CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT THROUGHOUT HISTORY.

CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT THROUGHOUT HISTORYTHROUGHOUT HISTORY

CLASSICAL SCHOOLCLASSICAL SCHOOL

BEGAN IN MIDDLE OF 18BEGAN IN MIDDLE OF 18THTH CENTURY CENTURY ASSUMPTION: INDIVIDUALS CHOOSE TO ASSUMPTION: INDIVIDUALS CHOOSE TO

COMMT CRIMES AFTER WEIGHING THE COMMT CRIMES AFTER WEIGHING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONSCONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS

INDIVIDUALS HAVE FREE WILL & CHOICEINDIVIDUALS HAVE FREE WILL & CHOICE FEAR AS DETERENTFEAR AS DETERENT SOCIETY CAN CONTROL BY MAKING PAIN SOCIETY CAN CONTROL BY MAKING PAIN

OF PUNISHMENT GREATER THAN OF PUNISHMENT GREATER THAN PLEASURE OF CRIMINAL GAINSPLEASURE OF CRIMINAL GAINS

POSITIVIST SCHOOLPOSITIVIST SCHOOL

PHYSICIANS UNDERTOOK SYSTEMATIC PHYSICIANS UNDERTOOK SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALSSTUDY OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALS

CRIME STATISTICS BECAME AVAILABLECRIME STATISTICS BECAME AVAILABLE HUMAN BEHAVIOR DETERMINED BY HUMAN BEHAVIOR DETERMINED BY

FORCES BEYOND INDIVIDUAL CONTROL FORCES BEYOND INDIVIDUAL CONTROL AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE THOSE FORCESTHOSE FORCES

VIEW CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AS VIEW CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AS STEMMING FROM BIOLOGICAL, STEMMING FROM BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORSPSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORS

CLASSIC CRIMINOLOGYCLASSIC CRIMINOLOGY

FOUNDED THE LATE 18FOUNDED THE LATE 18THTH TO 19 TO 19THTH CENTURYCENTURY

DEVELOPED AS AN ATTEMT TO DEVELOPED AS AN ATTEMT TO APPLY RATIONALITY AND THE APPLY RATIONALITY AND THE RULE OF LAW TO BRUTAL RULE OF LAW TO BRUTAL ARBITRARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE ARBITRARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSPROCESS

FOUNDERS: CESARE BECCARIA, FOUNDERS: CESARE BECCARIA, AND JEREMY BENTHAMAND JEREMY BENTHAM

HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT

OUT OF REACTION TO BARBARIC OUT OF REACTION TO BARBARIC SYTEMSYTEM

PRIOR TO THIS CRIMES AGAINST THE PRIOR TO THIS CRIMES AGAINST THE STATE, CHURCH, AND CROWN BUT STATE, CHURCH, AND CROWN BUT NO REAL SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL NO REAL SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICEJUSTICE

SOME CRIMES SPECIFIED BUT SOME CRIMES SPECIFIED BUT JUDGES COULD CONVICT FOR AN ACT JUDGES COULD CONVICT FOR AN ACT NOT EVEN LEGALLY DEFINED AS A NOT EVEN LEGALLY DEFINED AS A CRIMECRIME


LETTRE DE CACHET – ISSUED BY LETTRE DE CACHET – ISSUED BY MONARCHS UNDER WHICH AN MONARCHS UNDER WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL COULD BE IMPRISONED INDIVIDUAL COULD BE IMPRISONED FOR NO REASON AT ALLFOR NO REASON AT ALL

MANY LAWS UNWRITTENMANY LAWS UNWRITTEN DID NOT SPECIFY TIME OR TYPE OF DID NOT SPECIFY TIME OR TYPE OF

PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT CRUEL/ARBITRARY SENTENCESCRUEL/ARBITRARY SENTENCES ENGLAND OVER 200 DEATH PENALTY ENGLAND OVER 200 DEATH PENALTY

LAWS INCLUDING PETTY THEFTLAWS INCLUDING PETTY THEFT


PUBLIC PUNISHMENT POPULARPUBLIC PUNISHMENT POPULAR TORTURE TO ELICIT CONFESSIONSTORTURE TO ELICIT CONFESSIONS A MAN WOULD SUFFER TORTURE A MAN WOULD SUFFER TORTURE

