`xev he iv~gíe ~úldcfevimyc`he ya |exic|e h|gaçxcfe wyi vi i`fi||g c`g|cgidai`xi fea gvixi|`gv wyivxùiv vel|i e hivxcè byagè: ’Feae ã ~evváid5‟$ ’ê| wyi gvfecvgv væe gvvca5‟$ ’^g|g e`hi gaev5‟. Ivxgaev hcg`xi he ~g|ghere hehghe ~vcfevvefcgd wyi ogz fea wyi e ~|efivve fem`cxce hi fea~|ii`væe hiyag còe|agíæe vö ~evvg hivièdi|!vi gx|gãv he aifg`cvae ~váwycfewyi c`xim|g e vgli| g |i~|ivi`xgíùiv fg~xghe|gv. Gwyc$ idi ã dighe geirx|iae. "FBG\GYHIGY$ <>>?$ ~. 36#



<8

^g|g Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ e gfe`xifcai`xe ã via~|i fe`vx|yáhe$ i `y`fg x|g`vacxche î

c`vxì`fcg hi |ifi~íæe ia viy ivxghe l|yxe; ~g|g vyg vcm`cocfgíæe$ hi~i`hi he edbg| wyi

vi ivxi`hi vel|i idi$ wyi ~evvclcdcxi c`xim|ç!de `ya vcvxiag hi ~i`vgai`xe$ xe|`g`he!e

c`xidcmáid.

^g|g wyi ya gfe`xifcai xe g~g|iíg$ vimy`he Fbg|gyhigy$ ã ìfivvç|ce wyi efe||g yag

aehcocfgíæe è ivxghe hgv fecvgv$ yag hivivxglcdczgíæe hi ya ivxghe ivxçid wyi$ ia

vyg cayxglcdchghi$ vi hgg feae ichê`fcg hg e|mg`czgíæe he ay`he$ feae

hixi|ac`cvae glvedyxe he vi|. Ã ~|ifcve$ ~e|xg`xe$ wyi gfe`xiíg gdmyag fecvg wyi fgyvi

yag |y~xy|g `g e|hia ivxglidifchg i ~|eewyi ya hiviwycdál|ce èv vcvxiagv wyi

oy`hga ivvg e|hia. Ge aivae xia~e$ feae ir~dcfg e gyxe|$ ã ìfivvç|ce wyi bgjg g

~i|fi~íæe hivvg aehcocfgíæe$ ~e| ya vyjicxe g~xe g i`ri|mg| hivfe`xc`ychghi è

fe`xá`ye hgv fecvgv$ i fg~gz hi vcm`cocfg| g aehcocfgíæe he ay`he$ ~ecv ivxg hii vi|

hcm`g hi c`xi|ivvi ~g|g e vyjicxe feae vi| vefcgd.

Cvve vy~ùi wyi e ~|ö~|ce vyjicxe vi c`vf|ig `ya vcvxiag hi ir~ifxgxcgvfyjg ~i|xy|lgíæe ~e| gdme hi cìv~i|ghe "...# ~|eewyi ge aivae xia~eiv~g`xe i xi`xgxcg hi |gfce`gdczgíæe$ ~g|g ivxglidifi| ey aehcocfg| evvcvxiagv jç ircvxi`xiv hi c`xidcmclcdchghi he ay`he. "FBG\GYHIGY$<>>?$ ~. 7>7#

@gv ~gdg|gv hi Dycz Me`zgmg Aexg "733=#$ ~g|g ya gfe`xifcai`xe mg`bg| ivxgxyxe hi

èxáfcg idi hii |i~|ivi`xg| ya |ea~cai`xe fea g e|hia `gxy|gd hgv fecvgv$ ya hivce

he fea~e|xgai`xe iv~i|ghe. @e i`xg`xe$ `æe ã g~i`gv e fg|çxi| irfi~fce`gd wyi

feòi|i ge ogxe ev gx|clyxev ìfivvç|cev ~g|g c|g| èxáfcg. E gyxe| g~e`xg eyx|gv

fg|gfxi|ávxcfgv ìfivvç|cgv$ feae g gxygdchghi$ g ~|ercachghi$ g ~|eiac`ê`fcg "hg

~ivveg ièdchg#$ e ca~gfxe i g vcm`cocfì`fcg. Vimy`he e gyxe|$ ivvgv vi|cga

wygdchghiv he ~|ö~|ce ogxe ey gfe`xifcai`xe$ wyi ~ehia vi| hièac`ghgv gde|iv!èxáfcg$ i fyjg ca~e|xì`fcg g|cg hi gfe|he fea e dymg|$ fc|fy`vxì`fcg i aice hi

feay`cfgíæe. G èxcfcglcdchghi ã$ ~e|xg`xe$ fe`vxcxyáhg ~ide fe`jy`xe hi |iwycvcxev wyi

vi ircmia hev gfe`xifcai`xev ~g|g ghwyc|c|ia ircvxê`fcg ~úldcfg hi èxáfcg. Fgve `æe

ghwyc|g e ivxgxyxe hi èxáfcg$ e gfe`xifcai`xe ã irfdyáhe he idi`fe hi còe|agíùiv

achcçxcfgv i ~i|agìfi feae ’agxã|cg! ~|cag‟. Feae ir~dcfg e gyxe|$ ã ivvi fe`jy`xe

hi |im|gv ~|çxcfgv wyi e|xicg ev ~|efihcai`xev ~|eocvvce`gcv gv |ihgíùiv$ fe`x|clyc`he

~g|g g iocfcê`fcg ~|ehyxcg. Xgcv |im|gv oy`fce`ga feae f|cxã|cev hi eljixcchghi `g



<9

~|ehyíæe je|`gdávxcfg$ vi`he ya ca~e|xg`xi fea~eì`xi `g hioc`cíæe he fe`ficxe hi

èxáfcg.

Hi gfe|he fea Dycz Me`zgmg Aexg "733=#$ g èxcfcglcdchghi hi ya ogxe ã ggdcghg

wyg`xe ge viy m|gy hi c`xim|gíæe gev ~|efivvev |excìc|ev hi ~|ehyíæe c`hyvx|cgd hg

èxáfcg. ^g|g mg`bg| e ivxgxyxe hi èxáfcg$ ya ogxe hii ~gvvg| ~e| yag ìmefcgíæe wyi

ièdi e ~|ö~|ce gfe`xifcai`xe i viyv gx|clyxev i ircmê`fcgv hife||i`xiv hg `gxy|izg

he x|glgdbe je|`gdávxcfe. Ã hivxg ìmefcgíæe wyi feaiíg g xeag| oe|ag g èxáfcg.

@imefcgíæe ivxg wyi$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ ã vyljixcg i efe||i hi agìc|g cèdy`xç|cg è

hcg!g!hcg hev je|`gcv.

^g|g Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ g x|g`voe|agíæe he ’gfe`xifcai`xe‟ ia ’èxáfcg‟ efe|| i vel g

hi~i`hê`fcg he ~|efivve hi ’x|g`vgíæe‟$ wyi fe`vcvxi ia fe`vx|yc| g èxáfcg ia oy`íæe

hi feae g aáhcg cagmc`g g c`vxì`fcg |ifi~xe|g$ g wygd$ ~e| vyg iz$ |ic`xi|~|ixg g èxáfcg

î vyg agìc|g. Ivvi hy~de ~|efivve vi c`vf|ii$ feae ir~dcfg e gyxe|$ `ya fe`x|gxe wyi

hixi|ac`g gv fe`hcíùiv hi i`fi`gíæe hg còe|agíæe$ e|ci`xg`he gv e~i|gíùiv wyi

hiia ioixyg|!vi ia fghg ya hivviv ~|efivvev. ’Ã e fe`x|gxe hi feay`cfgíæe

achcçxcfe wyi mi|g ya ”iv~gíe ~úldcfe‒ hi còe|agíæe i ã ia viy ~|ö~|ce wygh|e wyi vi

fe`vx|öc g ”e~c`cæe ~úldcfg‒‟ "FBG\GYHIGY$ <>>?$ ~.778#.

E ~|efivve hi ~|ehyíæe hi èxáfcg$ g~ecghe ia f|cxã|cev aycxgv iziv vyljixcev$

fe`vx|öc$ ~e|xg`xe$ ya y`ci|ve vcalödcfe irx|iagai`xi vcm`cocfgxce ~g|g gv

vefcihghiv aehi|`gv. Cvve fe`x|clycy ~g|g aexcg| ev hci|vev ivxyhev vel|i ev

ca~gfxev hg ~|ehyíæe je|`gdávxcfg `g |ifi~íæe hgv ai`vgmi`v. Bebdoidhx "<>>7# ir~dcfg

wyi g bc~öxivi he Gmi`hg Vixxc`m7 x|gxg hg fe`ve`ì`fcg xiaçxcfg i`x|i ev aicev hi

feay`cfgíæe hi agvvg i e |ifi~xe|. E gyxe| goc|ag wyi e c`hcáhye xia g xi`hê`fcg hic`fdyc| ey irfdyc| èv viyv ~|ö~|cev fe`bifcai`xev xyhe gwycde e wyi g aáhcg c`fdyc ey

irfdyc he viy fe`xiúhe. Ev aicev f|cga$ gvvca$ yag dcvxg hev xiagv fea ev wygcv e

c`hcáhye hii vi ~|iefy~g|. ê|xg`xe$ hi gfe|he fea g bc~öxivi$ g aáhcg `æe ca~ùi e

wyi ogdg|$ ey g e~c`cæe wyi e c`hcáhye hii xi|$ agv vel|i wygcv xiagv ivvi c`hcáhye

hii xi| e~c`cæe.

7 Ev gai|cfgèv Agr}idd AfFealv i He`gdh Vbg} g~|ivi`xg|ga ivvg bc~öxivi ia 73=<$ ia ya g|xcmec`xcxydghe Xbi Gmi`hg Vixxc`m Oy`fxce` eo Agvv Aihcg.



<?

E m|gy hi gmi`hgai`xe$ feae ir~dcfg Bebdoidhx "<>>7#$ g|cg hi gfe|he fea e ~|ö~|ce

|ifi~xe|. E c`hcáhye wyi xia agce| fg~gfchghi fem`cxcg ìfivvcxg aièv ir~dcfgíùiv

vel|i hixi|ac`ghev gvvy`xev$ i ã aièv còdyi`fcghe ~idev aicev. Eyx|ev ogxe|iv feae

e m|gy hi ir~evcíæe g ya xiag$ vyg oy`fce`gdchghi$ g ~i|fi~íæe he c`hcáhye wyg`xe g

vyg |idiì`fcg$ i`x|i eyx|ev$ fe`x|clyia ~g|g wyi e ioicxe he gmi`hgai`xe vijg agcv ey

aièv vcm`cocfgxce. E gyxe| ir~dcfg wyi ã fe`vxgxghe$ xgalãa$ wyi ev je|`gcv

ca~|ivvev xêa agce| fg~gfchghi hi còdyi`fcg| g gmi`hg he |ifi~xe| he wyi ev eyx|ev

aicev.

Vimy`he Bebdoidhx "<>>7#$ gdmyagv fg|gfxi|ávxcfgv he Gmi`hg Vixxc`m væe: gfyaydgíæe

"g fg~gfchghi hev aicev hi vidifce`g| ya xiag wyi vi hivxgwyi hev eyx|ev#;

fe`ve`ì`fcg "beaemiìchghi è x|gxgai`xe hev xiagv#; i e`c~|ivi`íg "fg~gfchghi hi

ya xiag hi irx|g~edg| ev dcacxiv c`cfcgdai`xi |ivi|ghev g idi#.

Fdöcv Lg||ev Ocdbe "7339# ir~dcfg wyi g bc~öxivi hg iv~c|gd he vcdê`fce <$ ~e| vyg iz$

gc gdãa he Gmi`hg Vixxc`m$ wyg`he hixi|ac`g wyi ev aicev hi feay`cfgíæe hi agvvg

`æe vö ca~ùia vel|i e wyi ogdg|$ agv e wyi ogdg| hev xiagv. E gyxe| goc|ag wyi$ hivvg

oe|ag$ g aáhcg fe`vx|öc i ca~ùi e~c`cæe. Cvve$ è i`xg`xe$ vö gfe`xifi|ç hi oe|ag iocfgz

g ~g|xc| hi x|êv fe`hcíùiv: g ircvxê`fcg hi yag e~c`cæe heac`g`xi; g ~i|fi~íæe

c`hcchygd hivvg e~c`cæe heac`g`xi; i e aihe he cvedgai`xe vefcgd. E gyxe| ir~dcfg

wyi$ fea aihe he cvedgai`xe vefcgd$ e c`hcáhye `æe ag`coivxg g vyg e~c`cæe wyg`he

idg gc hi i`fe`x|e î e~c`cæe heac`g`xi. Ge vi fgdg|$ fe`x|clyc ~g|g e oe|xgdifcai`xe hg

~|ö~|cg e~c`cæe heac`g`xi$ e wyi ogz fea wyi agcv ~ivvegv wyi xi`bga e~c`cæe

fe`x|ç|cg g idg vi fgdia$ i gvvca vyfivvcgai`xi$ `yag iv~c|gd còc`cxg he vcdê`fce.

^g|g Fdöcv Lg||ev Ocdbe "7339#$ g fe`ve`ì`fcg èv xiagv i `gv gle|hgmi`v hgv èxáfcgvèv aicev hi feay`cfgíæe |ioe|íg g e~c`cæe heac`g`xi$ e wyi ogz fea wyi idg ocwyi

gc`hg agcv ichi`xi$ feòi|c`he î feli|xy|g je|`gdávxcfg yag ogdvg g~g|ê`fcg hi

eljixcchghi.

< G bc~öxivi oec g~|ivi`xghg ~idg gdiaæ Idcvglixb @eiddi!@iyag`` è dc|e Xbi V~c|gd eo Vcdi`fi$ hi7328.



<=

6 G _IDBG @E_G E\HIA AY@HCGD ‖ HE CAGMC@Ç\CE ÎV

C@VXCXYCÍÙIV

@ivxi fg~áxyde$ hcvfyxcaev g oe|agíæe he cagmc`ç|ce$ eljixcghe ia xehgv gv

c`vxcxycíùiv vefcgcv$ c`fdyc`he ev e|mg`cvaev aydxcdgxi|gcv. ^g|g cvve$ oe|ga x|gzchev ev

fe`ficxev hi Fgvxe|cghcv "732<#$ Vfbacxx "733<#$ Bicxe| Xe||iv "<>>3#$ Agrcacdcgè

_cfi`xi "<>>3# i ]iddi|vxic "733?#.

6.7 E cagmc`ç|ce i g vyg fe`vx|yíæe

Cagmc`ç|ce ã$ hi gfe|he fea Fe|ìdcyv Fgvxe|cghcv "732<#$ ’g fg~gfchghi idiai`xg| i

c||ihyxáid hi iefg| yag cagmia‟ "FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732<$ ~. 798#. E cagmc`ç|ce

vefcgd$ ~e| vyg iz$ gm|y~g gv |idgíùiv cagmãxcfgv$ oe|ag`he yag ivoi|g chiedömcfg

~|ehyzchg i fydxcghg ~idg vefcihghi$ fedixcgai`xi. ^g|g L|e`cvdg} Lgfzke "7329#$ ã

gx|gãv he cagmc`ç|ce wyi vi xe|`g ~evváid i`xi`hi| gv e`xghiv$ ev |ificev i gv

iv~i|g`ígv hi ya ~ee. Ã ìdi wyi gv vefcihghiv ivwyiagxczga viyv eljixcev i

fe`vx|eia vygv chi`xchghiv$ gdãa hi e|mg`czg|ia viy ~gvvghe$ ~|ivi`xi i oyxy|e. E

cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ vi ag`coivxg gx|gãv hgv chiedemcgv i yxe~cgv$ gdãa

hev váaledev$ gdime|cgv$ |cxygcv i acxev ~|ö~|cev hg vefcihghi. Xgcv idiai`xev aehidga

cvùiv hi ay`he$ fe`hyxgv i ivxcdev hi chg$ |igoc|ag`he ey hivfe`vx|yc`he g e|hia

cmi`xi.

Fgvxe|cghcv "732<# ir~dcfg wyi ã è cagmc`ç|ce wyi g vefcihghi hii ~|efy|g| e

fea~diai`xe ìfivvç|ce ~g|g g vyg e|hia$ ~e|wyi idi feòi|i gev ogxe|iv |igcv g

ca~e|xì`fcg i e dymg| è y`ci|ve wyi fe`vxcxyc ~g|g vc aivag g vefcihghi. G c`vxcxycíæe

hg vefcihghi$ hi gfe|he fea e gyxe|$ ~|ivvy~ùi c`vxcxycíæe hi ya ’agmag‟ hivcm`cocfgíùiv cagmc`ç|cgv vefcgcv. ’E wyi y`cocfg yag vefcihghi ã g y`chghi hi viy

ay`he hi vcm`cocfgíùiv. E wyi ~i|acxi ~i`vç!dg ia vyg iffichghi$ feae ivxg i `æe

eyx|g$ ã g ~g|xcfydg|chghi$ ey iv~ifcocfchghi hi viy ay`he hi vcm`cocfgíùiv‟

"FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732< ~. 8>8#.

