LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT PARLIAMENT LIBRARY AND REFERENCE, RESEARCH, DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SERVICE (LARRDIS) MEMBERS’ REFERENCE SERVICE REFERENCE NOTE . No. 1 /RN/Ref./February /2015 For the use of Members of Parliament Not for Publication CRIME SCENARIO IN INDIA .------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The reference material is for personal use of the Members in the discharge of their Parliamentary duties, and is not for publication. This Service is not to be quoted as the source of the information as it is based on the sources indicated at the end/in the text. This Service does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy or veracity of the information or views contained in the note/collection.
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LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT
PARLIAMENT LIBRARY AND REFERENCE, RESEARCH, DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SERVICE (LARRDIS)
MEMBERS’ REFERENCE SERVICE
REFERENCE NOTE .
No. 1 /RN/Ref./February /2015
For the use of Members of Parliament Not for Publication
CRIME SCENARIO IN INDIA
.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The reference material is for personal use of the Members in the discharge of their Parliamentary duties, and is not for publication. This
Service is not to be quoted as the source of the information as it is based on the sources indicated at the end/in the text. This Service does
not accept any responsibility for the accuracy or veracity of the information or views contained in the note/collection.
CRIME SCENARIO IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
India is a Union of States and is governed by a written Constitution which was adopted
by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January
19501. It consists of 29 States and 7 union Territories2. Due to its colonial heritage, India
follows the Anglo-Saxon common law system. Article 14 of the Constitution provides for
equality before the law. Article 21 guarantees protection of life and personal liberty. Article 20
provides protection against double jeopardy Article 39-A mandates the State to secure equal
justice for all. Article 50 provides for separation of the judiciary from the executive in the public
services of the State3.
‘Police’ and ‘Public Order’ are State subjects under the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution of India and therefore, the State Governments are primarily responsible for
prevention, detection, registration and investigation of crime and for prosecuting the
criminals4.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
The Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.P.C.) classifies all the crimes into two categories:
(i) Cognizable - Sec.2(c) Cr.P.C. and (ii) Non-cognizable - Sec.2(l) Cr.P.C.
Cognizable Crimes
A Cognizable offence or case is defined as the one which an officer in-charge of a
police station may investigate without the order of a magistrate and effect arrest without
warrant. The Police have a direct responsibility to take immediate action on the receipt of a
complaint or of credible information in such crimes, visit the scene of the crime, investigate
the facts, apprehend the offender and arraign him before a Court of law having jurisdiction
over the matter. Cognizable crimes are broadly categorised as those falling either under the
‘Indian Penal Code (IPC)’ or under the ‘Special and Local Laws (SLL)’5.
As many as 66,40,378 Cognizable crimes were reported in the country during 2013
comprising 26.5 lakh cases registered under the IPC and 39.9 lakh cases registered under
1 www.gov.in
2 www.knowindia.gov.in
3 Crime in India by Shashi Shekhar Singh, (2006), Vista International Publishing House, Delhi, p.1
4 Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.3211 dated 11.02.2014
5 India. Ministry of Home Affairs Report, Crime in India, 2013, p.15
2
the SLL. The ratio of IPC to SLL crimes varied from 1:2.2 in 2003 to 1:1.5 in 2013. In terms of
percentage, 60.1 per cent of total cases (IPC + SLL) during 2013 were reported under Special
and Local Laws and rest of the cases (39.9%) under the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Incidents
of Cognizable crimes in the country during the decade from 2003 to 20136 are given
at Annexure -I.
Non-Cognizable Crimes
Non-Cognizable crimes are defined as those which cannot be investigated by police
without the order of a competent magistrate. The Police do not initiate investigation in Non-
Cognizable crimes except with magisterial permission. First Schedule of the Cr.P.C. gives the
classification of the offences of the IPC into Cognizable and Non-Cognizable categories7.
Various crimes that are being registered and investigated by different law enforcement
agencies are broadly grouped under the following categories for statistical information system.