TILL DEATH TO AVOID TRAIL SO TILL DEATH TO AVOID TRAIL SO HIS FAMILY COULD RETAIN LANDS HIS FAMILY COULD RETAIN LANDS AND GOODSAND GOODS

GAP BETWEEN HAVES AND HAVE GAP BETWEEN HAVES AND HAVE NOTS GREW AS INDUSTRY GREWNOTS GREW AS INDUSTRY GREW


UPPER CLASS PROTECTED SELF VIA UPPER CLASS PROTECTED SELF VIA RUTHLESS OPPRESSIONRUTHLESS OPPRESSION

SOCIAL UNREST GREWSOCIAL UNREST GREW AS CRIME RATES ROSE SO DID AS CRIME RATES ROSE SO DID

BRUTALITY OF PUNISHMENTBRUTALITY OF PUNISHMENT VIOLENCE TO CONQUER VIOLENCEVIOLENCE TO CONQUER VIOLENCE GROWING EDUCATED CLASS SAW GROWING EDUCATED CLASS SAW

INCONSISTENCYINCONSISTENCY


IF TERRIBLE TORTURE DESIGNED IF TERRIBLE TORTURE DESIGNED TO DETER CRIME WHY WAS CRIME TO DETER CRIME WHY WAS CRIME INCREASINGINCREASING

MID 18MID 18THTH CENTURY SOCIAL CENTURY SOCIAL REFORMERS SUGGEST MORE REFORMERS SUGGEST MORE RATIONAL APPROACHRATIONAL APPROACH

CECARE BECCARIA LAID CECARE BECCARIA LAID FOUNDATION FOR SCHOOL OF FOUNDATION FOR SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY – CLASSICAL SCHOOLCRIMINOLOGY – CLASSICAL SCHOOL


1764 BECCARIA PUBLISHED “ ON 1764 BECCARIA PUBLISHED “ ON CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS”CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS”

BECAME “FATHER” OF MODERN BECAME “FATHER” OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

CONTOVERSY BETWEEN RULE OF CONTOVERSY BETWEEN RULE OF MEN OR RULE OF LAWMEN OR RULE OF LAW

CRIME TRACED TO BAD LAW NOT CRIME TRACED TO BAD LAW NOT BAD PEOPLEBAD PEOPLE


LAWS USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL LAWS USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL CONTRACTCONTRACT

JUDGES IMPOSE PUNISHMENT JUDGES IMPOSE PUNISHMENT ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWLAW

ONLY LEGISLATORS SHOULD ONLY LEGISLATORS SHOULD CREATE LAWSCREATE LAWS

JUDGES SHOULD NOT INTERPRET JUDGES SHOULD NOT INTERPRET LAWSLAWS


PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE BASED PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON PLEASURE/PAIN PRINCIPLEON PLEASURE/PAIN PRINCIPLE

PUNISHMENT BASED ON ACT NOT PUNISHMENT BASED ON ACT NOT ACTORACTOR

PUNISHMENT DETERMINED BY PUNISHMENT DETERMINED BY CRIMECRIME

PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE PROMPT PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE PROMPT AND EFFECTIVEAND EFFECTIVE

ALL TREATED EQUALALL TREATED EQUAL


CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE ABOLISHEDABOLISHED

TORTURE TO GAIN CONFESSIONS TORTURE TO GAIN CONFESSIONS SHOULD BE ABOLISHEDSHOULD BE ABOLISHED

BETTER TO PREVENT CRIMES BETTER TO PREVENT CRIMES THAN PUNISH THEMTHAN PUNISH THEM

AUSTRIA/HUNGARY CODE FIRST TO AUSTRIA/HUNGARY CODE FIRST TO ABOLISH CAPITAL PUNISHMENTABOLISH CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

UTILITARIANISMUTILITARIANISM JEREMY BRETHAM – ENGLISH LEGAL JEREMY BRETHAM – ENGLISH LEGAL

PHILOSOPHER PHILOSOPHER CONCERNED WITH CREATING THE CONCERNED WITH CREATING THE

“GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR THE “GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER”GREATEST NUMBER”

UTILITATIANISM – ASSUMES HUMAN UTILITATIANISM – ASSUMES HUMAN ACTIONS CALCULATED IN ACTIONS CALCULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR LIKELIHOOD OF BRINING HAPPINESS LIKELIHOOD OF BRINING HAPPINESS (PLEASURE) OR UNHAPPINESS (PAIN)(PLEASURE) OR UNHAPPINESS (PAIN)