^g|g e gyxe|$ `æe vi ~ehi fea~|ii`hi| yag vefcihghi via ya ogxe| y`cocfg`xi$ fg~gz hi

oe|ìfi| ya fe`xiúhe vcm`cocfghe i i`x|idgíç!de fea gv ivx|yxy|gv vcalödcfgv. Ivvi



<2

ogxe|$ hi gfe|he fea Fgvxe|cghcv "732<#$ `æe ã e vca~div ’|igd‟$ ìa e ’|gfce`gd‟$ agv

hg e|hia hg vcm`cocfgíæe.

E ay`he hgv vcm`cocfgíùiv xia wyi vi| ~i`vghe$ `æe feae |ã~dcfg c||igd hi

ya ay`he |igd "...#$ agv feae ~evcíæe ~|caic|g$ c`gymy|gd$ c||ihyxáid hevefcgd!bcvxö|cfe i he cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd xgd feae vi ag`coivxg fghg iz `yagvefcihghi hghg "...# ‖ wyi fedefg ~g|g fghg vefcihghi$ e wyi ã i e wyi `æe ã$e wyi e gdi i e wyi `æe gdi$ i feae ã ey `æe ã$ gdi ey `æe gdi e wyi~ehi vi| ey gdi|. Ã idg wyi c`vxgy|g fe`hcíùiv i e|ci`xgíùiv feay`v heogfxáid i he |i~|ivi`xçid$ i gx|gãv hcvve hç y`chghi$ ~|icgai`xi i ~e|fe`vx|yíæe$ vi gvvca ~ehiaev hczi|$ î aydxchæe c`hioc`chg i ivvi`fcgdai`xigli|xg hi c`hcáhyev$ hi gxev$ hi eljixev$ hi oy`íùiv$ hi c`vxcxycíùiv èvi`xche vify`hç|ce i fe||i`xi he xi|ae wyi ã fghg iz$ fe`f|ixgai`xi$ yagvefcihghi. "FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732<$ ~. 876#

Ã e cagmc`ç|ce$ ~e|xg`xe$ wyi e|mg`czg e ay`he$ x|g`voe|ag`he!e$ vimy`he Fgvxe|cghcv$

ia yag ’~dy|gdchghi e|hi`ghg‟$ ogzi`he iai|mc| e gde| i e `æe !gde|$ x|gíg`he ~g|g gv

vefcihghiv g hiag|fgíæe i`x|i e ~i|acxche i e ~|eclche$ e i|hghic|e i e ogdve ‖ via e

wyi idgv jgagcv ~ehi|cga ircvxc|.

Fgvxe|cghcv "732<# ir~dcfg wyi xyhe e wyi ay`he vefcgd!bcvxö|cfe g~|ivi`xg gev

c`hcáhyev ivxç c`hcvvefcgidai`xi i`x|idgíghe fea e vcalödcfe. E vcaledcvae$ ~e| vyg

iz$ vy~ùi g fg~gfchghi hi ivxglidifi| ya á`fyde ~i|agì`xi i`x|i hecv xi|aev$ hi

agìc|g wyi ya ”|i~|ivi`xg‒ e eyx|e. Gv |i~|ivi`xgíùiv$ hi gfe|he fea ^gx|cfk

Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ xêa ivvi`fcgdai`xi x|êv oy`íùiv vefcgcv c`xcagai`xi dcmghgv yagv

îv eyx|gv:

g hi ’e|mg`czgíæe fedixcg‟ hev vcvxiagv hi gde|iv$ wyi fe`vxcxyiaivwyiagv hi ~i`vgai`xe è|agxczghev ~|ö~|cev g ya m|y~e; g hi’irclcíæe‟$ hcg`xi hi vyg ~|ö~|cg fedixcchghi$ hgv fg|gfxi|ávxcfgvfea~e|xgai`xgcv he m|y~e "|cxygcv i dymg|iv!feay`v# fea oc`v hicvclcdchghi$ ~ecv ev aial|ev he m|y~e xêa ìfivvchghi hi fe`bifi| e wyi

fea~g|xcdbga i e wyi ev hcoi|i`fcg hev eyx|ev m|y~ev$ ~g|g fe`vx|yc| vygchi`xchghi; i$ oc`gdai`xi$ g hi ’i`fg|`gíæe‟ hev gde|iv heac`g`xiv hem|y~e ia ocmy|gv "c`hcáhye$ c`vxcxycíæe$ eljixe vcalödcfe# wyihivia~i`bga e ~g~id hi |i~|ivi`xg`xiv hg chi`xchghi fedixcg."FBG\GYHIGY$ <>>?$ ~. 77?#

^g|g Fbg|gyhigy$ ivvgv vc`mydg|chghiv ir~dcfg|cga ev aexcev ~idev wygcv e iv~gíe

~úldcfe `æe ~ehi vi| y`ci|vgd$ agv hi~i`hi`xi hgv vc`mydg|chghiv fydxy|gcv hi fghg

m|y~e$ aivae wyi bgjg viaidbg`ígv i`x|i idiv.



<3

Hi gfe|he fea Fgvxe|cghcv "732<#$ e c`hcáhye i`fe`x|g e vcalödcfe ~|caic|gai`xi `g

dc`mygmia$ agv cmygdai`xi `gv c`vxcxycíùiv. Xg`xe `g dc`mygmia$ i gc`hg agcv `gv

c`vxcxycíùiv$ ev váaledev `æe væe xexgdai`xi heac`ghev ~ide ’fe`xiúhe‟ wyi

vy~evxgai`xi xêa wyi icfydg|. ^g|g e gyxe|$ ev váaledev ~i|xi`fia g ivx|yxy|gv chigcv

wyi dbi væe ~|ö~|cgv$ i wyi vi c`vi|ia ia |idgíùiv wygvi!|gfce`gcv. G vefcihghi$ feae

ir~dcfg Fgvxe|cghcv$ hi~g|g!vi fe`vxg`xiai`xi fea e ogxe hi wyi ya vcvxiag vcalödcfe

wygdwyi| hii vi| agìjghe fea fei|ê`fcg.

^g|g Lgfzke "7329#$ ã gx|gãv hgv |ioi|ê`fcgv vcalödcfgv$ fea~evxgv ~idgv vcm`cocfgíùiv

cagmc`ç|cgv$ wyi ev c`hcáhyev wyi fea~g|xcdbga yag aivag feay`chghi væe fg~gziv

hi c`xi|gmc| fea gv c`vxcxycíùiv. Ã e odyre hi feay`cfgíæe i`x|i e iacvve| "wyi

x|g`vacxi g vyg cvæe hi ay`he$ hi gfe|he fea viyv c`xi|ivviv# i e |ifi~xe| "wyi ~ehi

ey `æe c`xi|~|ixç!dg# wyi fe`vx|öc e cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd. @e i`xg`xe$ hi gfe|he fea

Fgvxe|cghcv "7329#$ gv c`vxcxycíùiv `æe vi |ihyzia î hcai`væe vcalödcfg$ agv vö

ircvxia è vcalödcfe$ ~ecv væe dimcxcaghgv gx|gãv hgv vcm`cocfgíùiv wyi$ ~e| vyg iz$

g~e|xga ev vi`xchev |ife`bifchev ~idg vefcihghi.

Gdãa hg gxcchghi fe`vfci`xi hi c`vxcxyfce`gdczgíæe$ gv c`vxcxycíùiv `gvfia è

cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd. Ivvi cagmc`ç|ce$ hi gfe|he fea Fgvxe|cghcv "732<#$ hii vi

i`x|if|yzg| fea e vcalödcfe i fea e ife`øacfe oy`fce`gd.

Wyg`he goc|agaev$ è fgve hg c`vxcxycíæe$ wyi e cagmc`ç|ce vö |i~|ivi`xg ya ~g~id ~e|wyi bç ~|eldiagv ”|igcv‒ wyi ev beai`v `æe fe`vimyia |ivedi|$ivwyifiaev$ ~ecv$ ~e| ya dghe$ wyi ev beai`v vö fbimga ~|ifcvgai`xi g|ivedi| ivviv ~|eldiagv |igcv$ `g aihchg ia wyi vi g~|ivi`xga$ ~e|wyi væefg~gziv he cagmc`ç|ce; i ~e| eyx|e dghe$ wyi ivviv ~|eldiagv vö ~ehia vi|~|eldiagv$ vö vi fe`vxcxyia feae ivxiv ~|eldiagv wyi xgd ã~efg ey xgdvefcihghi vi ~|e~ùia |ivedi|$ ia oy`íæe hi yag cagmc`ç|cg fi`x|gd hg ã~efg

ey hg vefcihghi fe`vchi|ghg. Cvve `æe vcm`cocfg wyi ivviv ~|eldiagv vijgaxexgdai`xi cì`xghev$ vy|jga g ~g|xc| he `ghg i è gzce. Agv e wyi$ ~g|gfghg vefcihghi$ oe|ag ~|eldiag ia mi|gd "...# ã c`vi~g|çid hi vyg agìc|g hivi| ia mi|gd$ he vi`xche ~|ifcvgai`xi ~|eldiaçxcfe fea wyi idg cìvxi eay`he i viy dymg| ìdi$ vi`xche wyi feae xgd `æe ã ìa i|hghic|e$ ìa ogdve$ìa i|cocfçid$ ìa ogdvcocfçid feae |ioi|ê`fcg g ’i|hghic|ev‟ ~|eldiagv ig vyg ’i|hghic|g vedyíæe‟. "FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732<$ ~. 7?<#

Ev vcvxiagv vcalödcfev vy|mia ~g|g y`cocfg| e cagmc`ç|ce vefcgd$ feòi|c`he

oy`fce`gdchghi îv c`vxcxycíùiv i gev ~|efivvev vefcgcv. Hi gfe|he fea Lgfzke "7329#$ e

cagmc`ç|ce oy`fce`g feae oe|íg |imydghe|g he fexchcgè$ vel|ihixi|ac`g`he e |igd.



6>

Feae ir~dcfg Fgvxe|cghcv "732<#$ ã e cagmc`ç|ce wyi ~i|acxi wyi g vefcihghi vi vcxyi i

vi fe`vxcxyg feae xgd.

Gxã gwyc xehg vefcihghi xi`xey hg| yag |iv~evxg g gdmyagv ~i|my`xgvoy`hgai`xgcv. "...#. G vefcihghi hii hioc`c| vyg ’chi`xchghi‟$ vygg|xcfydgíæe; e ay`he$ vygv |idgíùiv fea idi i fea ev eljixev wyi fe`xãa;vygv ìfivvchghiv i viyv hivijev. Via g ”|iv~evxg‒ g ivvgv ”~i|my`xgv‒; viaivvgv ”hioc`cíùiv‒ `æe ircvxi ay`he byagè$ ìa vefcihghi i ìa fydxy|g ‖ ~e|wyi xyhe ~i|agìfi|cg fgev c`hcoi|i`fcghe. E ~g~id hgv vcm`cocfgíùivcagmc`ç|cgv ã e hi oe|ìfi| yag |iv~evxg g ivvgv ~i|my`xgv$ |iv~evxg wyi$ichi`xiai`xi$ ìa g ”|igdchghi‒ ìa g ”|gfce`gdchghi‒ ~ehia oe|ìfi| ."FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732<$ ~. 7==#

E gxe hi cagmc`g| gfdg|g |yaev i gfidi|g yxe~cgv. Xbea~ve` "7332# ir~dcfg wyi `g

gxygdchghi ã feaya ev c`hcáhyev e|ci`xg|ia vygv gíùiv ~g|g eyx|ev wyi `æe ~g|xcdbga

e aivae galci`xi iv~gíe!xia~e|gd$ i fea fe`viwyê`fcgv wyi ydx|g~gvvga ev dcacxiv hi

viyv fe`xirxev i defgdczgíùiv. Vimy`he e gyxe|$ ge hcv~e`clcdczg| ~g|g ev c`hcáhyevcagmi`v i còe|agíùiv hi gfe`xifcai`xev wyi efe||ia ia dymg|iv aycxe gdãa hi viyv

galci`xiv vefcgcv caihcgxev$ g aáhcg ~ehi ivxcaydg| ey c`xi`vcocfg| oe|agv hi gíæe

fedixcg hcoáficv hi fe`x|edg| fea ev aifg`cvaev hi ~ehi| ivxglidifchev. ’G aáhcg vi

ièdi gxcgai`xi `g fe`vx|yíæe he ay`he vefcgd; aehidg i còdyi`fcg e fy|ve hev

gfe`xifcai`xev$ f|cg gfe`xifcai`xev wyi `æe ~ehi|cga xi| ircvxche ia vyg gyvê`fcg‟$

goc|ag Xbea~ve` "7332$ ~. 7>?#.

Hi gfe|he fea ^gx|cfk Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?#$ gv aáhcgv$ fghg iz wyi |i~e|xga ya

gfe`xifcai`xe$ fe`vx|eia yag |i~|ivi`xgíæe wyi vylvxcxyc g ~|ö~|cg |igdchghi. E gyxe|

ir~dcfg wyi gv |i~|ivi`xgíùiv$ ge fe`vxcxyá|ia yag e|mg`czgíæe he |igd gx|gãv hi

cagmi`v ai`xgcv x|g`v~evxgv ia hcvfy|ve ey ia eyx|gv ag`coivxgíùiv fea~e|xgai`xgcv

hev c`hcáhyev hi yag feay`chghi$ ivxæe c`fdyáhgv è |igd$ ey aivae hghgv feae vi

oevvia e ~|ö~|ce |igd. Vimy`he e gyxe|$ xgcv |i~|ivi`xgíùiv g~e`xga ~g|g ya hivije

vefcgd$ ivxglidifia è|agv i |iidga vcvxiagv hi gde|iv.

Ã ~e| cvve wyi Fgvxe|cghcv "732<# goc|ag wyi g dc`mygmia `æe ã g~i`gv föhcme$ ~ecv

fea~e|xg yag hcai`væe vcm`cocfgxcg: ’G dc`mygmia hii hczi| e ay`he$ i `ghg è

föhcme ~i|acxi ivxglidifi| ya ay`he ìa hifchc| wygd vi|ç ivvi ay`he i e wyi idi

vi|ç‟ "FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732<$ ~.8>?#. ^g|g e gyxe|$ e ogzi| vefcgd$ hg aivag oe|ag$ `æe

vi dcacxg î xãf`cfg$ ~e|wyi ev gxev i eljixev wyi ìdi vi fedefga væe e wyi væe i xgcv

feae væe aihcg`xi g e|ci`xgíæe mdelgd he ogzi| vefcgd$ wyi ã g~i`gv yag ogfixg he



67

ay`he hi vcm`cocfgíùiv hi yag vefcihghi. @æe ã e c`hcáhye wyi fe`vx|öc e cagmc`ç|ce$

agv ã gx|gãv e cagmc`ç|ce wyi e c`hcáhye vi fe`vxcxyc.

@æe vi ~ehi |ihyzc| e ay`he hgv vcm`cocfgíùiv c`vxcxyáhgv îv |i~|ivi`xgíùiv

c`hcchygcv ioixcgv$ ey g vyg ”~g|xi feaya‒$ ”aãhcg‒ ey ”xá~cfg‒. Gvvcm`cocfgíùiv `æe væe$ ichi`xiai`xi$ e wyi ev c`hcáhyev vi |i~|ivi`xgafe`vfci`xi ey c`fe`vfci`xiai`xi$ ey gwycde wyi idiv ~i`vga. Idgv væegwycde$ aihcg`xi i g ~g|xc| he wyi ev c`hcáhyev væe oe|aghev feaec`hcáhyev vefcgcv$ ~ehi`he ~g|xcfc~g| he ogzi| i he |i~|ivi`xg|%hczi| vefcgd$~ehi`he |i~|ivi`xg|$ gmc| i ~i`vg| hi agìc|g fea~gxáid$ fei|i`xi$feì|mi`xi aivae vi idg ã feòdcxygd. "FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732<$ ~. 877#

@e ìalcxe he hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe$ Fbg|gyhigy "<>>?# ir~dcfg wyi gv ~|egv hg

i|gfchghi hi yag còe|agíæe væe$ cmygdai`xi$ hg e|hia he cagmc`ç|ce$ cvxe ã$

lgvighgv `gv |i~|ivi`xgíùiv hi ya m|y~e vefcgd wyg`xe ge wyi ~ehi mg|g`xc| e wyi ãhcxe. Ivvgv ~|egv hiia vi| eljixcgv$ irxi|ce|iv ge vyjicxe ogdg`xi i |ife`bifchgv ~e|

eyx|ev. @ivvi vi`xche$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ ev aicev hcvfy|vcev ia~|imghev xi`hia g

~|eg| g gyxi`xcfchghi ey g i|evvcacdbg`íg hev ogxev$ i e gde| hgv ir~dcfgíùiv hghgv.