Broad classification of crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)
i) Crimes against body: Murder, Attempt to commit murder, Culpable homicide not
amounting to murder, Kidnapping & Abduction, Hurt, Causing death by negligence;
ii) Crimes against property: Dacoity, Preparation and assembly to commit Dacoity,
Robbery, Burglary and Theft;
iii) Crimes against public order: Riots and Arson;
iv) Economic crimes: Criminal breach of trust, Cheating & Counterfeiting;
v) Crimes against women: Rape, Dowry death, Cruelty by husband or his relatives,
Assault on woman with intent to outrage her modesty, Insult to the modesty of
women and Importation of girls from foreign country;
vi) Crimes against children: Child rape, Kidnapping & Abduction of children, Procuration
of minor girls, Selling and Buying of girls for prostitution, Abetment of suicide,
Exposure & Abandonment, Infanticide and foeticide;
vii) Other IPC crimes8.
The detailed data of Cognizable Crimes (IPC) State-wise and Crime Head-wise is
given at Annexure- II and II-A).
6 Ibid, Ministry of Home Affairs Report, Crime in India, 2013, pp.17 & 23
7 Ibid, p.15
8 Op.cit, Crime in India by Shashi Shekhar Singh, p.6
** Actual Population As Per Population Census 2012 (Provisional) @ Andhra Pradesh excluded Motor Vehicle Act (Non-Cognizable) Cases from the year 2009.
++Variation in SLL crimes is due to less registration of M.V. Act (Cognizable) & Town Nuisance Act cases in Andhra Pradesh.
Source: India. Ministry of Home Affairs Report, Crime in India, 2013, p.194
7
Annexure-II
Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) In States & UTs During 2013
Sl. No.
State/UT Incidence of Total
Cognizable Crimes
Percentage Contribution to All-India Total
Mid-Year Projected
Population (In Lakh)**
Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
STATES:
1 ANDHRA PRADESH 218015 8.2 864.76 252.1
2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 2776 0.1 12.74 217.9
3 ASSAM 87186 3.3 314.45 277.3
4 BIHAR 167455 6.3 1007.15 166.3
5 CHHATTISGARH 56870 2.1 250.18 227.3
6 GOA 4312 0.2 18.85 228.8
7 GUJARAT 157435 5.9 608.28 258.8
8 HARYANA 72098 2.7 264.05 273.0
9 HIMACHAL PRADESH 13750 0.5 69.39 198.2
10 JAMMU & KASHMIR 25390 1.0 120.59 210.5
11 JHARKHAND 48208 1.8 324.79 148.4
12 KARNATAKA 136689 5.2 608.24 224.7
13 KERALA 176334 6.7 351.11 502.2
14 MADHYA PRADESH 227453 8.6 748.65 303.8
15 MAHARASHTRA 234385 8.9 1162.06 201.7
16 MANIPUR 3178 0.1 25.16 126.3
17 MEGHALAYA 3259 0.1 26.92 121.1
18 MIZORAM 1709 0.1 10.32 165.6
19 NAGALAND 1216 0.0 23.10 52.6
20 ODISHA 71718 2.7 415.69 172.5
21 PUNJAB 36667 1.4 283.79 129.2
22 RAJASTHAN 196224 7.4 702.93 279.2
23 SIKKIM 851 0.0 6.29 135.3
24 TAMIL NADU 203579 7.7 683.99 297.6
25 TRIPURA 6210 0.2 37.14 167.2
26 UTTAR PRADESH 226445 8.6 2089.15 108.4
27 UTTARAKHAND 9546 0.4 102.71 92.9
28 WEST BENGAL 169535 6.4 913.92 185.5
TOTAL (STATES) 2558493 96.6 12046.40 212.4
UNION TERRITORIES
29 A & N ISLANDS 612 0.0 5.25 116.6
30 CHANDIGARH 4077 0.2 16.05 254.0
31 D & N HAVELI 314 0.0 3.92 80.1
32 DAMAN & DIU 246 0.0 2.97 82.8
33 DELHI 80184 3.0 197.14 406.7
34 LAKSHADWEEP 40 0.0 0.78 51.3
35 PUDUCHERRY 3756 0.1 15.34 244.9
TOTAL (UTs) 89229 3.4 241.45 369.6
TOTAL (ALL-INDIA) 2647722 100.0 12287.85 215.5
Source: India. Ministry of Home Affairs Report, Crime in India, 2013, p.200
8
Annexure-II A Incidence & Rate of Cognizable Crimes (IPC) Under Under different
Crime Headsand Percentage Changes During 2013 Sl. No.
18. Assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty@ (Sec.354 IPC)
41611 (3.5)
70739 (11.9)
114.8 70.0 56.0
19. INSULT TO THE MODESTY OF WOMEN@ (Sec.509 IPC)
10185 (0.9)
12589 (2.1)
2.1 23.6 37.2
20. CRUELTY BY HUSBAND OR HIS RELATIVES@ (Sec.498 IPC)
94119 (7.9)
118866 (20.1)
134.4 26.3 11.6
21. IMPORTATION OF GIRLS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES@ (Sec.366B IPC)
58 (0.0)
31 (0.0)
-32.6 -46.6 -47.5
22. CAUSING DEATH BY NEGLIGENCE (Sec.304A IPC)
102708 (8.7)
111517 (9.1)
83.8 8.6 3.6
23. OTHER IPC CRIMES 915770 (77.1)
1092625 (88.9)
56.9 19.3 13.1
TOTAL COGNIZABLE CRIMES UNDER IPC 2230464 (187.9)
2647722 (215.5)
54.3 18.7 10.9
Note: Figures in Brackets indicate rate of crime per lakh of population. @ Rate of crime has been worked out using female population (mid-year estimated / actual census ) of the respective years.
10
Annexure-III
Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes (SLL) In States & UTs During 2013
Sl. No.
State/UT Incidence of Total Cognizable
Crimes
Percentage Contribution
to All-India Total
Mid Year Projected
Population** (In Lakh)
Rate of Total
Cognizable Crimes
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) STATES:
1 ANDHRA PRADESH 47690 1.2 864.8 55.1
2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 142 0.0 12.7 11.1
3 ASSAM 2386 0.1 314.5 7.6
4 BIHAR 17506 0.4 1007.2 17.4
5 CHHATTISGARH 232949 5.8 250.2 931.1
6 GOA 3200 0.1 18.9 169.8
7 GUJARAT 255801 6.4 608.3 420.5
8 HARYANA 49145 1.2 264.1 186.1
9 HIMACHAL PRADESH 1983 0.0 69.4 28.6
10 JAMMU & KASHMIR 1517 0.0 120.6 12.6
11 JHARKHAND 5900 0.1 324.8 18.2
12 KARNATAKA 22710 0.6 608.2 37.3
13 KERALA 406848 10.2 351.1 1158.7
14 MADHYA PRADESH 91191 2.3 748.7 121.8
15 MAHARASHTRA 124124 3.1 1162.1 106.8
16 MANIPUR 752 0.0 25.2 29.9
17 MEGHALAYA 209 0.0 26.9 7.8
18 MIZORAM 564 0.0 10.3 54.7
19 NAGALAND 480 0.0 23.1 20.8
20 ODISHA 18466 0.5 415.7 44.4
21 PUNJAB 27616 0.7 283.8 97.3
22 RAJASTHAN 72155 1.8 702.9 102.6
23 SIKKIM 284 0.0 6.3 45.2
24 TAMIL NADU 493099 12.4 684.0 720.9
25 TRIPURA 336 0.0 37.1 9.0
26 UTTAR PRADESH 1916743 48.0 2089.2 917.5
27 UTTARAKHAND 168414 4.2 102.7 1639.7
28 WEST BENGAL 19618 0.5 913.9 21.5
TOTAL (STATES) 3981828 99.7 12046.40 330.5
UNION TERRITORIES 29 A & N ISLANDS 2046 0.1 5.3 389.7
30 CHANDIGARH 1355 0.0 16.1 84.4
31 D & N HAVELI 15 0.0 3.9 3.8
32 DAMAN & DIU 21 0.0 3.0 7.1
33 DELHI 6616 0.2 197.1 33.6
34 LAKSHADWEEP 22 0.0 0.8 28.2
35 PUDUCHERRY 753 0.0 15.3 49.1
TOTAL (UTs) 10828 0.3 241.45 44.8
TOTAL (ALL-INDIA) 3992656 100.0 12287.85 324.9
Source: India. Ministry of Home Affairs Report, Crime in India, 2013, p.202
11
Annexure-III A
Incidence & Rate of Cognizable Crimes Under Special and Local Laws (SLL) Under different Crime Heads and Percentage Changes During 2013
17. INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN (P) ACT @ 1043 (0.2)
1025 (0.2)
845 (0.1)
895 (0.2)
453 (0.1)
141 (0.0)
18. COPYRIGHTS ACT 5378 (0.5)
6036 (0.5)
6049 (0.5)
7889 (0.7)
6976 (0.6)
6151 (0.5)
19. COMMISSION OF SATI PREVENTION ACT @ 0 (0.0)
1 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