PEOPLE WEIGH PROBABILITIES OF PEOPLE WEIGH PROBABILITIES OF PRESENT & FUTURE PLEASURE PRESENT & FUTURE PLEASURE AGAINST PRESENT & FUTURE PAINAGAINST PRESENT & FUTURE PAIN

UTILITARIANISMUTILITARIANISM

PSUEDOMATHMATICAL – “FELICIFIC PSUEDOMATHMATICAL – “FELICIFIC CALCULUS”CALCULUS”

INDIVIDAULS ARE HUMAN INDIVIDAULS ARE HUMAN CALCULATORSCALCULATORS

TO DECIDE WHICH CRIMES ARE TO DECIDE WHICH CRIMES ARE WORTH COMMITTINGWORTH COMMITTING

PROVIDED RATIONAL FOR REFORM PROVIDED RATIONAL FOR REFORM EVEN IF WHIMSICALEVEN IF WHIMSICAL

PUNISHMENT SET JUST IN EXCESS OF PUNISHMENT SET JUST IN EXCESS OF PLEASURE GAINED BY CRIMEPLEASURE GAINED BY CRIME

UTILITARIANISMUTILITARIANISM

THE LAW SHOULD EXIST IN ORDER TO THE LAW SHOULD EXIST IN ORDER TO CREATE HAPPINESS FOR THE CREATE HAPPINESS FOR THE COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

PUNISHMENT CREATES UNHAPPINESS PUNISHMENT CREATES UNHAPPINESS SO IS ONLY JUSTIFIED IF IT PREVENTS SO IS ONLY JUSTIFIED IF IT PREVENTS GREATER EVIL THAN IT PRODUCESGREATER EVIL THAN IT PRODUCES

LEAD TO REFORM OF ENGLSH LAW LEAD TO REFORM OF ENGLSH LAW BETWEEN 1820 TO 1861 – NUMBER OF BETWEEN 1820 TO 1861 – NUMBER OF CAPITAL OFFENSES REDUCED FROM 222 CAPITAL OFFENSES REDUCED FROM 222 TO 3 – MURDER, TREASON, AND PIRACY.TO 3 – MURDER, TREASON, AND PIRACY.

CLASSICAL - CLASSICAL - EVALUATIONEVALUATION

WEAKNESSESWEAKNESSES 1. CRITICS ATTACKED SIMPLICITY 1. CRITICS ATTACKED SIMPLICITY

OF ARGUMENTOF ARGUMENT 2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

SIMPLY ENFORCE THE LAWSIMPLY ENFORCE THE LAW 3. ASSUMED PEOPLE HAD 3. ASSUMED PEOPLE HAD

CAPACITY TO CHOOSE GOOD OR CAPACITY TO CHOOSE GOOD OR EVILEVIL

4. NO REASON TO ASK WHY4. NO REASON TO ASK WHY

POSITIVIST POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

LATE 18LATE 18THTH CENTURY CENTURY ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT

PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WORLD PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WORLD INFLUENCED THINKING ABOUT INFLUENCED THINKING ABOUT CRIMECRIME

AUGUSTE COMTE – FRENCH AUGUSTE COMTE – FRENCH SOCIOLOGIST – APPLIED MODERN SOCIOLOGIST – APPLIED MODERN METHODS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES METHODS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

POSITIVIST POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

ARGUED THERE COULD BE NO REAL ARGUED THERE COULD BE NO REAL KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIAL PHENONMENA UNLESS BASED ON PHENONMENA UNLESS BASED ON SCEINTIFIC (POSITIVIST) APPROACHSCEINTIFIC (POSITIVIST) APPROACH

NEEDED DARWINS THEORY OF NEEDED DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLITION BEFORE THE NEXT EVOLITION BEFORE THE NEXT GENERATION COULD REALLY GENERATION COULD REALLY CHALLENGE CLASSICAL CHALLENGE CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

POSITIVISTS POSITIVISTS CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

SOCIAL SCIENCES BORNSOCIAL SCIENCES BORN 1919THTH CENTURY FORCES OF CENTURY FORCES OF

POSITIVISM AND EVOLUTION POSITIVISM AND EVOLUTION MOVED FIELD OF CRIMINOLOGY MOVED FIELD OF CRIMINOLOGY FROM PHILOSOPHY TO FROM PHILOSOPHY TO SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVESCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE

BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM

SEARCH FOR CRIMINAL TRAITSSEARCH FOR CRIMINAL TRAITS EARLY CRIMINAL ID USED EARLY CRIMINAL ID USED

PHYSICAL TRAITS – LIKE RED PHYSICAL TRAITS – LIKE RED HAIR, PHYSICAL DEFORMITY, & HAIR, PHYSICAL DEFORMITY, & UGLINESSUGLINESS

PHYSIOGOMY – GIAMBATTISTA PHYSIOGOMY – GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA – STUDY OF FACIAL DELLA PORTA – STUDY OF FACIAL FEATURES AND THEIR RELATION FEATURES AND THEIR RELATION TO HUMAN BEHAVIORSTO HUMAN BEHAVIORS

BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM

PHRENOLOGY – POSITED BUMPS PHRENOLOGY – POSITED BUMPS ON THE HEAD WERE ON THE HEAD WERE INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROPENSITIESPROPENSITIES

CHARLES CALDWELL – SEARCHED CHARLES CALDWELL – SEARCHED FOR EVIDENCE THAT BRAIN FOR EVIDENCE THAT BRAIN TISSUE AND CELLS REGULATED TISSUE AND CELLS REGULATED HUMAN ACTIONHUMAN ACTION

CESARE LOMBROSOCESARE LOMBROSO MEDICAL DOCTOR/PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL DOCTOR/PROFESSOR OF

PSYCHIATRYPSYCHIATRY LATER PROFESSOR OF CRIMINAL LATER PROFESSOR OF CRIMINAL

ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY THEORY – “BORN CRIMINAL” – LOWER THEORY – “BORN CRIMINAL” – LOWER

FROM OF LIFE NEARER APE-LIKE FROM OF LIFE NEARER APE-LIKE ANCESTORSANCESTORS

ATATVISTIC STIGMATA – PHYSICAL ATATVISTIC STIGMATA – PHYSICAL FEATURES OF CREATURES AT AN FEATURES OF CREATURES AT AN EARLIER STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, EARLIER STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, BEFORE FULLY HUMANBEFORE FULLY HUMAN

LOMBROSOLOMBROSO STIGMATA – HUGE JAWS, STRONG CANINE STIGMATA – HUGE JAWS, STRONG CANINE

TEETH, GREATER ARM SPAN, ETC.TEETH, GREATER ARM SPAN, ETC. ANY FIVE STIGMATA IS “BORN CRIMINAL”ANY FIVE STIGMATA IS “BORN CRIMINAL” PROSTITUTE “BORN CRIMINAL” IN WOMANPROSTITUTE “BORN CRIMINAL” IN WOMAN INSANE CRIMINALS – BECOME SO DUE TO INSANE CRIMINALS – BECOME SO DUE TO

CHANGE IN BRAIN UNCTIONING LIMITING CHANGE IN BRAIN UNCTIONING LIMITING ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH RIGHT FROM ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH RIGHT FROM WRONGWRONG

CRIMINOLOIDS – HABITUAL, PASSIONATE, CRIMINOLOIDS – HABITUAL, PASSIONATE, ETC.ETC.

LOMBROSOLOMBROSO

MOST SCIENTISTS WHO FOLLOWED MOST SCIENTISTS WHO FOLLOWED LOMBROSO DID NOT SHARE HIS LOMBROSO DID NOT SHARE HIS VIEWPOINTVIEWPOINT

WORK KEPT ALIVE MORE BY CRITICISM WORK KEPT ALIVE MORE BY CRITICISM THAN AGREEMENTTHAN AGREEMENT

HIS THEORIES DO NOT STAND UP TO HIS THEORIES DO NOT STAND UP TO SCIENTIFIC SCRUTINYSCIENTIFIC SCRUTINY

HIS THOUSANDS OF MEASUREMENTS HIS THOUSANDS OF MEASUREMENTS ON LIVE AND DEAD CRIMINALS DID ON LIVE AND DEAD CRIMINALS DID CHANGE THE NATURE OF QUESTIONINGCHANGE THE NATURE OF QUESTIONING