G i|hghi `æe ivxç è hcvfy|ve$ agv veai`xi è ioicxe wyi ~|ehyz. @e fgve$e hcvfy|ve hi còe|agíæe achcçxcfg jemg fea ivvg còdyê`fcg$ ~e`he iafi`g$ hi agìc|g g|cçid i fea fe`viwyê`fcgv hci|vgv$ ioicxev higyxi`xcfchghi$ hi i|evvcacdbg`íg i hi h|gagxczgíæe. "FBG\GYHIGY$

<>>?$ ~. 99#

E hcvfy|ve còe|agxce `æe xia yag |idgíæe ivx|icxg veai`xi fea e cagmc`ç|ce he

vgli| ‖ feae goc|ag Fbg|gyhigy ‖ $ agv cmygdai`xi fea e cagmc`ç|ce he ~ehi|. Xehg

c`vxì`fcg hi còe|agíæe iri|fi ya ~ehi| hi ogxe vel|i e eyx|e. ^g|g e gyxe|$ cvve wyi|

hczi| wyi gv aáhcgv fe`vxcxyia yag c`vxì`fcg hixi`xe|g hi ~g|xi he ~ehi| vefcgd. Jç g

e~c`cæe$ vimy`he Fbg|gyhigy$ ~i|xi`fi ge heaá`ce he f|i|$ xi`he |idgíæe hc|ixg `æe

fea g gíæe$ agv fea e cagmc`ç|ce hi vgli| è wygd e c`hcáhye iri|fi viy jydmgai`xe.

Xbea~ve` "7332# fcxg Bgli|agv ~g|g ir~dcfg| wyi$ g~öv e hivièdcai`xe hg aáhcg$ g

chg ~úldcfg hicrey hi vi |ivx|c`mc| gev gvvy`xev he Ivxghe. G aáhcg f|cey gxcchghiv

vefce~edáxcfgv wyi$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ fe`x|clyá|ga fea g g|xcfydgíæe hi yag ’e~c`cæe

~úldcfg‟. ’Ge ~|e~e|fce`g| gev c`hcáhyev oe|agv hi fe`bifcai`xe i còe|agíæe wyi

idiv `æe xi|cga gfivve hi eyx|e aehe$ g c`xi|gíæe wygvi aihcghg ~ehi ivxcaydg| g

hidcli|gíæe xg`xe wyg`xe$ vi`æe agcv he wyi g c`xi|gíæe ogfi g ogfi‟$ goc|ag Xbea~ve`

"7332 ~. <<7#.



6<

^g|g Fgvxe|cghcv "732<#$ g ~viyhe!|gfce`gdchghi aehi|`g ã yag hgv oe|agv bcvxö|cfgv

he cagmc`ç|ce. ’@ivvi gv~ifxe hg vyg ircvxê`fcg$ e ay`he aehi|è ã gxe|ai`xghe ~e|

ya hidá|ce vcvxiaçxcfe ‖ he wygd g gyxeèaczgíæe hg xãf`cfg hivi`fghighg$ i wyi `æe

ivxç ”g vi|cíe‒hi ì`bya oca hixi|ac`çid$ ã g oe|ag agcv caihcgxgai`xi ~i|fi~xáid$

agcv hc|ixgai`xi gaigíghe|g‟ "FGVXE\CGHCV$ 732<$ ~.722#. E gyxe| ir~dcfg wyi ã e

ìalcxe hg ifeèacg wyi ircli hi agìc|g agcv vy|~|ii`hi`xi g vy~|iagfcg he

cagmc`ç|ce ia xehev ev `áicv$ ~|ifcvgai`xi ~e|wyi vi ~|ixi`hi c`xim|gd i |gfce`gd. Cvve

ocfg gc`hg agcv fdg|e$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ wyg`he vi g`gdcvg g hioc`cíæe hgv ìfivvchghiv

byag`gv wyi g ifeèacg hii gxi`hi|.

6.< E ~g~id i ev dcacxiv hev vcvxiagv aydxcdgxi|gcv

E gm|ggai`xe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g i ife`øacfg c`xi|`gfce`gd$ è vimy`he viaivx|i hi

<>>2$ c`xi`vcocfey g hcvfyvvæe gfi|fg hgv ca~dcfgíùiv he g~|eoy`hgai`xe hg

c`xi|hi~i`hê`fcg ife`øacfg i`x|i ~gáviv i |imcùiv "g mdelgdczgíæe#. Hi gfe|he fea

îh|e _icmg "<>>3#$ ev ca~gfxev hg f|cvi vel|i g ifeèacg |igd ~|eefg|ga |iv~evxgv

hi ~edáxcfg oe|xiv i hci|vcocfghgv. G f|cvi xgalãa ~|ehyzcy ya ivoe|íe hi fee|hi`gíæe

hi |iv~evxgv `gfce`gcv i hi |ioe|ag hgv c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv$ ge feòi|c| agce|

ca~e|xì`fcg ge M|y~e hev _c`xi "M<>#$ ia hix|cai`xe ge M|y~e hev Ecxe "M2#. E gyxe|

ir~dcfg wyi$ iale|g e M<> `æe ~evvg vi| fg|gfxi|czghe feae aydxcdgxi|gd$ hghe e viy

fg|çxi| còe|agd$ e m|y~e fe`f|ixczey e ivoe|íe hi fee|hi`gíæe$ aelcdczg`he hci|vgv

c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv "OAC$ Lg`fe Ay`hcgd$ EAF$ i`x|i eyx|gv# i fe`x|clyc`he ~g|g

g |ioe|ag hg g|wycxixy|g oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd.

@e wyi xg`mi î lg|mg`bg i`x|i e m|gy hi fegíæe i hi dimcxcachghi wyivcaledczga gv oy`íùiv hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd$ e g||g`je he M!<> ~g|ifivy~i|ce| î vyg fe`x|g~g|xchg caihcgxg$ e M!2. G |iv~evxg g yag f|cvi wyi vigdgvx|ey |g~chgai`xi ~e| xehe e vcvxiag oc`g`fic|e ay`hcgd i wyi xia mi|gheioicxev vii|ev vel|i g ifeèacg |igd hi aehe miì|gdczghe `æe ~g|ifcg vi|ghiwyghgai`xi oe|aydghe ~e| yag fú~ydg wyi |iúì g~i`gv Ivxghev hebiacvoã|ce è|xi fea ivx|yxy|g ife`øacfg i chiedömcfg viaidbg`xiv$ feaeefe||i|g fea e M!2. Mi|i`fcg| g f|cvi i fe`vx|yc| ivxglcdchghi g ~g|xc| hi yag|fgleyíe |imydgxö|ce ~g|ifcg hi~i`hi| hi agce| m|gy hi fea~|eacvve hgv "ifea |idgíæe îv# ifeèacgv iai|mi`xiv$ i e M!<> g~e`xey ~|ifcvgai`xi ìvvghc|iíæe "XE\\IV$ <>>3#



66

Bicxe| Xe||iv "<>>3# ir~dcfg wyi e M!<>$ ge |iy`c| ~|gxcfgai`xi èi`xg ~e| fi`xe hg

ifeèacg ay`hcgd$ ivxgg$ i`xæe$ hexghe hi agce| dimcxcachghi wyi e M!2$ e wyi oiz

fea wyi iedyávvi hg fe`hcíæe hi oe|e hgv oc`g`ígv c`xi|`gfce`gcv ~g|g e g||g`je hi

fealgxi î f|cvi ~e| irfidê`fcg. Cvve aexcey ya èe i`fe`x|e i`x|i fbioiv hi Ivxghe

ia gl|cd hi <>>3. @ivvg |iy`cæe$ gv gyxe|chghiv fe`fe|hg|ga fea g c`jiíæe m|ghygd hi

fi|fg hi ya x|cdbæe hi hödg|iv ~g|g g |ify~i|gíæe hg ifeèacg ay`hcgd$ gdãa hi

g~|ivi`xg| ~|e~evxgv hi |ioe|ag ~g|g e OAC i e Lg`fe Ay`hcgd.

G fe`vedchgíæe he èe g||g`je feae oe|e hi fealgxi î f|cvi vi hiy fea ei`fe`x|e hi gl|cd hivxi gè$ ia De`h|iv. ^|ixi`hcg!vi gg`íg| hi |iv~evxgvy`cxç|cgv î |ifivvæe ~g|g ya aehe agcv y`cocfghe hi |imydg| gv oc`g`ígv i hi~|ii`c| èev hcvxú|lcev ‖ ~|ifcvgai`xi gv ivoi|gv hi fe`vx|yíæe hiivxglcdchghi$ g|xcfydgíæe hi c`xi|ivviv fedixcev$ aihcgíæe hi hcoi|i`ígv i

fee|hi`gíæe hi ~edáxcfgv wyi$ gfcag$ oe|ga hivf|cxgv feae oy`íùiv himei|`g`íg mdelgd. @ivxi vi`xche$ ev hefyai`xev oc`gcv he i`fe`x|e hiDe`h|iv fehcocfga gv c`xi`íùiv hi gyai`xg| g |imydgíæe i hi hcocfydxg|xy|lydê`fcgv oyxy|gv wyi i|ga agcv ey aièv fe`vi`vygcv i`x|i ev c`xiaial|ev. E ^gcìd hi Ivxglcdchghi Oc`g`fic|g oec f|cghe ~g|g vylvxcxyc| eg`xcme Oö|ya hi Ivxglcdchghi Oc`g`fic|e$ fyjgv gxcchghiv ivxgga dcmghgv gev~gáviv he M!2 "XE\\IV$ <>>3#.

E gyxe| |ivvgdxg$ è i`xg`xe$ wyi ev aial|ev he M!<> væe |i~|ivi`xgxcev hg gxygd

e|hia ay`hcgd$ ~ecv gc`hg wyi iewyia g vy~|iagfcg ife`øacfg$ ~edáxcfg i acdcxg| hev

IYG$ xgalãa |ife`bifia g ca~e|xì`fcg hgv ifeèacgv hivièdchgv. Gdãa hcvve$ ev

aial|ev he m|y~e êia ev iai|mi`xiv feae gxe|iv!fbgi è ìalcxe c`xi|`gfce`gd.

^g|g e gyxe|$ g idgle|gíæe hi ~edáxcfgv feay`v i`x|i ev ~gáviv ã agcv ioixcg èv

gm|y~gai`xev aiè|iv i%ey agcv beaemêìev$ feae èv L\CFv "L|gvcd$ \úvvcg$ Á`hcg i

Fbc`g#$ `g EFHI "E|mg`czgíæe ~g|g Fee~i|gíæe i Hivièdcai`xe Ife`øacfe# i è

CLGV "Á`hcg$ L|gvcd i Ço|cfg he Vyd#. Fe`vedchg| e M!<> ~ehi|cg$ ~e|xg`xe$ c`f|iai`xg|

g ioixcchghi hev c`xi|ivviv hev iai|mi`xiv è ìalcxe mdelgd$ i |ix|gxg| hi aehe agcv

gfy|ghe g e|hia ay`hcgd wyi vi oc|ag.

@ghg mg|g`xi$ aivae gvvca$ wyi e hivi`be c`vxcxyfce`gd he M!<> vijg egdaijghe ~idev iai|mi`xiv$ xi`he ia cvxg g ga~dcocfgíæe hev viyvc`xi|ivviv. G fea~diai`xg|chghi i`x|i gv c`vxì`fcgv aiè|iv i gv c`vxì`fcgvmdelgcv ~ehi vi ~|efivvg| i ~i|agìfi|. Agv e ’ivxcmag‟ he M!<> feae yaoe|agxe e~e|xyè ~g|g fealgxi| yag f|cvi fyjg agce| |iv~e`vglcdchghi ifyje agce| ca~gfxe vi hiy i`x|i ev hivièdchev$ agv fyjg |ivedyíæehi~i`hi xgalãa hev iai|mi`xiv$ ~ehi vi| dighe ia fe`xg. Ivxgc`xi|~|ixgíæe `æe vi|cg c`vx|yai`xgd i cmè|g|cg gjyvxiv c`xi|èv ge fe|~e.Agv xgd e|mg`czgíæe hi fcag ~g|g lgcre `æe ~g|ifi fei|i`xi fea g e|hiaay`hcgd ~|ivi`xi$ ia wyi g gheíæe he xi|ae ’iai|mi`xiv‟ ~g|g ev gxe|ivvcaydxgìgai`xi èev i còdyi`xiv |iodixi ~|efivvev hi lgcre ~g|g fcag

"XE\\IV$ <>>3#



68

Xehgv gv gíùiv i aexcgíùiv ~edáxcfgv vi |ihyzia$ hi gfe|he fea Fg|d Vfbacxx "733<#$

î hcvxc`íæe ~edáxcfg hi gacme i c`cacme. E c`cacme$ ~g|g e gyxe|$ `æe ã ya ghi|vç|ce$

agv e eyx|e$ e ivx|g`mic|e$ fea wyia bç ~evvclcdchghiv |igcv hi feòdcxe. Ã$ ~e|xg`xe$

’ya fe`jy`xe hi beai`v "...# fealgxi`xi$ wyi vi fe`x|g~ùi g ya fe`jy`xe viaidbg`xi‟

"VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~. 99#. E gyxe| ir~dcfg wyi ã feaya i| e c`cacme x|gxghe feae

’agy‟ i ’oice‟ è cagmc`ç|ce hi yag vefcihghi$ feae aifg`cvae ~vcfedömcfe ~g|g

oe|xgdifi| g hcvxc`íæe ~edáxcfg ~e| x|çv he xi|ae.

^g|g Vfbacxx "733<#$ e dcli|gdcvae ~|efy|ey |ihyzc| e c`cacme g ya fe`fe||i`xi ‖ `g

~i|v~ifxcg hg ifeèacg ‖ $ i g ya e~eì`xi hi hcvfyvvùiv ‖ `g ~i|v~ifxcg hg ãxcfg. E

gyxe| fcxg ]gdxbi| \gxbi`gy ‖ ’beji e hivxcè `æe ã g ~edáxcfg i vca g ifeèacg‟

"\GXBI@GY$ g~yh VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~. 7>8# ‖ ~g|g goc|ag| wyi ’agcv fe||ixe vi|cg

hczi| wyi$ beji feae g`xiv$ g ~edáxcfg ~i|agìfi e hivxcè$ i wyi g~i`gv e wyi

vel|iice ã wyi g ifeèacg vi xe|èy gdme hi ~edáxcfe i fea cvve vi xe|èy e ”hivxcè‒‟

"VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~. 7>8#.

Hi yag oe|ag ey hi eyx|g$ ~edáxcfg i ifeèacg væe fe`ficxev xg`mi`xiv `g gxygdchghi$

iv~ifcgdai`xi fea g c`xi`vcocfgíæe he ~|efivve hi mdelgdczgíæe. Hi gfe|he fea

Xbea~ve` "7332#$ oec veai`xi è vãfyde RCR wyi g mdelgdczgíæe vi oc|aey$ i deme è

vãfyde vimyc`xi e ay`he veo|iy ca~e|xg`xiv gdxi|gíùiv è fe`xirxe mdelgd: g ifeèacg

mdelgd xe|èy!vi f|ivfi`xiai`xi aydxc~edg|$ i g Iy|e~g "iv~ifcgdai`xi g Gdiag`bg#$ e

Jg~æe i ev èev ~gáviv c`hyvx|cgdczghev he vyhivxi gvcçxcfe gvvyac|ga ya ~g~id

f|ivfi`xiai`xi ca~e|xg`xi. E gyxe| goc|ag wyi gv |idgíùiv hi ~ehi| ~edáxcfe$ vcalödcfe

i fei|fcxce xgalãa gvvyac|ga oe|agv fea~dirgv. ’E fedg~ve hev |imcaiv feay`cvxg

`g Iy|e~g E|ci`xgd i g hcvvedyíæe hg Y`cæe Vecãxcfg f|cg|ga yag èg vcxygíæe

mie~edáxcfg ‖ `æe veai`xi `g Iy|e~g$ agv è ay`he xehe‟$ ir~dcfg Xbea~ve`"XBEA^VE@$ 7332 ~. 79>#. Fe|~ev vy~|g`gfce`gcv feae gv @gíùiv Y`chgv i g

Feacvvæe Iy|e~ãcg ~gvvg|ga g hivia~i`bg| ya ~g~id f|ivfi`xi èv ìmöfcev

c`xi|`gfce`gcv ‘ gc`hg wyi$ vimy`he e gyxe|$ |idgxcgai`xi dcacxghe. @egv oe|agv hi

~ehi| vcalödcfe$ ia gdmy`v fgvev dcmghgv ge |i`gvfcai`xe hi f|i`ígv |idcmcevgv

`gfce`gdcvxgv i oy`hgai`xgdcvxgv$ iai|mc|ga ia hcoi|i`xiv ~g|xiv he ay`he.

Agrcacdcgè _cfi`xi "<>>3# goc|ag wyi bç yag fe`ve`ì`fcg i`x|i ~i`vghe|iv gegvvc`gdg| g f|cvi he Ivxghe hi lia!ivxg| vefcgd feae ya hev fea~eì`xiv fi`x|gcv hgv



69

ayhg`ígv wyi dig|ga g yag èg feòcmy|gíæe he ay`he$ hièac`ghg @eg E|hia

C`xi|`gfce`gd. @e ~i|áehe i`x|i myi||gv$ e Ivxghe hi lia!ivxg| vefcgd oec yag vgáhg ~g|g

|ify~i|g| g oe|íg i g fg~gfchghi hi ir~g`væe hev ~gáviv fg~cxgdcvxgv. E aeai`xe ocfey

fe`bifche feae g ’i|g hey|ghg he fg~cxgdcvae‟ hiche ge m|g`hi hivièdcai`xe

ife`øacfe$ e ~diè ia~|ime i gv mg|g`xcgv vefcgcv. êvxi|ce|ai`xi$ ca~e|xg`xiv

gfe`xifcai`xev ‖ feae e feòdcxe i`x|i ç|gliv i cv|gidi`viv$ gv f|cviv he ~ix|ödie i g

c`vgxcvogíæe he ia~|ivg|cghe fea g fg|mg x|clyxç|cg ‖ $ ichi`fcg|ga g o|gmcdchghi hivvg

ivx|yxy|g.