20. SC/ST (PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) ACT 9388 (0.9)
12347 (1.1)
11859 (1.0)
11456 (1.0)
12496 (1.0)
13887 (1.1)
(i) Prevention of Atrocities Act for SCs 8048 (0.8)
11465 (1.0)
11037 (0.9)
10419 (0.9)
11342 (0.9)
12576 (1.0)
(ii) Prevention of Atrocities Act for STs 1340 (0.1)
882 (0.1)
822 (0.1)
1037 (0.1)
1154 (0.1)
1311 (0.1)
21. FOREST ACT 3707 (0.3)
5082 (0.4)
4802 (0.4)
6004 (0.5)
7448 (0.6)
6467 (0.5)
22. OTHER SLL CRIMES 2818588 (263.9)
3008176 (260.9)
3662181 (313.2)
3651654 (308.0)
3089516 (255.3)
2800232 (230.8)
23. TOTAL COGNIZABLE CRIMES UNDER SLL 3778694 (353.7)
3844725 (333.4)
4553872 (389.4)
4525917 (381.7)
3927154 (324.5)
3654371 (301.2)
Note : due to technical limitation, crime rate of crimes committed against children and SC/ST has been calculated on the basis of total population instead of children and SC/ST population respectively.
Source: India. Ministry of Home Affairs Report, Crime in India, 2013, pp.305-306
12
Sl. No.
Crime Head Quinquennial Average (2008-12)
(Q.A.)
2013 Percentage Change in 2013 (+) Increase / (-) Decrease
20. SC/ST (PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) act 12409 (1.0)
15365 (1.3)
63.7 23.8 10.6
(i) Prevention of Atrocities Act for SCs 11368 (0.9)
13975 (1.1)
73.6 22.9 11.1
(ii) Prevention of Atrocities Act for STs 1041 (0.1)
1390 (0.1)
3.7 33.5 6.0
21. FOREST ACT 5961 (0.5)
20407 (1.7)
450.5 242.4 215.6
22. OTHER SLL CRIMES 3242352 (273.6)
3108033 (252.9)
10.3 -4.1 11.0
23. TOTAL COGNIZABLE CRIMES UNDER SLL 4101208 (346.0)
3992656 (324.9)
5.7 -2.6 9.3
1. Figures in brackets indicate rate of crime per lakh of population.
2. Rate less than 0.05 is also shown as 0.0.
3. # Andhra Pradesh excluded Motor Vehicle Act (Non-Cognizable) Cases from the year 2008
4. ++Variation in SLL crimes is due to less registration of M.V. Act (Cognizable) and Town Nuisance Act cases in Andhra Pradesh as clarified by them.
5. ## 2009 figures of newly enacted Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 in place of Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 have been clubbed with Other SLL
crimes.
6. ~~ Compared to 2008 data published in the report of 2009, there is variation in 2008 figures of PCR Act, Excise Act, Immoral Traffic (P) Act, Essential
Commodities Act, Forest Act and Other SLL crimes due to revised data of 2008 furnished by Karnataka in 2010 only.
7. Revised data for 2008, 2009 and 2010 has been furnished to NCRB by Chhattisgarh state in 2012. Therefore, comparatively there may be difference in the old
published data of some of the crime heads in regards of these years.
8. Revised data for 2011 has been furnished by Jammu & Kashmir state for Sati Prevention Act after publication of the report. Hence, the data of 2011
may have variation in this report of column 8 for 2011.
9. @ Rate of crime has been worked out using female population (mid-year estimated / actual census) of the respective years.
13
Annexure-IV
Number of Complaints Received By Police & Cases Registered Under IPC & SLL During 2013
Sl. No.
State/UT
Category of Complaints Received No. of cases registered under Total