ENRICO FERRIENRICO FERRI

CONTROLLING CRIME THROUGH CONTROLLING CRIME THROUGH PREVENTIVE MEAASURESPREVENTIVE MEAASURES

STATE CONTROL OF WEAPONS, STATE CONTROL OF WEAPONS, INEXPENSIVE HOUSING, BETTER INEXPENSIVE HOUSING, BETTER STREET LIGHTING, AND SO STREET LIGHTING, AND SO FORTHFORTH

OVERLY OPTOMISITIC BUT AGAIN OVERLY OPTOMISITIC BUT AGAIN GOT PEOPLE THINKINGGOT PEOPLE THINKING

RAFFAELE GAROFALORAFFAELE GAROFALO

TRACED ROOTS OF CRIMINAL TRACED ROOTS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR TO PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR TO PSYCHOLOGICAL EQUIVALENTS TO STIGMATA EQUIVALENTS TO STIGMATA CALLED “MORAL ANOMALIES”CALLED “MORAL ANOMALIES”

NATURAL CRIMES FOUND IN ALL NATURAL CRIMES FOUND IN ALL SOCIETY, REGARDLESS OF THE SOCIETY, REGARDLESS OF THE VIEWS OF LAWMAKERS, AND NO VIEWS OF LAWMAKERS, AND NO CIVILIZED SOCIETY CAN AFFORD CIVILIZED SOCIETY CAN AFFORD TO DISREGARD THEMTO DISREGARD THEM

SOMATOTYPE SCHOOLSOMATOTYPE SCHOOL

POPULAR DURING FIRST HALF OF 20POPULAR DURING FIRST HALF OF 20THTH CENTURYCENTURY

THREE PRINCIPLE TYPES OF PHYSIQUESTHREE PRINCIPLE TYPES OF PHYSIQUES 1. AUTHENTIC – LEAN, SLIGHTLY BUILT, 1. AUTHENTIC – LEAN, SLIGHTLY BUILT,

AND NARROW SHOULDERSAND NARROW SHOULDERS 2. ATHLETIC – MEDIUM TO TALL, 2. ATHLETIC – MEDIUM TO TALL,

MUSCULAR, COARSE BONESMUSCULAR, COARSE BONES 3. PYKNIC – MEDIUM HEIGHT, ROUNDED 3. PYKNIC – MEDIUM HEIGHT, ROUNDED

FIGURE, MASSIVE NECK, BROAD FACEFIGURE, MASSIVE NECK, BROAD FACE

SOMATOTYPE SCHOOLSOMATOTYPE SCHOOL RELATED PHYSICAL TYPES TO PSYCHIC RELATED PHYSICAL TYPES TO PSYCHIC

DISORDERSDISORDERS SHELDON IN U.S. – ENDOMORPH, SHELDON IN U.S. – ENDOMORPH,

MESOMORPH, AND ECTOMORPH – MESOMORPH, AND ECTOMORPH – USED POINT SYTEM TO MEASURE USED POINT SYTEM TO MEASURE PREDOMINANCE OF FEATURESPREDOMINANCE OF FEATURES

THIS SCHOOL CRITICIZED FOR NON-THIS SCHOOL CRITICIZED FOR NON-REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING, REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING, CULTURAL STEREOTYPING, AND POOR CULTURAL STEREOTYPING, AND POOR STATISTICAL ANALYSISSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS

AFTER WORLD WAR II SOMATOTYPING AFTER WORLD WAR II SOMATOTYPING BECAME TO CLOSE TO EUGENICS AND BECAME TO CLOSE TO EUGENICS AND THE APPROACH FELL INTO DISFAVORTHE APPROACH FELL INTO DISFAVOR

INHERITED INHERITED CRIMINALITYCRIMINALITY

PASSED ON IN GENESPASSED ON IN GENES TRACED FAMILY HISTORIESTRACED FAMILY HISTORIES THE JUKES – DUGDALETHE JUKES – DUGDALE EARLY STUDIES DISCREDITED EARLY STUDIES DISCREDITED

PRIMARILY DUE TO INABILITY TO PRIMARILY DUE TO INABILITY TO SEPARATE GENETIC AND SEPARATE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM

EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PHYSICIANS INTERESTED IN PHYSICIANS INTERESTED IN LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CRIMINALLY INSANECRIMINALLY INSANE