Gvvca$ e Ivxghe hi lia!ivxg| vefcgd ghwyc|cy g cagmia hi agyghac`cvx|ghe| hg ifeèacg$ fea g fe`viwyi`xi hivae|gdczgíæe i g gfyvgíæehi vi| cè~i|g`xi$ fe`vxcxyc`he ya ia~ifcdbe ~g|g e ~|em|ivve ife`øacfe.

Fe`feacxg`xiai`xi$ hioi`hcga!vi g dc|i!c`cfcgxcg i g gde|czgíæe hgve|mg`czgíùiv ife`øacfgv$ yag iz wyi idgv hixc`bga gv fe`hcíùiv ~g|ghc`gaczg| g ifeèacg hcg`xi he o|gfgvve he Ivxghe. "_CFI@XI$ <>>3$ ~.7<?#

^g|g _cfi`xi "<>>3#$ ã g~öv g Vimy`hg Myi||g wyi e Ivxghe ìedcli|gd i vygv oö|aydgv

vy|mia feae g aidbe| vgáhg ~g|g g vel|icê`fcg he fg~cxgdcvae. Fea e oc`gd hg

Myi||g O|cg$ feae ir~dcfg Jydce Le|miv "<>>?#$ e ay`he ~gvvey g ci| yag i|g hi

f|ivfi`xi fea~dirchghi$ iria~dcocfghg fea e f|ivfcai`xe hgv c`vxcxycíùiv

vy~|g`gfce`gcv `g Iy|e~g$ i e gyai`xe hg ~|iefy~gíæe fea gv wyivxùiv irxi|`gv. Cvvefe`x|clycy ~g|g ga~dcg| g hcvfyvvæe gfi|fg hg chãcg hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd.

Jydce Le|miv "<>>?# ir~dcfg wyi g mei|`g`íg mdelgd$ gdãa hi yag xi`xgxcg hi

ivxglidifi| yag èg gmi`hg ~g|g g ~edáxcfg ay`hcgd$ ã xgalãa ya ca~e|xg`xi

aifg`cvae ~g|g g vedyíæe hi ~|eldiagv fedixcev. ^g|g e gyxe|$ mei|`g`íg mdelgd ã

’~|efivve è wygd vi ~|efy|g iò|i`xg| ev hivgocev î fe`cê`fcg c`xi|`gfce`gd g ~g|xc|$

~e| iria~de$ hg fe`vx|yíæe hi c`vxcxycíùiv feae g E@Y "E|mg`czgíæe hgv @gíùivY`chgv#$ e OAC "Oy`he Aeìxç|ce C`xi|`gfce`gd#$ g EAF "E|mg`czgíæe Ay`hcgd he

Feaã|fce# i hev |imcaiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv‟ "LE\MIV$ <>>?$ ~. 7?#$ i `æe hii vi|

feòy`hchg fea mei|è mdelgd. ’E fe`ficxe hi mei|è mdelgd ~ehi|cg vi| i`xi`hche

feae yag vcvxiagxczgíæe hg cvæe fdçvvcfg gfi|fg hg ìfivvchghi hi ivxglidifcai`xe hi

~gh|ùiv hi fe`cê`fcg è vcvxiag c`xi|`gfce`gd$ c`fydghe î ircvxê`fcg hi

~|efihcai`xev dimgcv i oe|agcv‟ "LE\MIV$ <>>?$ ~. 72#.



6?

Hi gfe|he fea Le|miv$ ev ~g~ãcv hgv c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv ~ehia vi| gvvca

|ivyachev:

g E|mg`czgíæe Ay`hcgd he Feaã|fce$ wyi |imydg i ocvfgdczg e feaã|fce

c`xi|`gfce`gd; e Lg`fe Ay`hcgd$ wyi gjyhg fea ia~|ãvxcaev ev ~gáviv iahivièdcai`xe g f|ivfi| fea ivxglcdchghi i vyvxi`xglcdchghi i g |ihyzc| g~el|izg; i e Oy`he Aeìxç|ce C`xi|`gfce`gd "OAC#$ wyi vy|mcy fea e c`xycxehi iri|fi| ~|ivvæe vel|i ev ~gáviv wyi `æe fe`x|clyia ~g|g e iwycdál|ce hgifeèacg ay`hcgd i oe|ìfi| dcwychiz `g oe|ag hi ia~|ãvxcaev ~g|g wyicvve efe||g$ wyg`he ìfivvç|ce. "LE\MIV$ <>>?$ ~. 787#

@e i`xg`xe$ yag aydxc~dcfchghi hi eyx|ev ö|mæev vy~|g`gfce`gcv mg`bey hivxgwyi èv

gèv hi <>>= i <>>2$ i`x|i idiv ev L\CFv "gv m|g`hiv ifeèacgv ia |ç~che

hivièdcai`xe he L|gvcd$ \úvvcg$ Á`hcg i Fbc`g#$ e M!2 "e m|y~e hev ecxe ~gáviv agcv

|cfev he ay`he: Ivxghev Y`chev$ Jg~æe$ Gdiag`bg$ Fg`ghç$ O|g`íg$ Cxçdcg$ \icè Y`che

i \úvvcg#$ e M!<> "gv hizièi agce|iv ifeèacgv he ay`he$ agcv g y`cæe iy|e~ãcg ‖ e

wyi c`fdyc xehev ev aial|ev he L\CF#. Gm|y~g`he ~|gxcfgai`xi èi`xg ~e| fi`xe hg

ifeèacg mdelgd$ e M!<> |iúì ca~e|xg`xiv oy`íùiv hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd$ gc`hg wyi

|i~|ivi`xi g gxygd e|hia ay`hcgd gx|gãv he |ife`bifcai`xe hg vy~|iagfcg è|xi!

gai|cfg`g$ he ~ive |idgxce hgv ifeèacgv x|ghcfce`gcv i hg gvfi`væe hev iai|mi`xiv

feae gxe|iv!fbgi è ~dgè c`xi|`gfce`gd.

Bç yag hci|mê`fcg hi ~i`vgai`xev$ vimy`he Le|miv "<>>?#$ wyg`xe ge ca~gfxe he

aydxcdgxi|gdcvae vel|i ev ai|fghev mdelgcv. I`wyg`xe gdmy`v gyxe|iv "fãxcfev#

|ife`bifia e vy|mcai`xe hi ya vcvxiag hi mivxæe ife`øacfg aydxcivx|gxcocfghg i

~dy|gdcvxg$ eyx|ev "mdelgdcvxgv# gf|ihcxga wyi ev ai|fghev mdelgcv ivfg~ga î

|imydgai`xgíæe ~edáxcfg. ^g|g ivviv údxcaev$ gv c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv væe defgcv ‖

cvxe wyi e fe`x|edi hgv m|g`hiv ~exê`fcgv ã aihcghe$ i g mdelgdczgíæe ife`øacfg

fe`xivxghg ~idev Ivxghev agcv o|gfev i ö|mæev hg vefcihghi fccd. Hi gfe|he fea egyxe|$ galgv gv fe||i`xiv ~g|ifia fe`fe|hg|$ è i`xg`xe$ wyi gv c`vxcxycíùiv `æe xêa

gyxe|chghi c`hi~i`hi`xi wyg`he ghexga ~|em|gagv wyi ga~dcga e fe`x|edi he ai|fghe

mdelgd vel|i g chg ife`øacfg `gfce`gd. ^g|g ev fãxcfev$ feae goc|ag Le|miv$ g mivxæe

hg ifeèacg ay`hcgd gc`hg hi~i`hi he ~edcfcgai`xe oicxe ~idev Ivxghev agcv

~ehi|evev$ |ivyachev$ `g ~|çxcfg$ ~ide M2. Cvve ogz fea wyi gv hifcvùiv ife`øacfgv

~|ce|czia ev c`xi|ivviv he vidixe m|y~e hi ~gáviv wyi fea~ùi e M2.



6=

Vel|i g mei|`glcdchghi$ Vxcmdcxz "<>><# hivxgfg wyi g ogfi ife`øacfg hgmdelgdczgíæe$ g~ecghg `gv c`vxcxycíùiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv$ hixãa ~ehi| hihifcvæe wyi vi vel|i~ùi$ aycxgv iziv$ î e`xghi hi mei|èv hgv `gíùiv iahivièdcai`xe. Fgve ya ~gáv `æe vcmg gv fe`hcíùiv ca~evxgv ~ide OAC$ivxi vi |ifyvg g ia~|ivxg|!dbi hc`bic|e. ^|gxcfgai`xi oe|íghev g ghexg| gv~edáxcfgv vymi|chgv$ ev ~gáviv ia hivièdcai`xe gfglga ~e| gl|c| aæe hi

~g|xi hi vyg veli|g`cg$ ocfg`he ir~evxev gev c`xi|ivviv he fg~cxgd. ê| ivvi ieyx|ev aexcev$ g mdelgdczgíæe ã cvxg feae ya vcvxiag xexgdcxç|ce."VXCMDCXZ$ <>>< g~yh _CFI@XI$ <>>3$ ~. 786#

Cvve gfe`xifi ~e|wyi$ hi gfe|he fea Vfbacxx "733<#$ xehe ca~i|cgdcvae oy`hghe

ifeèacfgai`xi ~|efy|g ~|eaei| yag vcxygíæe mdelgd `g wygd ~evvg g~dcfg| via

i`x|giv viyv aicev hi ~ehi| ife`øacfe$ feae e ldewyice hi f|ãhcxev$ ialg|me hi

agxã|cgv!~|cag$ hivx|ycíæe hi aeihgv ivx|g`mic|gv$ i`x|i eyx|ev. Ã fe`vchi|ghg

’cedê`fcg irx|g!ife`øacfg‟ xehgv gv xi`xgxcgv hi eyx|ev ~eev i m|y~ev hi ivfg~g|

hivviv aãxehev ’~gfáocfev‟. Ivvi ca~i|cgdcvae vi g~öcg$ gc`hg$ ia aicev hi fei|íæe

|cme|evev$ agv$ vimy`he idi$ via~|i ’ife`øacfev‟$ ’g~edáxcfev‟ i ’~gfáocfev‟. G~öcg !

vi$ xgalãa$ ia ya cai`ve i ~ehi|eve g|vi`gd lãdcfe. G vyg g~dcfgíæe$ è i`xg`xe$ ã

gfea~g`bghg hi ya hcvfy|ve ~gfcocvxg$ wyi `æe ogdg ia myi||g$ agv ia ’vg`íùiv‟$

’~gfcocfgíùiv‟$ ’hioivg hi x|gxghev‟ i ’aihchgv ~g|g gvvimy|g| g ~gz‟. E ghi|vç|ce$

oc`gdai`xi$ hicrg hi vi| e c`cacme ~g|g vi xe|`g| e ’~i|xy|lghe| hg ~gz‟.

E aydxcdgxi|gdcvae$ i ev vcvxiagv hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd i hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd$

~e| agcv gl|g`mi`xiv wyi ~g|iíga$ `æe irfdyia g ocmy|g he c`cacme hi Vfbacxx "733<#.

Cvve ~e|wyi ã veai`xi gx|gãv hg hcvxc`íæe gacme%c`cacme wyi$ hi gfe|he fea e gyxe|$

vi fe`vxcxyc g ~edáxcfg. ^g|g Vfbacxx$ e ay`he ~edáxcfe ã ya ’~dy|ci|ve‟$ ia

fe`x|g~evcíæe fea g chãcg hi ’y`ci|ve‟. ê|xg`xe$ ’g y`chghi ~edáxcfg `æe ~ehi$ ~e|

ivvê`fcg$ vi| y`ci|vgd è vi`xche hi yag y`chghi i`mdelg`he xehg g byag`chghi i xehg

g xi||g‟ "VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~.2>#. E gyxe| ir~dcfg wyi e fe`ficxe hi byag`chghi irfdyc

e ~|ö~|ce fe`ficxe hi c`cacme. Vimy`he Vfbacxx$ wyg`he ya Ivxghe dyxg fe`x|g viyc`cacme ia èai hg byag`chghi$ idi ogz yve ~edáxcfe hi ya fe`ficxe g~edáxcfe. @æe vi

x|gxg hi yag myi||g hg byag`chghi$ agv hi ya Ivxghe ~|efy|g`he efy~g| ya fe`ficxe

y`ci|vgd o|i`xi ge viy c`cacme$ |icc`hcfg`he ~g|g vc xgd fe`ficxe. ’Byag`chghi ã ya

c`vx|yai`xe chiedömcfe$ iv~ifcgdai`xi úxcd$ hgv ir~g`vùiv ca~i|cgdcvxgv$ i ia vyg oe|ag

ãxcfe!byag`cxç|cg$ ya iáfyde iv~ifáocfe he ca~i|cgdcvae ife`øacfe‟ "VFBACXX$

733<$ ~.27#.



62

Ya vcvxiag hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd$ aivae gl|g`mi`xi feae g E|mg`czgíæe hgv @gíùiv

Y`chgv "E@Y#$ wyi fbimg g fea~|ii`hi| wygvi g xexgdchghi hi Ivxghev he ~dgìxg$

gc`hg gvvca `æe ~ehi|cg `y`fg fbimg| g vi| y`ci|vgd. Cvve ~ehi vi| jyvxcocfghe gx|gãv

hgv ~e`hi|gíùiv hi Vfbacxx "733<# gfi|fg hg Dcmg hgv @gíùiv$ g e|mg`czgíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd f|cghg g~öv g ^|caic|g Myi||g fea e c`xycxe hi gvvimy|g| g ~gz. E gyxe|

ir~dcfg wyi g Dcmg hgv @gíùiv ’ã yag e|mg`czgíæe c`xi|ivxgxgd i feae xgd ~|ivvy~ùi

Ivxghev$ |imydg gdmyagv hi vygv |idgíùiv |ifá~|efgv i gxã mg|g`xi vyg ircvxê`fcg ~edáxcfg.

Idg `æe ã yag e|mg`czgíæe y`ci|vgd$ i ìa ge aièv c`xi|`gfce`gd‟ "VFBACXX$ 733<$

~. 2<#. E fe`ficxe hi c`cacme ã ~|ivvy~evxe ~g|g g vyg ~|ö~|cg f|cgíæe$ ~e|wyi g

e|mg`czgíæe ’c`x|ehyz ègv ~evvclcdchghiv hi myi||gv$ gyxe|czg myi||gv$ ~|eaei

myi||gv hi fegdczæe i |iaei yag vã|ci hi ia~ifcdbev hg myi||g ge dimcxcag| i

vg`fce`g| fi|xgv myi||gv‟ "VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~. 26#.

^g|g e gyxe|$ yag dcmg hgv `gíùiv feae e|mg`czgíæe y`ci|vgd hg byag`chghi hii|cg$

ia ~|caic|e dymg|$ |ixc|g| ioixcgai`xi hi xehev ev gm|y~gai`xev byagèv |ivxg`xiv e

jyv liddc i$ ia vimy`he dymg|$ `æe gvvyac| idg aivag ì`bya jyv liddc$ ~ecv$ fgve

fe`x|ç|ce$ hicrg|cga hi cme|g| g y`ci|vgdchghi$ g byag`chghi$ g vefcihghi

hiv~edcxczghg$ iòca$ xehgv gv vygv fg|gfxi|ávxcfgv ivvi`fcgcv. G y`ci|vgdchghi hg

e|mg`czgíæe dig|cg î ~i|hg hi xehe e viy fg|çxi| ~edáxcfe.

G c`vxcxycíæe hi yag dcmg wyi i`mdelgvvi g byag`chghi c`xic|g ~ehi|cgoc`gdai`xi fe||iv~e`hi| xgalãa î xi`hê`fcg$ gxã gwyc hifi|xe wyi aycxe~eyfe fdg|g$ hi e|mg`czg| ya ivxghe chigd g~edáxcfe hg vefcihghi!y`ci|vgd’byag`chghi‟. ê| cvve vi ~|ixi`hi$ wygvi via~|i hi agìc|g lgvxg`xigf|áxcfg$ wyi yag xgd dcmg hgv `gíùiv hii|cg vi| ’y`ci|vgd‟$ cvxe ã$ wyi xehgvev Ivxghev hg xi||g xi|cga wyi vi xe|`g| viyv aial|ev. Y`ci|vgdchghi$~e|ãa$ xi|cg hi vcm`cocfg| fea~dixg hiv~edcxczgíæe i fea cvve vel|ixyhe$g`xiv hi agcv `ghg$ ~ide aièv yag fe`viwôi`xi gyvê`fcg hi Ivxghev."VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~.2<#

E aivae efe||i|cg ~g|g ya Ivxghe wyi i`mdelgvvi g xi||g c`xic|g. Hi gfe|he fea

Vfbacxx "733<#$ xgd ’Ivxghe!ay`hcgd‟ `æe vi|cg yag y`chghi ~edáxcfg. G ogdxg hi

ghi|vç|ce xe|`g ca~evváid g chãcg hi ~edáxcfg$ yag iz wyi xehev ev fe`ficxev$

|i~|ivi`xgíùiv i ~gdg|gv ~edáxcfgv xêa ya vi`xche ~edêacfe$ ocmy|g`he ya

g`xgme`cvae fe`f|ixe.



63

6.6 êhi| i f|cvi hi bimiae`cgv

E xi|ae ”bimiae`cg‒$ feae ir~dcfg Dyfcgè M|y~~c "73=2#$ xia e|cmia `g ~gdg|g

m|img imbivxgc i è i|le imbiaeìye$ vcm`cocfg`he ’fe`hyzc|‟$ ’vi| dáhi|‟$ ’~|ifihi|‟.

@g vefcihghi bidê`cfg$ e xi|ae xc`bg$ gc`hg$ yag hièxgíæe acdcxg|$ hivcm`g`he e

feag`hg`xi he irã|fcxe.

Vimy`he Caag`yid ]iddi|vxic` "733?#$ væe gv ~|ö~|cgv ~|çxcfgv ~edáxcfgv he ~ehi|

bimiaø`cfe$ feae e yve hg oe|íg$ wyi diga ge viy ii`xygd hifdá`ce. Cvve ~e|wyi gv

myi||gv$ gdãa hi mi|g| m|g`hiv fyvxev$ hivdimcxcaga e bimiae`$ iò|gwyifi`he viy

~ehi| hi ~i|vygvæe. @e i`xg`xe$ e yve hg oe|íg ã ìfivvç|ce$ ~e|wyi ã e aifg`cvae

gx|gãv he wygd e bimiae` ~ehi |ife`bifi| ~yldcfgai`xi viy c`cacme$ i hiae`vx|g| vyg

vy~|iagfcg. Feae ir~dcfg Vfbacxx "733<#$ `g bcvxö|cg ~edáxcfg$ vijg idg c`xi|`g ey

irxi|`g$ g c`fg~gfchghi ey g c`hcv~evcíæe hi vi ogzi| g hcvxc`íæe i`x|i gacme i c`cacme

g~g|ifi feae vc`xeag hi xã|acè ~edáxcfe.

E hifdá`ce hg bimiae`cg ã$ hi gfe|he fea ]iddi|vxic` "733?#$ |ç~che i di`xe ge aivae

xia~e: xehev ev gxe|iv ~edáxcfev$ c`fdyc`he e ~|ö~|ce bimiae`$ vi hæe fe`xg vylcxgai`xi

hi viy iò|gwyifcai`xe i hgv dcacxgíùiv hi vyg gxygíæe$ ~e|ãa g vy~i|~exê`fcg gc`hg

ag`xãa g vy~|iagfcg he ~ehi| ife`øacfe$ acdcxg| i fydxy|gd. E bimiae` vi g~ehi|g$

~e|xg`xe$ hi vyg c`fe`xivxçid còdyê`fcg. ’Ya Ivxghe wyi `yag ã~efg ife øacfg

|i`y`fcg g |ife`bifi| i hc|cmc| ~e| vc aivae gv fe`hcíùiv ife`øacfgv xia hi vi

hifdg|g| ìyx|e o|i`xi îv wyivxùiv i hifcvùiv ~edáxcfgv i fea cvve |i`y`fcg î vyg

~|ixi`væe hi heac`g|‟ "VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~. 776#. Fea g |iac`cvfê`fcg hi vyg

còdyê`fcg$ e bimiae` gc`hg ã fg~gz hi hcxg| gv |im|gv i e|ci`xg| g gíæe hev eyx|ev

gxe|iv. ^g|g Vfbacxx$ vi ya ~ee ’hicrg wyi ya ivx|g`mic|e dbi ~|ivf|ig wyia ã e viyc`cacme i fe`x|g wyia dbi ã ey `æe ~i|acxche dyxg|$ i`xæe idi `æe ã agcv ya ~ee

~edcxcfgai`xi dc|i i ivxç c`vi|che ia ey vylaixche g ya eyx|e vcvxiag ~edáxcfe‟

"VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~. =?#.

Ã ca~e|xg`xi |ivvgdxg| wyi$ è ~i`vgai`xe dcli|gd$ hi gfe|he fea Vfbacxx$ e fe`ficxe

~edáxcfe hi ’dyxg‟ vi x|g`voe|ag. @e ìalcxe ife`øacfe$ ~gvvg g vcm`cocfg|

’fe`fe||ê`fcg‟ i$ è ìalcxe ’iv~c|cxygd‟ "ãxcfe#$ vi feì|xi ia ’hcvfyvvæe‟.



8>

è dymg| hi yag fdg|g hcvxc`íæe hev hecv hcoi|i`xiv vxgxyv ’myi||g‟ i ’~gz‟$i`x|g g hc`ìacfg hi ixi|`g fe`fe||ê`fcg i hi ixi|`g hcvfyvvæe. E Ivxghe vixe|`g ia vefcihghi i i`xæe$ hi ya dghe$ iv~c|cxygd!ãxcfe$ `yag |i~|ivi`xgíæechiedömcfe!byag`cxç|cg hg —byag`chghi‑; hi eyx|e dghe$ `yag y`chghiife`øacfe!xãf`cfg hi ya vcvxiag y`cxç|ce hi ~|ehyíæe i hi feaã|fce. Hge`xghi$ hghg `g vcxygíæe hi dyxg i fea~dixgai`xi ölcg$ hi |i~idc| e

c`cacme$ vy|mi ya chigd ey ~|em|gag vefcgd$ fe`vx|yáhe |gfce`gdai`xi$ yagxi`hê`fcg ey ya fçdfyde ife`øacfe. Hi ya ~ee y`che ~edcxcfgai`xi vy|mi$hi ya dghe$ ya ~úldcfe fydxy|gdai`xi c`xi|ivvghe$ i he eyx|e dghe ia ~g|xiya ~ivvegd hg oçl|cfg i he x|glgdbe$ ia ~g|xi yag agvvg hi fe`vyache|iv.Hg heac`gíæe i he ~ehi| vy|mia$ è ~öde iv~c|cxygd$ ~|e~gmg`hg ivymivxæe hi agvvgv$ i è ~öde ife`øacfe fe`x|edi.; "VFBACXX$ 733<$ ~.32#

^g|g I|cf Belvlg}` "<>>=#$ `æe ã ~evváid ~|ii| g hy|gíæe hg gxygd vy~i|ce|chghi

è|xi!gai|cfg`g. E gyxe| goc|ag$ è i`xg`xe$ wyi vi x|gxg hi ya oi`øaiè xia~e|ç|ce$

gvvca feae efe||iy fea xehev ev ca~ã|cev hg bcvxö|cg. E ~|c`fc~gd aexce$ vimy`he e

gyxe|$ ã wyi g agce| ~g|xi hev gai|cfgèv `æe ivxç ~|iefy~ghg fea g ir~g`væe hg

còdyê`fcg gai|cfg`g vel|i ev eyx|ev Ivxghev$ agv fea gv wyivxùiv c`xi|`gv he ~gáv.

Gdãa hcvve$ Belvlg}` g~e`xg ~g|g g o|gmcdchghi hg ifeèacg è|xi!gai|cfg`g$ feae

yag wyivxæe wyi hii |ifili| agcv gxi`íæe he mei|è i idicxe|iv he wyi g ~edáxcfg

acdcxg|. G~ivg| hi gf|ihcxg| wyi e fg~cxgdcvae vel|ici|cg î f|cvi oc`g`fic|g

c`xi|`gfce`gd ‖ fyje c`áfce e gyxe| defgdczg i`x|i ev gèv 733= i 7332 ‖ $ Belvl}g`

goc|ag wyi vi|cg c`vyvxi`xçid ~g|g ev Ivxghev Y`chev fgve e~xgvvi ~e| hg| fe`xc`ychghi

î ~edáxcfg irxi|`g acdcxg|$ i gc`hg x|gxg| hev m|giv ~|eldiagv c`xi|èv he ~gáv$ via wyi

cvve goixgvvi vyg vy~|iagfcg.



87

8 G FE@VX\YÍÆE HE CAGMC@Ç\CE MIEÊDÁXCFE HY\G@XI G F\CVI

OC@G@FIC\G G ^G\XC\ HG FELI\XY\G HG OEDBG HI V. ^

@ivxi fg~áxyde$ fe`xirxygdczgaev g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g i g`gdcvgaev$ g ~g|xc| hi agxã|cgv

vidifce`ghgv hev fghi|èv Hc`bic|e$ L|gvcd i Ay`he$ g cvæe hi fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd hg Oedbg E`dcì ia eyxyl|e hi <>>2.

8.7 Aixehedemcg

Feae agxi|cgd ia~á|cfe$ ~g|g e |ioi|i`xi ~|ejixe hi ~ivwycvg$ oe|ga fedixghgv xehgv gv

agxã|cgv vel|i gv g|xcfydgíùiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv "M<$ M=$ M2$ M<>$ IY$ L\CF$ E@Y$ OAC$

i`x|i eyx|gv#$ lia feae gv hifdg|gíùiv hi dáhi|iv ~|eiacì`xiv$ ~yldcfghgv èv

fghi|èv Ay`he i L|gvcd i`x|i vixial|e hi <>>2 i oii|ic|e hi <>7>$ i è fghi|è

Hc`bic|e$ ia eyxyl|e hi <>>2$ `g Oedbg E`dcì. E ag|fe c`cfcgd ~g|g g fedixg oec e

gm|ggai`xe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd$ ag|fghe ~idg wyil|g he lg`fe gai|cfgè

Dibag` L|exbi|v ia vixial|e hi <>>2. Gv agxã|cgv oe|ga fgxgdemghgv i$ g~öv

fgxime|czgíæe$ oe|ga vidifce`ghgv gv agxã|cgv agcv |idig`xiv$ yxcdczghgv ~g|g g g`çdcvi

g ~g|xc| hev fe`ficxev ivxyhghev. E eljixce oec wyg`xcocfg| i e|mg`czg| gv ~yldcfgíùiv.

@úai|e hi fcxgíùiv

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f e e | h i ` g í æ

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Y ` c g e I y | e ~ i c g

* Agxã|cgv |ioi|i`xiv ge aêv hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2 he fghi|è Hc`bic|e

G~öv g vidiíæe ~|ãcg$ oe|ga ivfedbchgv gv agxã|cgv agcv cdyvx|gxcgv ~g|g fea~e| g

g`çdcvi g~|eoy`hghg$ fea e eljixce hi wyg`xcocfg| i wygdcocfg|. g|g ivvg ivfedbg$ oe|ga

elvi|ghev: e iv~gíe hghe ge ogxe ~ide ~i|cöhcfe$ g ca~e|xì`fcg hg èxáfcg i viyhivhel|gai`xe. Oe|ga elvi|ghgv wyg`xgv agxã|cgv iògxczg|ga e ~g~id hev Ivxghev

*



8<

Y`chev `g dchi|g`íg hg vedyíæe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g i wyg`xgv agxã|cgv iògxczg|ga g

vedyíæe ~g|g g f|cvi gx|gãv hi yag ~edáxcfg aydxcdgxi|gd. Oe|ga g`gdcvghev$ xgalãa$ ev

idiai`xev xirxygcv wyi fg|gfxi|czga g ~evcíæe hev IYG ia hci|vev aeai`xev he

~i|áehe ia wyi x|g`vfe||i|ga ev ii`xev.

Hivvg agìc|g$ oec ~evváid hcvfyxc|$ ia ya xi|fic|e aeai`xe$ g ircvxê`fcg hi

ichê`fcgv wyi g~e`xga ~g|g e iò|gwyifcai`xe hg vy~|iagfcg è|xi!gai|cfg`g$

fe`feacxg`xiai`xi ge oe|xgdifcai`xe hgv e|mg`czgíùiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv. Fea e

hcgm`övxcfe hg vcxygíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd oc`gd$ væe g~e`xghev ev gde|iv wyi hiia è|xig|

g ~edáxcfg c`xi|`gfce`gd è ~öv!f|cvi$ gv ichê`fcgv he vy|mcai`xe hi yag èg e|hia

~edáxcfg ife`øacfg "ey èev aifg`cvaev hi |imydgai`xgíæe#$ i g~|ivi`xghg g bc~öxivi

hi wyihg hg bimiae`cg è|xi!gai|cfg`g$ xyhe cvve gx|gãv he ~|ö~|ce hcvfy|ve he je|`gd

Oedbg E`dcì.

8.< G f|cvi ia ag`fbixiv

Hivxgfgaev 76 ag`fbixiv wyi cdyvx|ga e hivi`|edg| hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g g ~g|xc| hi viy

gm|ggai`xe$ è vimy`he viaivx|i hi <>>2$ gxã e údxcae Oö|ya Ife`øacfe Ay`hcgd$

ia oii|ic|e hi <>7>.

77 hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2Vcvxiag oc`g`fic|e mdelgd ivxç ~i|xe hi hi||ixi|$ goc|ag OAC6

73 hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2Fú~ydgv oc`g`fic|gv hii|æe hioc`c| ,fg~cxgdcvae he oyxy|e,8

<= hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2

Y`cæe Iy|e~ãcg ~|iê èe vcvxiag oc`g`fic|e g~öv fú~ydg èv IYG

9

<9 hi oii|ic|e hi <>>3,Aevx|gaev ge ay`he wyi yag èg i|g hi i`mgjgai`xe feaiíey,$ hcz Elgag?

>7 hi gl|cd hi <>>3Elgag iò|i`xg wyihg he ~ehi| hev IYG=

6 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%hc`bic|e%ydx37y899>28.vbxad8 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%h}%ydx73>2y89=2=8.vbxad9

bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%hc`bic|e%ydx37y8?>39<.vbxad? bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%ay`he%ydx38y9>2366.vbxad= bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%ay`he%ydx38y98623<.vbxad



86

>9 hi gl|cd hi <>>3M<> ag|fg e oca hg bimiae`cg hev IYG i e c`áfce hi yag i|g hi agce| |imydgíæe2

77 hi gl|cd hi <>>3Elgag hcz wyi IYG xêa wyi dchi|g| |iv~evxg g f|cviv ay`hcgcv 3

7= hi gl|cd hi <>>3Lg` Kc!aee` ~ihi g~ece î E@Y i hcz wyi M<> ã iria~de hi aydxcdgxi|gdcvae7>

<6 hi vixial|e hi <>>3IYG `æe ~ehia |ivedi| ~|eldiagv ay`hcgcv vezc`bev$ hcz Elgag77

<? hi vixial|e hi <>>3\iy`cæe he M<> xi|ac`g fea ~|eaivvg hi èg e|hia$ agv via hixgdbiv7<

<= hi jgìc|e hi <>7>Ia Hgev$ ia~|ivç|cev gdi|xga wyi |imydgíæe ~ehi goixg| |ixeaghg76

<3 hi jgìc|e hi <>7>Aic|iddiv hivfg|xg ayhg`íg h|çvxcfg `g ~edáxcfg ife`øacfg78

7> hi oii|ic|e hi <>7>Hgev xi|ac`g hcchche vel|i |imydgíæe Lg`fev i gyxe|chghiv edxga g vi hivi`xi`hi| vel|i aihchgv ~g|g dcacxg| glyvevhe vixe| oc`g`fic|e79

8.6 E|cmia i gm|ggai`xe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd

E c`áfce hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g |iae`xg î ~edáxcfg hi xgrgv hi jy|ev lgcrev wyi ag|fey ev

~|caic|ev gèv hg gxygd hãfghg èv IYG. I`x|i <>>6 i <>>8$ g ~|c`fc~gd xgrg hi jy|ev hg

ifeèacg gai|cfg`g ocfey glgcre hi <). G hcac`ycíæe hg xgrg lçvcfg hg ifeèacg

ogfcdcxgg e f|ãhcxe$ ivxcaydg`he e fe`vyae. @ev IYG$ ya `úai|e f|ivfi`xi hi

~ivvegv ~gvvey g ghwyc|c| fgvgv ~|ö~|cgv. Fea e gyai`xe hg hiag`hg$ gyai`xg|ga!vi

ev ~|iíev$ f|cg`he yag ledbg hi ai|fghe. Wyg`he e mei|è gai|cfgè gyai`xey

ègai`xi g xgrg hi jy|ev ia <>>8$ ev ~|e~|cixç|cev wyi bgcga oicxe ia~|ãvxcaev

2 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%ov~%hc`bic|e%oc>9>8<>>37<.bxa3 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%ay`he%ydx38y983733.vbxad7> bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%ay`he%ydx38y99<9==.vbxad77 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%ay`he%ydx38y?<2><>.vbxad7< bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%hc`bic|e%ydx37y?<3??9.vbxad76 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%hc`bic|e%ydx37y?29627.vbxad78 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%hc`bic|e%ydx37y?2?939.vbxad79 bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%ov~%hc`bic|e%oc>7><<>7><>.bxa ! Ia |ioi|ê`fcg ge oö|ya ife`øacfe

ay`hcgd$ wyi xi|acèy è hcg 7 hi oii|ic|e hi <>7> via gfe|he vel|i |ioe|ag he vcvxiag oc`g`fic|e$ ifea g fe`vxgxgíæe wyi ev lg`fev edxg|ga g gxyg| hg aivag agìc|g wyi gxygga g`xiv hg f|cvi.