MORAL INSANITY – SOMETHING MORAL INSANITY – SOMETHING WRONG WITH THE BRAIN THAT WRONG WITH THE BRAIN THAT REGULATES AFFECTIVE REGULATES AFFECTIVE RESPONSESRESPONSES

ADMINISTERING OF ADMINISTERING OF INTELLIGENCE TESTSINTELLIGENCE TESTS

SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISMDETERMINISM

SEARCH FOR SOCIOLOGICAL SEARCH FOR SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF CRIMINAL DETERMINANTS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

FIRST CRIMINAL STATISTICS 1827 FIRST CRIMINAL STATISTICS 1827 DEMONSTRATED THAT CRIME DEMONSTRATED THAT CRIME RATES VARIED WITH SOCIAL RATES VARIED WITH SOCIAL FACTORSFACTORS

IDENTIFY FACTORS RELATED TO IDENTIFY FACTORS RELATED TO CRIME AND ASSIGN THEM CRIME AND ASSIGN THEM PROPER DEGREE OF INFLUENCEPROPER DEGREE OF INFLUENCE

LAWS OF IMITATIONLAWS OF IMITATION PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERNED THE PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERNED THE

PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE BECAME PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE BECAME CIMINALSCIMINALS

INDIVIDUALS EMULATE BEHAVIOR INDIVIDUALS EMULATE BEHAVIOR PATTERNSPATTERNS

1. IMINTATE OTHERS IN PROPORTION TO 1. IMINTATE OTHERS IN PROPORTION TO INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY OF CONTACTINTENSITY AND FREQUENCY OF CONTACT

2. INFERIORS IMITATE SUPERIORS2. INFERIORS IMITATE SUPERIORS 3. WHEN 2 BEHAVIORS CLASH ONE MAY 3. WHEN 2 BEHAVIORS CLASH ONE MAY

TAKE THE PLACE OF OTHERS – KNIVES TAKE THE PLACE OF OTHERS – KNIVES GIVE WAY TO GUNSGIVE WAY TO GUNS

TWO APPROACHESTWO APPROACHES

HOW PEOPLE BECOME HOW PEOPLE BECOME CRIMINALS AND WHAT IS THE CRIMINALS AND WHAT IS THE PROCESS, HOW BEHAVIOR PROCESS, HOW BEHAVIOR PATTERNS ARE LEARNED AND PATTERNS ARE LEARNED AND TRANSMITTEDTRANSMITTED

22NDND APPROACH LOOKS AT SOCIAL APPROACH LOOKS AT SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONSSTRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONS

HOW CRIME ARISES IN FIRST HOW CRIME ARISES IN FIRST PLACE AND HO IT IS RELATED TO PLACE AND HO IT IS RELATED TO THE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY,THE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY,

DIVISION OF SOCIAL DIVISION OF SOCIAL LABORLABOR

DURKHEIMDURKHEIM CRIME AS NORMAL AS BIRTH AND DEATHCRIME AS NORMAL AS BIRTH AND DEATH CRIME DISAPPEAR IF ALL MEMBERS CRIME DISAPPEAR IF ALL MEMBERS

SAME VALUES AND STANDARDSSAME VALUES AND STANDARDS SOME CRIME NECESSARY FOR SOCIETY SOME CRIME NECESSARY FOR SOCIETY

TO PROGRESSTO PROGRESS COHESIVE SOCIETY PUNISHMENT COHESIVE SOCIETY PUNISHMENT

REINFORCES VALUESREINFORCES VALUES LARGE URBANISED – RIGHT WRONG LARGE URBANISED – RIGHT WRONG

DONE TO VICTIMS – GOAL OF DONE TO VICTIMS – GOAL OF RESTITUTION AND REINSTATEMENT OF RESTITUTION AND REINSTATEMENT OF ORDERORDER

ANOMIEANOMIE

A BREAKDOWN OF SOCIAL ORDER A BREAKDOWN OF SOCIAL ORDER AS A RESULT OF A LOSS OF AS A RESULT OF A LOSS OF STANDARDS AND VALUESSTANDARDS AND VALUES

A SOCIETY PLAGUED BY ANOMIE, A SOCIETY PLAGUED BY ANOMIE, DISINTEGRATION AND CHAOS DISINTEGRATION AND CHAOS REPLACE SOCIAL COHESIONREPLACE SOCIAL COHESION

CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT THROUGHOUT HISTORY.

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