88

c`hirghev c|ga vygv ~|ivxgíùiv vylc|$ xe|`g`he!vi ca~gmçicv. G hiag`hg hcac`ycy$ i

wyia fea~|ey ~e| iv~ifydgíæe `æe fe`vimycg i`hi| ev caöicv ~ide ~|iíe iv~i|ghe.

G hc|iíæe he ai|fghe vi cì|xiy$ i g ledbg xe|èy!vi g~g|i`xi.

Yag wyg`xchghi gdxg hi f|ãhcxev oec oicxg ~g|g ~ivvegv wyi `æe fe`vimycga ~gmg|

"fe`bifche feae ’f|ãhcxe vyl~|cai‟#. Gvvca$ gv c`vxcxycíùiv oc`g`fic|gv jy`xgga

ç|cgv bc~exifgv ia ya ú`cfe xáxyde$ i e |ii`hcga feae vify|cxciv. ê|ãa$ `g aihchg

ia wyi ev i`hihe|iv ~g|g|ga hi ~gmg| ev ia~|ãvxcaev i e ~|iíe hgv fgvgv feaiíey g

fgc|$ ivvgv vify|cxciv feaiíg|ga g ~i|hi| gde|. Feae ç|cgv bc~exifgv i|ga i`hchgv

ia fe`jy`xe ~g|g c`vxcxycíùiv hi xehe e ay`he$ ocfgg hcoáfcd ~g|g e cìvxche| g`gdcvg| e

wyg`xe idgv |igdai`xi gdcga. Feae gv |im|gv hi fe`xglcdchghi oe|ígga ev lg`fev g

|imcvx|g| ivvgv vify|cxciv ia viy gde| hi ai|fghe fe||i`xi$ yag wyihg ia viy gde|

~|ijyhcfgg ev dc|ev fe`xçlicv hivviv lg`fev$ ev wygcv i`xæe ~gvvg|ga g xi| agcv

hcocfydhghi ia fe`vimyc| ia~|ãvxcae ~g|g oc`g`fcg| vygv e~i|gíùiv. Hivvi aehe$ g

c`ghca~dê`fcg hev c`hcáhyev wyi fea~|g|ga fgvgv wyi `æe ~ehcga ~gmg| iv~gdbey!vi

~idg fghicg hi f|ãhcxe$ g||gvxg`he gv m|g`hiv c`vxcxycíùiv wyi hi~i`hcga hivvi fg~cxgd

~g|g fe`xc`yg| g e~i|g|. G aydxc~dcfgíæe hg c`ghca~dê`fcg ~|eefey gv ~|caic|gv

fe`fe|hgxgv i ogdê`fcgv hi lg`fev iv~ifcgdczghev he vixe| jç è ~|caic|e x|caivx|i hi

<>>=$ feae g he lg`fe hi cìvxcai`xev @i} Fi`xy|s Oc`g`fcgd è hcg < hi gl|cd.

I`x|i 79 i 7? hi vixial|e hi <>>2$ gvvcvxcy!vi î ogdê`fcg hi m|g`hiv c`vxcxycíùiv

oc`g`fic|gv è|xi!gai|cfg`gv: è hcg 79 hi vixial|e$ e lg`fe hi cìvxcai`xev Dibag`

L|exbi|v hifdg|ey fe`fe|hgxg$ hi~ecv wyi gv gyxe|chghiv aeìxç|cgv |ifyvg|ga!vi g

|ivmgxç!de. @e aivae hcg$ e Ai||cdd Ds`fb g`y`fcey vyg i`hg ~g|g e Lg`k eo Gai|cfg.

@e hcg 7? hi vixial|e$ e OIH i e mei|è è|xi!gai|cfgè `gfce`gdczg|ga g aimg!

vimy|ghe|g GCM "i`xæe g agce| he ay`he#.

G f|cvi$ i`xæe$ iv~gdbey!vi ~idev ai|fghev lg`fç|cev. Xiai`he g e`hg hi ogdê`fcgv$ gv

c`vxcxycíùiv oc`g`fic|gv ldewyig|ga g fe`fivvæe hi ia~|ãvxcaev ‖ c`fdyvci i`x|i idgv

aivagv. G f|cvi gxc`mcy g Iy|e~g$ e`hi$ ia hecv hcgv$ fc`fe ca~e|xg`xiv lg`fev

iy|e~iyv `gyo|gmg|ga: e lidmg Oe|xcv$ e o|g`fe!lidmg Hircg$ e c`mdêv L|ghoe|h /

Lc`mdis$ e gdiaæe Bs~e \igd Ivxgxi i e cvdg`hêv Mdcx`c|.



89

G vimy`hg!oic|g he hcg ? hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2 oec ag|fghg ~ide ~ì`cfe èv ai|fghev

oc`g`fic|ev. @e ay`he c`xic|e$ e ~|caic|e ~|imæe g~öv g g~|egíæe he ~gfexi lcdce`ç|ce

hi |ivmgxi hg ifeèacg è|xi!gai|cfg`g "YV(=>> lcdbùiv# ichi`fcey g vi`vgíæe mi|gd

hi hivfeòcg`íg wyg`xe g iocfçfcg he fe`jy`xe hi aihchgv ~|e~evxe ~ide mei|è ~g|g

vefe||i| fea hc`bic|e ~úldcfe gv c`vxcxycíùiv agcv i`hcchghgv. @e L|gvcd$ g Leiv~g

c`xi||ea~iy e ~|imæe ~e| hygv iziv$ gfce`g`he —fc|fycx l|igki| ‑$ aifg`cvae hi

vimy|g`íg wyi hixi|ac`g g vyv~i`væe hev ìmöfcev ia fgve hi c`vxglcdchghi irx|iag.

Ledvgv hi xehe e ay`he veo|i|ga m|g`hiv lgcrgv$ ~yrghgv ~idg hivgde|czgíæe hgv

gíùiv hi ca~e|xg`xiv lg`fev: De`h|iv$ ^g|cv i O|g`koy|x xci|ga wyihgv i`x|i =) i 3).

Xöwyce ~i|hiy 8$<) i Be`m Ke`m$ 6$8). Ia Aevfey$ g ledvg hiv~i`fey 73). E

vimy`he viaivx|i hi <>>2 ag|fey$ ~e|xg`xe$ e gm|ggai`xe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g c`cfcghg

è vixe| hi ia~|ãvxcaev bc~exifç|cev èv Ivxghev Y`chev. Ev gfe`xifcai`xev oe|ga

vc`xixczghev gx|gãv hg vimyc`xi ag`fbixi ~yldcfghg è fghi|è Hc`bic|e hg Oedbg

E`dcì$ è hcg 77 hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2:

Vcvxiag oc`g`fic|e mdelgd ivxç ~i|xe hi hi||ixi|$ goc|ag OAC7?

G cagmia hi ya vcvxiag ia ~|efivve hi ’hi||ixcai`xe‟ |ioe|ígg e cagmc`ç|ce wyiièdiy e ~i|áehe$ hi wyi gdme aycxe m|gi ivxgg gfe`xifi`he. I`wyg`xe cvve$ g

xy|lydê`fcg oc`g`fic|g jç gxc`mcg g ifeèacg |igd: fea g ogdxg hi oc`g`fcgai`xe$ gv

i`hgv hi iáfydev èv IYG fgá|ga vcm`cocfgxcgai`xi. @e L|gvcd$ veai`xi gv i`hgv

hi agxi|cgd hi fe`vx|yíæe fgá|ga 6>) è c`áfce he aêv hi eyxyl|e. @e hcg 6 hi eyxyl|e

hi <>>2$ g Miì|gd Aexe|v "MA# l|gvcdic|g fedefey x|glgdbghe|iv hi hygv hi vygv

oçl|cfgv ia oã|cgv fea~ydvö|cgv$ i`wyg`xe ya wyg|xe hgv ia~|ivgv gai|cfg`gv ~|icg

hiacvvùiv è aivae ~i|áehe. M|g`hiv ae`xghe|gv$ i`x|i idgv g MA i g @cvvg`$g`y`fcg|ga ~g|gdcvgíùiv i hiacvvùiv ia agvvg. G ia~|ivg hi fevaãxcfev D‒E|ãgd

oifbey < oçl|cfgv ~g|g |ihyzc| fyvxev. G Aexe|edg g`y`fcey ~|ijyáze acdce`ç|ce i

hiacxcy 6 acd oy`fce`ç|cev. G L|gvxia~ g`y`fcey wyi fe|xg|cg 9>>> ~evxev hi x|glgdbe

gxã <>>3. Ev ~|iíev he ~ix|ödie fgá|ga$ fbimg`he g YV(3> hödg|iv ~e| lg||cd ‖ yag

lgcrg hi 7>) ia g~i`gv yag viag`g ‖ $ i oifbg`he e aêv hi eyxyl|e ia YV(?8$?<. @e

L|gvcd$ g hcocfydhghi hi vi fe`vimyc| f|ãhcxe è vixe| c`hyvx|cgd oec g agce| ia 9 gèv.

7? bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%hc`bic|e%ydx37y899>28.vbxad



8?

Gv ledvgv hi xehe e ay`he fe`xc`yg|ga xi`he ca~e|xg`xiv wyihgv hy|g`xi e aêv ‖ è

hcg <8 hi eyxyl|e$ g ledvg hi @eg Se|k fgcy 9)$ i g Leiv~g$ =$68).

8.8 E aydxcdgxi|gdcvae feae ~|exgme`cvxg

Vi g bimiae`cg è|xi!gai|cfg`g c`bg g~|ivi`xg`he vc`xeagv hi f|cvi hivhi g c`gvæe

he C|gwyi ia <>>6$ g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g ‖ i ia iv~ifcgd viy gm|ggai`xe g ~g|xc| hi

eyxyl|e hi <>>2 ‖ f|cey ya fi`ç|ce ~|e~áfce ~g|g g ag`coivxgíæe hi èev gxe|iv$ wyi

vi vi`xc|ga i`fe|gjghev g i`x|g| ia fi`g i ~g|xcfc~g| ioixcgai`xi `g xeaghg hi

hifcvùiv$ fea e c`xycxe hi fe`vx|yc| yag èg e|hia ay`hcgd ‖ $ wyi$ ~e| viy fg|çxi| hi

’èg‟$ fedefg|cg ia riwyi!agxi e aehide y`cdgxi|gd hi vy~|iagfcg è|xi!gai|cfg`g.

@e ~|caic|e aeai`xe$ ~gáviv iai|mi`xiv i Iy|e~g vi hihcfg|ga g fyd~g|

irfdyvcgai`xi ev Ivxghev Y`chev ~idg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g$ fel|g`he aihchgv i`ã|mcfgv i

vedyíùiv caihcgxgv$ feae aevx|g g vimyc`xi agxã|cg:

Dydg edxg g hczi| wyi f|cvi ã hi Lyvb i L|gvcd ivxç |ivmyg|hghe7=

E ~|ivchi`xi Dycz C`çfce Dydg hg Vcdg edxey g hczi| wyi g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g

hev Ivxghev Y`chev$ wyi glgdg ev ai|fghev c`xi|`gfce`gcv$ xia hi vi|ir~dcfghg ~ide ~|ivchi`xi è|xi!gai|cfgè Mie|mi ]. Lyvb.

,Gv ~ivvegv êa ai ~i|my`xg| vel|i g f|cvi$ iy |iv~e`he: gc ~i|my`xg| ~|eLyvb$ g f|cvi ã hidi$ `æe ã ac`bg. Iy xi`be ã wyi fychg| he aiy ~gáv ~g|gidi `æe vi| gxc`mche,$ hcvvi Dydg$ ia Aevve|ö "\@#.

Ia ~eyfe xia~e$ è i`xg`xe$ g feay`chghi c`xi|`gfce`gd i`xi`hiy wyi g mdelgdczgíæe

feòi|cg ge ~|eldiag ya fg|çxi| vcvxêacfe. \g~chgai`xi$ g f|cvi vi iv~gdbey$ goixg`he

leg ~g|xi hgv ifeèacgv hi xehe e ay`he. @æe bgcg oe|ag hi vi oy|xg| ge i`mgjgai`xe

`g lyvfg fe`jy`xg hi vedyíùiv.

Gv ~|caic|gv xi`xgxcgv hi fee|hi`g| gíùiv i`x|i mei|èv$ g oca hi vedyfce`g| e

~|eldiag$ oe|ga xeaghgv gc`hg ia vixial|e hi <>>2$ hecv hcgv g~öv g wyil|g he lg`fe

hi cìvxcai`xev Dibag` L|exbi|v. Ev Lg`fev Fi`x|gcv he Jg~æe$ IYG$ Iy|e~g$ \icè

Y`che$ Vyáíg i Fg`ghç vi |iy`c|ga72 ~g|g hioc`c| ivx|gxãmcgv wyi o|igvvia ev ca~gfxev

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hg f|cvi i |ify~i|gvvia g feòcg`íg hev cìvxche|iv$ gx|gãv hi c`jiíùiv hi dcwychiz$

i`x|i eyx|gv aihchgv.

Gv ivx|gxãmcgv vy|xc|ga ioicxev dcacxghev. @e hcg 6 hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2$ ev IYG

g`y`fcg|ga e ~gfexi hi YV(=>> lcdbùiv hi |ivmgxi î ifeèacg. Gc`hg gvvca$ e ~|caic|e

~|imæe g~öv g g~|egíæe he ~gfexi lcdce`ç|ce oec ag|fghe ~ide ~ì`cfe `gv ledvgv hi

xehe e ay`he.

G Y`cæe Iy|e~ãcg oec g ~ceìc|g `g fee|hi`gíæe hi aihchgv ~g|g e fealgxi î f|cvi. G

ir~i|cê`fcg he ldefe feae yag y`cæe ghygìc|g iocfgz feòi|cy gev ~gáviv iy|e~iyv

agcv goixghev gmcdchghi i hcv~evcíæe ~g|g hilgxi| i xeag| aihchgv ia fe`jy`xe. @g

~|caic|g viag`g hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2 "he hcg 7 ge =#$ xehgv gv agxã|cgv he fghi|è

Hc`bic|e hg Oedbg E`dcì$ |ioi|i`xiv g aecai`xev hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd$

ocfg|ga |ivx|cxgv gev ~gáviv aial|ev hg feay`chghi iy|e~ãcg$ wyi oec g ~|caic|g g hg|

hifdg|gíùiv vel|i g ca~e|xì`fcg hi vi xeag| aihchgv fee|hi`ghgv ~g|g e ~|eldiag. @e

hcg 7º hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2$ iaev:

F|cvi oc`g`fic|g ircmi |iv~evxg fee|hi`ghg$ hcz Feacvvæe Iy|e~ãcg73

E ~|ivchi`xi hg Feacvvæe Iy|e~ãcg$ e ö|mæe irifyxce hg Y`cæe Iy|e~ãcg"YI#$ Jevã Ag`yid Hy|æe Lg||eve$ goc|aey ìvxg wyg|xg!oic|g wyi ãivvi`fcgd wyi e ldefe iy|e~iy iò|i`xi g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g hi agìc|gfee|hi`ghg.,Ã yag vcxygíæe aycxe hidcfghg wyi |iwyi| ya m|g`hi ivoe|íe ~e| ~g|xi hixehev,$ goc|aey Lg||eve. Ia ~|caic|e dymg|$ g YI hii |ivedi| gv,wyivxùiv y|mi`xiv,$ agv |ivvgdxey wyi$ è de`me ~|gze$ ã ~|ifcve ghexg|ayhg`ígv dimcvdgxcgv ~g|g mg|g`xc| g ivxglcdchghi i |ivxgy|g| g feòcg`íg `gifeèacg.

@ev hcgv < i 9 hi eyxyl|e$ ev Lg`fev Fi`x|gcv "LF# hg C|dg`hg i Gdiag`bg g`y`fcg|ga

e gyai`xe è vimy|e ivxgxgd vel|i 7>>) hev hi~övcxev feòcghev g vicv lg`fev. Ivvgv ieyx|gv aihchgv hivfee|hi`ghgv oe|íg|ga yag |iy`cæe i`x|i O|g`íg$ Gdiag`bg$ \icè

Y`che i Cxçdcg$ feèfghg ~ide ~|ivchi`xi o|g`fêv$ ~g|g lyvfg| gíùiv feay`v fe`x|g g

f|cvi. Ev iria~dev g vimyc| oe|ga ~yldcfghev èv hcgv 8 i = hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2:

^gáviv hg Iy|e~g lyvfga gíæe fee|hi`ghg fe`x|g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g<>

Ev dáhi|iv hi wygx|e ~gáviv iy|e~iyv he M2 "Gdiag`bg$ O|g`íg$ Cxçdcg i

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82

\icè Y`che# hcvfyxia ìvxi vçlghe$ ia ^g|cv$ yag agìc|g hi fe`vimyc|yag fee|hi`gíæe iy|e~ãcg hi y|mê`fcg fe`x|g g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g wyi gxc`mi gifeèacg mdelgd i ivxglidifi| yag ~evcíæe feaya îv ãv~i|gv he hilgxic`xi|`gfce`gd vel|i gv |ioe|agv he vcvxiag oc`g`fic|e.

Y`cæe Iy|e~ãcg g`y`fcg gfe|he ~g|g fealgxi| f|cvi hi oe|agfe`jy`xg<7

Ev ~gáviv hg YI "Y`cæe Iy|e~ãcg# vi fea~|eaixi|ga ìvxg xi|íg!oic|g "=#$ia |iy`cæe iai|mi`fcgd |igdczghg ia Dyrialy|me$ g vefe||i| i hg| g~ece gm|g`hiv m|y~ev oc`g`fic|ev ~g|g icxg| yag f|cvi miì|gdczghg.

G hcvfyvvæe vi ga~dcey$ ~gvvg`he g ièdi| xehe e M|y~e hev Vixi "M!=#$ fea~evxe

~idev vixi ~gáviv agcv c`hyvx|cgdczghev he ay`he "Gdiag`bg$ Fg`ghç$ IYG$ O|g`íg$

\icè Y`che$ Cxçdcg i Jg~æe#. Fe`feacxg`xiai`xi$ eyx|ev ~gáviv vi aelcdczg|ga ~g|g

gvvyac| ~evcíùiv hi dchi|g`íg$ ge c`ãv hi iv~i|g|$ feae hi fevxyai$ ya è|xigai`xe

hgv gíùiv ~|ei`ci`xi hev IYG. Bgcg yag hivfeòcg`íg miì|gdczghg hi wyi ev

Ivxghev Y`chev$ è oca he ag`hgxe hi Mie|mi ]. Lyvb$ oevvia fg~gziv hi |ivedi| ey

dchi|g| g |ivedyíæe he ~|eldiag. ^gáviv iai|mi`xiv ~gvvg|ga g vi e|mg`czg|. E iv~gíe

wyi ev IYG xc`bga feae vy~|iagfcg bimiaø`cfg feaiíey$ hivvg agìc|g$ g vi|

xeaghe. Gíùiv cvedghgv feòi|c|ga èg gaigíg ge ~ehi| vy~|iae hev IYG$ ~ecv e

ogxe hi wyi eyx|ev gxe|iv mg`bgvvia iv~gíe ca~dcfgg g ~i|hg hi iv~gíe he ~|ö~|ce

bimiae`.

>2%7>%<>>2^gáviv iai|mi`xiv hii|æe oe|ag| ldefe fe`x|g f|cvi$ hcz Gae|ca<<

>2%7>%<>>2Ag`ximg feèfg |iy`cæe he M<> ~g|g vçlghe `g vihi he OAC<6

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83

Hcg`xi hg ~|egxcchghi hiae`vx|ghg ~idev iai|mi`xiv$ ev mei|èv hev ~gáviv agcv

|cfev vi c|ga oe|íghev g gficxg| g ga~dcgíæe hg hcvfyvvæe$ i c`fdyá!dev `gv |iy`cùiv he

M|y~e hev Ecxe "M!2#$ g oca hi x|glgdbg| ia fe`jy`xe ~g|g i`fe`x|g| vgáhgv ~g|g g f|cvi.Ev iria~dev g vimyc| væe hev hcgv 72$ <7 i <8 hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2.

Ac`cvx|e gdiaæe hioi`hi M2 ga~dcghe i fea L|gvcd feae c`xim|g`xi<=

Vg|kezs hioi`hi ~|ivi`íg hi iai|mi`xiv i M2 ia fú~ydg vel|i f|cvioc`g`fic|g<2

E ~|ivchi`xi hg O|g`íg$ @cfedgv Vg|kezs$ hcvvi ìvxg xi|íg!oic|g wyi g fú~ydgc`xi|`gfce`gd ~g|g g |ioe|ag he vcvxiag oc`g`fic|e hii|cg fe`xg| fea g~g|xcfc~gíæe hev aial|ev he M2 "m|y~e hev vixi ~gáviv agcv

c`hyvx|cgdczghev he ay`he i g \úvvcg# i he M9 "m|y~e wyi |iúì gvifeèacgv iai|mi`xiv L|gvcd$ Aãrcfe$ Fbc`g$ Á`hcg$ i Ço|cfg he Vyd#.

E@Y hioi`hi c`fdyvæe hi agcv ~gáviv ia |iy`cùiv vel|i f|cvioc`g`fic|g<3

E vif|ixç|ce!mi|gd hg E@Y "E|mg`czgíæe hgv @gíùiv Y`chgv#$ Lg` Kc!aee`$ hioi`hiy g ga~dcgíæe he `úai|e hi ~gáviv wyi ~g|xcfc~g|æe hgv|iy`cùiv ife`øacfgv c`xi|`gfce`gcv$ feae e M<> oc`g`fic|e "m|y~e hev~|c`fc~gcv ac`cvx|ev hi ifeèacg i ~|ivchi`xiv hi lg`fev fi`x|gcv#$ `gv wygcvvi|æe gle|hghgv gv aihchgv mdelgcv g vi|ia xeaghgv ~g|g fealgxi| g gxygdf|cvi ife`øacfg i oc`g`fic|g.

Ia hifdg|gíæe hcvx|clyáhg beji ~idg ~e|xg!ez Acfbâdi Ae`xgv$ Lg`hivxgfey g ,|iv~e`vglcdchghi, hg E@Y ia dchi|g| ,ya aydxcdgxi|gdcvaec`fdyvce wyi vijg |iodixche ia wygdwyi| hcvfyvvæe vel|i gv |ioe|agv hevcvxiag aeìxç|ce i oc`g`fic|e c`xi|`gfce`gd,.

Ge vi hg| fe`xg hg ~i|hg hi iv~gíe$ e ir!~|ivchi`xi Lyvb xi`xg |ixeag| g ~evcíæe fea

hifdg|gíùiv wyi$ ia |igdchghi$ fe`x|clyága ~g|g iò|gwyifi| gc`hg agcv g cagmia i e

~g~id hev IYG è ~|efivve. Ge hifdg|g| wyi ev IYG c|cga x|glgdbg| fea eyx|ev ~gáviv

~g|g |ivedi| g f|cvi$ g ai`vgmia xeaey g feèxgíæe hi wyi ev gai|cfgèv hi~i`hcga

ioixcgai`xi hg gjyhg hev eyx|ev ~gáviv. G cagmia hi f|cvi hg bimiae`cg è|xi!

gai|cfg`g vi gm|gey. Gdãa he ’iv~gíe xeaghe‟$ fea g aelcdczgíæe hi gxe|iv wyi vi

~|e`xcocfg|ga ia dchi|g| gv |iv~evxgv ge ~|eldiag$ g hifdg|gíæe hi Lyvb feòi|cy gc`hg

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agce| ca~e|xì`fcg g ivxiv gxe|iv irxi|èv$ feòcmy|g`he wygvi yag fg~cxydgíæe$

x|givxchg hi ’iv~gíe fihche‟$ feae iaev `g agxã|cg he hcg 7> hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2:

IYG `æe ivxæe cvedghev i fealgxi|æe f|cvi fea eyx|ev ~gáviv$ hcz

Lyvb6>

E ~|ivchi`xi hev IYG$ Mie|mi ]. Lyvb$ hcvvi ìvxg virxg!oic|g wyi evcvxiag oc`g`fic|e gai|cfgè `æe ivxç cvedghe he |ivxe he ay`he i hivxgfeygv |iy`cùiv wyi efe||i|æe g ~g|xc| hi beji i`x|i e mei|è gai|cfgè i|i~|ivi`xg`xiv he M= "m|y~e hev vixi ~gáviv agcv |cfev# i he M<> "m|y~e hi~gáviv iai|mi`xiv dchi|ghe ~ide L|gvcd# ~g|g fee|hi`g| ev x|glgdbev.,Ivxgaev x|glgdbg`he fea e ay`he c`xic|e,$ hcvvi e ~|ivchi`xi. Vimy`heidi$ cvve ã ya ,vc`gd cìwyáefe hi wyi gaev vy~i|g| ev ~|eldiagv jy`xev,.

êvxi|ce|ai`xi$ e ~|ivchi`xi Lg|gfk Elgag xi`xg |ify~i|g| g ez i$ fe`viwyi`xiai`xi$

g vy~|iagfcg he ~gáv$ gx|gãv hi hifdg|gíùiv wyi ey vi fe`x|ghczcga$ ey |ioe|íggagc`hg agcv g cagmia he iò|gwyifcai`xe$ ge fihi| gc`hg agcv iv~gíe. @e |ivxe he

ay`he$ ge aivae xia~e ia wyi vi hç fe`xg hi viy iò|gwyifcai`xe i hgv dcacxgíùiv

hi vyg gxygíæe$ xehev ev gxe|iv ~edáxcfev |ife`bifia g vy~|iagfcg hev ~ehi|iv

ife`øacfe$ acdcxg| i fydxy|gd he bimiae`. G vy~i|~exê`fcg vi ivoe|íg$ gc`hg wyi

i||gxcfgai`xi$ ~g|g ìyx|gdczg| gv gaigígv î vyg gxã i`xæe c`fe`xivxçid còdyê`fcg. Gv

vimyc`xiv agxã|cgv oe|ga ~yldcfghgv èv hcgv 77 i <6 hi gl|cd hi <>>3:

Elgag hcz wyi IYG xêa wyi dchi|g| |iv~evxg g f|cviv ay`hcgcv67

E ~|ivchi`xi hev Ivxghev Y`chev$ Lg|gfk Elgag$ goc|aey ia viyx|ghcfce`gd ~|em|gag hi |çhce wyi ev IYG xêa wyi gvvyac| viy ~g~id hidchi|g`íg `g feay`chghi c`xi|`gfce`gd$ agv ev hivgocev mdelgcv ircmia gíæefee|hi`ghg hi xehgv gv `gíùiv.

IYG `æe ~ehia |ivedi| ~|eldiagv ay`hcgcv vezc`bev$ hcz Elgag6<

@exg!vi `g ~|caic|g ogdg he ~|ivchi`xi Elgag g xi`xgxcg hi |igvvimy|g| g bimiae`cg

è|xi gai|cfg`g$ gc`hg wyi gx|gãv hg dchi|g`íg hg èg ~edáxcfg aydxcdgxi|gd ‖ ya

~evcfce`gai`xe g~g|i`xiai`xi fe`x|ghcxö|ce$ ~ecv g chãcg hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd

gaigíg|cg g ~|ö~|cg vy~|iagfcg hev IYG.

@e hcg 79 hi èial|e hi <>>2$ dáhi|iv hgv ~|c`fc~gcv ifeèacgv he ay`he vi

|iy`c|ga `g ~|caic|g fú~ydg he M|y~e hev _c`xi "M!<>#. Ge |iy`c| ~|gxcfgai`xi

6>

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97

èi`xg ~e| fi`xe hg ifeèacg ay`hcgd$ e M!<> ivxgg$ i`xæe$ hexghe hi agce|

dimcxcachghi wyi e M!2$ e wyi oiz fea wyi iedyávvi hg fe`hcíæe hi oe|e hgv oc`g`ígv

c`xi|`gfce`gcv ~g|g e g||g`je hi fealgxi î f|cvi ~e| irfidê`fcg. Cvve aexcey ya èe

i`fe`x|e i`x|i fbioiv hi Ivxghe ia gl|cd hi <>>3. @ivvg |iy`cæe$ gv gyxe|chghiv

fe`fe|hg|ga fea g c`jiíæe m|ghygd hi fi|fg hi ya x|cdbæe hi hödg|iv ~g|g g

|ify~i|gíæe hg ifeèacg ay`hcgd$ gdãa hi g~|ivi`xg| ~|e~evxgv hi |ioe|ag ~g|g e OAC

i e Lg`fe Ay`hcgd. G f|cvi$ fyjg agce| |iv~e`vglcdchghi i ca~gfxe vi hiy i`x|i ev

hivièdchev$ agv fyjg |ivedyíæe xgalãa hi~i`hiy hev iai|mi`xiv$ feòi|cy ge M!<>

ya vxgxyv hi agce| |idiì`fcg he wyi wygdwyi| eyx|e aifg`cvae hi fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd ‖ yag ca~e|xg`xi ayhg`íg `g e|hia ay`hcgd$ feae iaev `g ag`fbixi

he hcg 73 hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2:

Fú~ydgv oc`g`fic|gv hii|æe hioc`c| ,fg~cxgdcvae he oyxy|e, 66

Ivvg ~|eoãxcfg ag`fbixi gfi|fg hi yag èg e|hia cacì`xi cdyvx|g e i`fi||gai`xe he

aêv hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2$ ag|fghe ~e| ~yldcfgíùiv wyi hcvfyxcga g c`fe|~e|gíæe hi

èev gxe|iv `g lyvfg ~e| yag vgáhg fe`jy`xg ~g|g g f|cvi oc`g`fic|g.

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9 FE@FDYVÆE

Fea e oca hg Myi||g O|cg$ e cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe he ay`he ~gvvey hi lc~edg| ~g|g

y`c~edg|$ fea g fe`vgm|gíæe hg bimiae`cg acdcxg|$ ife`øacfg i fydxy|gd hev Ivxghev

Y`chev. Ev gxi`xghev hi 77 hi vixial|e i gv hivgvx|evgv aihchgv xeaghgv ~ide i`xæe

~|ivchi`xi Mie|mi ]. Lyvb `æe vö fe`x|clyá|ga feae ichi`fcg|ga e iò|gwyifcai`xe

he ~ehi| vy~|iae he ~gáv$ yag iz wyi g myi||g ã ia vc aivag fgyvg i vc`xeag hg

f|cvi hi yag bimiae`cg.

Hy|g`xi e gm|ggai`xe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g$ è vimy`he viaivx|i hi <>>2$ g ~|c`fc~gd

f|áxcfg wyg`xe î c`xi|oi|ê`fcg ivxgxgd è ai|fghe ‖ gx|gãv he vefe||e g lg`fev ‖ oec

lgvighg `g hifdg|gíæe hi wyi$ i`wyg`xe ev dyf|ev i|ga ~|cgxczghev$ ev ~|ijyázev i|ga

vefcgdczghev. Gx|gãv hg g`çdcvi hg feli|xy|g je|`gdávxcfg hev gfe`xifcai`xev he

~i|áehe$ ã ~evváid i|cocfg| wyi g açrcag xgalãa vi g~dcfg ge ìalcxe ~edáxcfe:

i`wyg`xe ya ~gáv gc lia$ e aã|cxe ã ~|ö~|ce. Ia aeai`xev hi f|cvi$ vefcgdczg!vi g

|iv~e`vglcdchghi hg |ivedyíæe he ~|eldiag$ fea g c`fe|~e|gíæe hi èev gxe|iv `g

hcvfyvvæe.

@e aêv hi eyxyl|e hi <>>2$ g feli|xy|g hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g è fghi|è Hc`bic|e hgOedbg E`dcì `æe ocfey |ivx|cxg gev gv~ifxev ife`øacfev$ feae gv c`jiíùiv hi dcwychiz

fee|hi`ghgv$ i`x|i eyx|gv aihchgv ~|çxcfgv hi fealgxi î f|cvi ‖ i agcv ghiwyghgv î

ihcxe|cg. E je|`gd hiy ca~e|xg`xi iv~gíe ge gv~ifxe ~edáxcfe hg |ivedyíæe he ~|eldiag$

g`y`fcg`he gv aihchgv fee|hi`ghgv i`x|i ev ~gáviv$ i`fe`x|ev hgv fú~ydgv hi

fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd$ hifdg|gíùiv hi dáhi|iv ~edáxcfev hioi`hi`he g fee|hi`gíæe

mdelgd$ ey g~e`xg`he ~g|g e oca hg vy~|iagfcg è|xi!gai|cfg`g. Ge xehe$ oe|ga 98

agxã|cgv |idgxcgv gev aecai`xev hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd g~i`gv è fghi|è iawyivxæe. _cvxe gme|g$ fea |gzeçid hcvxg`fcgai`xe xia~e|gd$ ~i|fili!vi fea fdg|izg

wyi e je|`gd gjyhey g ~|eaei|$ gvvca$ g dchi|g`íg hi eyx|ev gxe|iv hg ~edáxcfg

c`xi|`gfce`gd$ ia hix|cai`xe hgv hifcvùiv y`cdgxi|gcv è|xi!gai|cfg`gv. Ge ivfedbi|

fel|c| ev gv~ifxev ~edáxcfev$ e je|`gd fe`x|clycy ioixcgai`xi ~g|g g hivfe`vx|yíæe hg

cagmia oe|xgdifchg hev IYG$ gvvefcg`he e ~|eldiag oc`g`fic|e ge oe|xgdifcai`xe hgv

e|mg`czgíùiv vy~|g`gfce`gcv$ i e fe`viwyi`xi iò|gwyifcai`xe hg bimiae`cg è|xi!

gai|cfg`g. E cagmc`ç|ce mie~edáxcfe fe`vx|yáhe ~idg Oedbg E`dcì oec$ ~e|xg`xe$ e hiyag èg e|hia ay`hcgd cacì`xi. E|hia ivvg hcxghg ~e| |ivedyíùiv gdfg`íghgv hi`x|e



96

hgv c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv$ lia feae hev m|y~ev hi fee~i|gíæe c`xi|`gfce`gd$ ia

hix|cai`xe hg vy~|iagfcg è|xi!gai|cfg`g ey he vidixe m|y~e hi ~gáviv wyi fea~ùia e

M!= i e M!2.

G f|cvi ~|ehyzcy ya ivoe|íe hi |iv~evxgv fee|hi`ghgv i`x|i gv `gíùiv$ i hi |ioe|ag hgv

c`vxcxycíùiv aydxcdgxi|gcv. E M!<>$ wyi gxã i`xæe dyxgg ~e| |ife`bifcai`xe è fi`ç|ce

c`xi|`gfce`gd$ mg`bey e vxgxyv hi e|mg`czgíæe hi fealgxi î f|cvi ~e| irfidê`fcg ‖ ey hi

’hc|ixe|cg he ~dgìxg‟. Cvve ~e|wyi e M!<>$ ge |iy`c| èi`xg ~e| fi`xe hg ifeèacg

ay`hcgd$ ivxgg hexghe hi agce| dimcxcachghi he wyi ev eyx|ev m|y~ev. Gc`hg wyi `æe

~evvg vi| fg|gfxi|czghe feae c`vxcxycíæe aydxcdgxi|gd hiche ge viy fg|çxi| còe|agd$ e

M!<> fe`f|ixczey e ivoe|íe hi fee|hi`gíæe ge aelcdczg| hci|vgv c`vxcxycíùiv

aydxcdgxi|gcv$ i`x|i idgv e OAC$ e Lg`fe Ay`hcgd$ g EAF$ g ECX$ i`x|i eyx|gv$

fe`x|clyc`he `æe vö ~g|g g |ioe|ag hg g|wycxixy|g oc`g`fic|g c`xi|`gfce`gd$ feae

xgalãa ~g|g e ~|ö~|ce |ihivi`be hev gm|y~gai`xev i c`vxcxycíùiv hi fee~i|gíæe

c`xi|`gfce`gd. Xgd oi`øaiè xii ca~e|xg`xi hivxgwyi `g ca~|i`vg `gfce`gd i

c`xi|`gfce`gd$ i xgalãa oec ~exi`fcgdczghe ~idg aivag. Beji ã hcoáfcd fe`fili| ya

ay`he ia wyi g e|hia ife`øacfg vijg hcxghg g~i`gv ~ide vidixe m|y~e hi ~gáviv wyi

fea~ùia e M!2.

Ivvg èg e|hia ay`hcgd$ ~|eoixczghg è hcvfy|ve hg Oedbg E`dcì$ ~ehi vi|

fea~|eghg gxygdai`xi gx|gãv hev ç|cev ii`xev wyi xci|ga hivhel|gai`xe èv

aiviv vylviwyi`xiv ge gm|ggai`xe hg f|cvi oc`g`fic|g. Feae iria~de$ ~ehia vi|

fcxghev: gv hcvfyvvùiv gfi|fg hg vylvxcxycíæe he hödg| feae aeihg mdelgd; g ~|ioi|ê`fcg

ge M!<> ia hix|cai`xe he M!2 `g |ivedyíæe hi wyivxùiv hi c`xi|ivvi feaya îv

feay`chghiv c`xi|`gfce`gcv; g cxö|cg i f|ivfi`xi ca~e|xì`fcg he L|gvcd i eyx|ev

iai|mi`xiv `g EAF; e ~g~id he L|gvcd i hi eyx|ev iai|mi`xiv "M!79# `g |ivedyíæe hgf|cvi he C|æ; g f|cvi ia ê|xymgd$ Cxçdcg$ C|dg`hg$ M|ãfcg i Iv~g`bg "^CCMV# i ev

wyivxce`gai`xev gfi|fg he Iy|e i hg ìfivvchghi he yve hi eyx|gv aeihgv `gv

x|g`vgíùiv lcdgxi|gcv.

Hi <>>2 ~g|g fç$ e ay`he ~ehi gxã `æe xi| ayhghe aycxe$ feae ~|icy e ocdöveoe i

~|eoivve| hi dc`myávxcfg he C`vxcxyxe hi Xifèdemcg hi Agvvgfbyvvixxv$ @ega Fbeavks$

ia hifdg|gíæe wyi ~i|fe||iy hci|vgv ~yldcfgíùiv$ c`fdyvci g Oedbg$ ia eyxyl|e hi<>>2. G feli|xy|g hg Oedbg E`dcì aevx|g$ iògxcfgai`xi$ wyi èev i ca~e|xg`xiv



98

gxe|iv ~edáxcfev c`xi|`gfce`gcv vy|mc|ga i%ey vi fe`vedchg|ga$ vgc`he oe|xgdifchev he

~|efivve$ xeag`he ‖ via aycxg fi|caø`cg ! leg ~g|xi he iv~gíe efy~ghe ~idg

bimiae`cg è|xi!gai|cfg`g. Ocfg fdg|e$ xgalãa$ wyi ivxi ã ya iv~gíe agce| he wyi

mevxg|cga ev IYG hi fihi|$ hcg`xi hi vyg c`fg~gfchghi gvvyachg hi |ivedi| e

~|eldiag hg f|cvi vezc`bev.

Vi g wyihg hg bimiae`cg ivxç gvvefcghg ge iò|gwyifcai`xe ife`øacfe he bimiae`$

fgli iv~ifydg| vel|i e wyi hii gfe`xifi| fgve ev IYG hêia g edxg ~e| fcag$ feae ã

~i|oicxgai`xi ogfxáid yag vy~i|~exê`fcg ogzi|.

Fgli$ gc`hg$ c`hgmg| vi ivvg èg e|hia vy|mchg è ~i|áehe hi f|cvi ~ehi vi|

fe`vchi|ghg yag |igdchghi fe`vedchghg ey vi$ ia gdmya aeai`xe$ e ay`he vi hg|ç

fe`xg hi wyi ~gvvey g~i`gv ~e| ya ’iv~gvae hi aydxcdgxi|gdcvae‟.



99

\IOI\Ê@FCGV

GL\IY$ \e`czi Gdcì Agxev hi. Fe`ficxe hi Mei|`g`íg Mdelgd: ~|eldiag hg|ioe|ag hgv `gíùiv y`chgv. Hcv~e`áid ia: 4bxx~:%%hefv.meemdi.fea%ci}i|5g1/w1fgfbi:rO7B>6MjoBCJ:

}}}.|e`czigdcì.ixc.l|%he}`degh%fe`ficxehimei|`g`fgmdelgd.~ho+)<<mei|`g`)F6)G=g+mdelgd)<<+fe`ficxe/bd1~x!L\/md1l|/vcm1GBCIxlVrkFWCxd8K8R<dJy76yc?S?CUSjW 0. Gfivve ia: 6> è.<>>3. Lgvi hi hghev.

LGFZKE$ L|e`cvdg}. Cagmc`gíæe vefcgd. C` I`fcfde~ãhcg Ic`gyhc$ v. 7. Dcvleg:Ca~|i`vg @gfce`gd%Fgvg hg Aeihg$ Ihcxe|g ê|xymyivg$ 7329.

LG\\EV OCDBE$ Fdöcv hi. Ãxcfg `g Feay`cfgíæe: hg còe|agíæe ge |ifi~xe|. Væe^gyde: Aehi|`g$ 7339.

LI\MI\$ ^. X.$ DYFKAG@@$ X. G fe`vx|yíæe vefcgd hg |igdchghi. 7<. ih. îx|ö~edcv :_eziv$ 7339.

LEY\HCIY$ ci||i. Vel|i dg Xidicvcö`. Lg|fide`g: G`gm|gag$ 733=.

LE\MIV$ Jydce. G iedyíæe hg chãcg hi mei|`g`íg mdelgd i vyg fe`vedchgíæe èvãfyde RR . <>>?. Hcvvi|xgíæe. C`vxcxyxe hi \idgíùiv C`xi|`gfce`gcv$ Y`ci|vchghi hiL|gvádcg.

FGVXE\CGHCV$ Fe|ìdcyv. G c`vxcxycíæe cagmc`ç|cg hg vefcihghi. \ce hi Jgìc|e: ^gzi Xi||g$ 732<.

FBG\GYHIGY$ gx|cfk. E hcvfy|ve hgv aáhcgv. \ce hi Jgìc|e: Fe`xirxe$ <>>?.

HEMBI\XS$ Jgaiv I. i ÔGDXZM\GOO$ \eli|x D. \idgíùiv C`xi|`gfce`gcv. GvXie|cgv ia Feò|e`xe. Dcvleg$ Ihcxe|g M|ghcg$ <>>6.

OI\@G@HIV$ G. L. . E je|`gdcvae feae |icxgdczghe| hg ivoi|g ~úldcfg i hg vefcihghifccd: g Dyxg G`xcag`cfeacgd gdfg`íg cvclcdchghi. \icvxg hi Ivxyhev hg Feay`cfgíæe$. 2$ ~. 96!?<$ <>>=.

M\Y^^C$ Dyfcgè. E Fe`ficxe hi bimiae`cg ia M|gavfc. \ce hi Jgìc|e: Ihcxe|gM|ggd$ 73=2.

BELVLG]@$ I|cf. Mdelgdczgíæe$ Hiaef|gfcg i Xi||e|cvae. Fea~g`bcg hgv Dix|gv$<>>=. Hcv~e`áid ia4bxx~:%%}}}7.oedbg.yed.fea.l|%oedbg%ay`he%ydx38y83738>.vbxad0. Gfivve ia >= higl|cd hi <>7>.

BEBDOIDHX$ G`xe`ce "e|m#. Xie|cgv hg feay`cfgíæe: fe`ficxev$ ivfedgv ixi`hi`fcgv. Fg~ 9 ‖ Bc~öxiviv fe`xia~e|ììgv hi ~ivwycvg ia feay`cfgíæe.îx|ö~edcv$ \J: _eziv$ <>>7.



9?

DYBAG@@$ @. Dg |igdchgh hi dev aãhcev hi agvgv. Lg|fide`g: G`xb|e~ev Ihcxe|cgd$<>>>.

AGCG$ \. F. A. . Hiaef|gfcg hidcli|gxcg i Xc~edemcg hi Ivoi|g ^úldcfg. C`: R_I`fe`x|e G`ygd hg FEA^ßV$ <>>?$ Lgy|y !V^. G`gcv he R_ I`fe`x|e G`ygd hg

Fea~öv$ <>>?. ~. 7!<9. Hcv~e`áid ia:4bxx~:%%}}}.fea~ev.e|m.l|%hgxg%lcldcexifgU88<.~ho0. Gfivve ia 78 hi ag|íe hi <>7>.

AGCG$ \. F. A. . Hiaef|gfcg i c`xi|ìx feae ivoi|g ~úldcfg c|xygd: g~|ercag`he gvfe`hcíùiv he hcvfy|ve i hg hidcli|gíæe "fea~dixe#. C`: R I`fe`x|e G`ygd hg Fea~öv$<>>7$ L|gvádcg. R I`fe`x|e G`ygd hg Fea~öv. L|gvcdcg%HO : FEAÊV$ <>>7. . 7. ~.8?!?>. Hcv~e`áid ia: 4bxx~:%%}}}.fea~ev.e|m.l|%hgxg%lcldcexifgU7<9<.~ho0. Gfivveia 78 hi ag|íe hi <>7>.

AGCG$ \. F. A. . Hev hcdiagv hg cvclcdchghi achcçxcfg ~g|g g hidcli|gíæe ~úldcfg..C`: Diaev$ G. [ix gdQ. "E|m.#. Dc|e hg RCC Fea~öv: Aáhcg.L\. 7 ih. ê|xe Gdim|i !\M:

Vydc`g$ <>>8$ . $ ~. 3!62. Hcv~e`áid ia:4bxx~:%%}}}.fea~ev.e|m.l|%hgxg%lcldcexifgU36=.~ho0. Gfivve ia 78 hi ag|íe hi <>7>.

AGCG$ \. F. A. . Aihcg i hidcli|gíæe ~úldcfg: aihcgíùiv ~evváicv "fea~dixe#. C`: RCI`fe`x|e G`ygd hg Fea~ev ! Gvvefcgíæe @gfce`gd hev ^|em|gagv hi ^öv!m|ghygíæe iaFeay`cfgíæe$ <>><$ \ce hi Jgìc|e. FH!|ea ! 77 I`fe`x|e hg FEAÊV. \ce hiJgìc|e : FEAÊV$ <>><. . 7.Hcv~e`áid ia: 4bxx~:%%}}}.fea~ev.e|m.l|%hgxg%lcldcexifgU=98.~ho0. Gfivve ia 78 hiag|íe hi <>7>.

AE\C@$ Ihmg|. Fydxy|g hi agvvgv è vãfyde RR: e iv~á|cxe he xia~e. \ce hi Jgìc|e:Oe|i`vi Y`ci|vcxç|cg$ 733=.

AEXG$ Dycz Me`zgmg. Xie|cg hg èxáfcg: gv |idgíùiv i`x|i e |igd i e vcalödcfe. C@:Agy|cfi Aeycddgyh. E Je|`gd: hg oe|ag ge vi`xche. L|gvádcg: ^g|gdide$ 733=.

\EH\CMYIV$ Gh|cgè Hyg|xi. Hidcacxgíæe$ `gxy|izg i oy`íùiv he hcvfy|ve achcçxcfe.C`: AEYCDDGYH$ Agy|cfi; Ê\XE$ Vã|mce Hgs|idd ê|xe "e|mv#. E Je|`gd: hg oe|agge vi`xche. L|gvádcg: Y`L$ <>><.

\YMMCI$ Jeb` Mi|g|h. ]c``c`m xbi îgfi: Gai|cfg g`h ]e|dh E|hi| c` xbi @i} I|g.

@i} Se|k: Fedyalcg Y`ci|vcxs |ivv$ 733?.

VFBACX$ Fg|d. E fe`ficxe he ~edáxcfe. Ih. _eziv. îx|ö~edcv$ 733<$ 797 ~.

XBEA^VE@$ Jeb` L. G aáhcg i g aehi|`chghi ‖ yag xie|cg vefcgd hg aáhcg.îx|ö~edcv$\J: _eziv$ 7332.

XE\\IV$ Bicxe|. \idgfce`g`he e M!<> î mei|`g`íg mdelgd i î e|hia ay`hcgd. Hcv~e`áid ia 4bxx~:%%ai|chcgè8=.c oe%<>>3%>9%<?%|idgfce`g`he!e!m!<>!g!mei|`g`fg!mdelgd!i!g!e|hia!ay`hcgd!~e|!bicxe|!ocmyic|ihe!vel|gd!xe||iv% 0 . Gfivve ia >= hi gl|cdhi <>7>.



X\GWYC@G$ @idve`. Gv èxáfcgv. \icvxg hi Feay`cfgíæe i Dc`mygmi`v `º 2. Fi`x|ehi Ivxyhev hi Feay`cfgíæe i Dc`mygmi`v; Dcvleg$ 7332.

_ICMG$ îh|e hg Aexxg. Yag èg gmi`hg he aydxcdgxi|gdcvae feai|fcgd è ~öv!f|cvi.Hcv~e`áid ia: 4bxx~:%%}}}.cghl.e|m%c`xgd%c`xgdfhc%Î%<>7>%>9>8=.~ho0. Gfivve ia 7=

hi agce hi <>7>.

_CFI@XI$ Agrcacdcgè Ag|xc`. Bcvxö|cg i feay`cfgíæe `g e|hia c`xi|`gfce`gd. Væe^gyde: Fydxy|g Gfghêacfg$ <>>3

]GDDI\VXIC@$ Caag`yid. Xbi C`xi|!Vxgxi Vx|yfxy|i eo xbi Aehi|` ]e|dh!Vsvxia.C`: LEEXB$ Ki`; VACXB$ Vxii; ZGDI]VKC$ Ag|svcg. C`xi|`gxce`gd Xbie|s:êvcxccva / Lise`h$ Fgal|chmi Y`ci|vcxs ^|ivv$ Fgal|chmi$ 733?. Hcv~e`áid ia:bxx~:%%leekv.meemdi.fea.l|%leekv5ch1~oH8KgE9YF/~m1^G2=/d~m1^G2=/hw1Xbi+C`xi|!Vxgxi+Vx|yfxy|i+eo+xbi+Aehi|`+]e|dh!Vsvxia/vey|fi1ld/exv12~RB8D?Xb</vcm1A6v76d3?K_\]_FL7Bj_fc^`MFsv/bd

1~x!L\/ic12Vw3V9BMF@FKyGo@icxFG/vg1R/ec1leekU|ivydx/fx1|ivydx/|iv`ya17/ih1>FGSW?GI}GG&1eì~gmi/w1Xbi)<>C`xi|!Vxgxi)<>Vx|yfxy|i)<>eo)<>xbi)<>Aehi|`)<>]e|dh!Vsvxia/o1ogdvi. Gfivve ia =hi gl|cd hi <>7>.

CRISE FINANCEIRA E MULTILATERALISMO: A construção do imaginário geopolítico através da cobertura dos movimentos de cooperação internacional pela Folha Online

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