CREST.BD's Stigma123 Webinar Slides #2 - Social Stigma

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Social Stigma

Stigma

Social Stigma

Social Stigma (aka personal stigma, public stigma): Describes the phenomenon of social groups endorsing stereotypes about and acting against a stigmatized group.

Note: The experience of social stigma has been shown to lead to the development of self-stigma (Vogel et al., 2013).

Stigma

Psychiatric Stigma

Recently, a news agency conducted a large-scale stigma-based survey and found the following (see Goodwin, 2014):

• 33% would not be interested in being friends with someone who had mental health issues.

• 20% thought that mental illness was associated with lower intelligence.• 62% would not hire someone with a history of mental illness.• 42% thought that seeking help for mental illness was a sign of weakness.

Stigma

Why It Matters: Some Examples

The negative effects of stigma can outweigh the negative effects of the mental disorder itself (see Hinshaw & Stier, 2008).

Stigma

Why It Matters: Some Examples

The negative effects of stigma can outweigh the negative effects of the mental disorder itself (see Hinshaw & Stier, 2008).

When a person thinks they are interacting with someone who has a mental illness, they “behave in a wary and even punitive fashion” (Hinshaw & Stier, 2008).

Stigma

Some of My Day-to-Day Experiences

Stigma

Why Does Stigma Exist?

Several theories exist:

1. Evolutionary Theories. 2. Social Psychological Theories.3. Terror Management Theory.4. Perceptions of Dangerousness. Media portrayals of individuals with a mental illness emphasize a high potential for violence.

Stigma

Why Does Stigma Exist?

Several theories exist:

1. Evolutionary Theories. 2. Social Psychological Theories.3. Terror Management Theory.4. Perceptions of Dangerousness. Media portrayals of individuals with a mental illness emphasize a high potential for violence.

Yet, in reality, persons with mental illness are far more likely to be the victims (even more so than non-mentally-ill individuals), rather than the perpetrators, of violent crime (see Hinshaw & Stier, 2008).

Stigma

Current Public Attitudes

from Barry et al., 2014

Stigma

Reducing Stigma

from Arboleda-Florez et al., 2012

Stigma

Reducing Social Stigma

The following interventions have been shown to be effective (see Griffiths et al., 2014; Livingston et al., 2011):

1. Certain educational interventions (e.g., communicating positive stories of people with mental illness).2. Interventions that incorporate consumer contact.

In general, internet programs are at least as good as face-to-face interventions (see Griffiths et al., 2014).

Stigma

Reducing Social Stigma

The following interventions have been shown to be effective (see Griffiths et al., 2014; Livingston et al., 2011):

1. Certain educational interventions (e.g., communicating positive stories of people with mental illness).2. Interventions that incorporate consumer contact.

In general, internet programs are at least as good as face-to-face interventions (see Griffiths et al., 2014).

The following interventions have been shown not to be effective (see Ando et al., 2011):

1. Simulation of mental illness (e.g., simulation of hallucinations).2. Educational interventions that focus on ‘medicalizing’ mental illness.

Unless indicated otherwise (via a link from the image or text or via a textual reference), some of the materials presented in these slides were obtained from, or informed by, the following sources:

1. Griffiths, K. M., Carron-Arthur, B., Parsons, A., Reid, R. (2014). Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry, 13, 161-175.

2. Goodwin, J. (2014). The horror of stigma: Psychosis and mental health care environments in twenty-first-century horror film (Part I). Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 50, 201-209.

3. Goodwin, J. (2014). The horror of stigma: Psychosis and mental health care environments in twenty-first-century horror film (Part II). Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 50, 224-234.

4. Lam, T. P., & Sun, K. S. (2014). Stigmatizing opinions of chinese toward different types of mental illnesses: A qualitative study in Hong Kong. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 8, 217-228.

References

5. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Ruusch, N., Brown, J. S. L., & Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45, 11-27.

6. Livingston, J. D., Milne, T., Fang, M. L., & Amari, E. (2011). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: A systematic review. Addiction, 107, 39-50.

7. Ando, S., Clement, S., Barley, E. A., & Thornicroft, G. (2011). The simulation of hallucinations to reduce the stigma of schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 133, 8-16.

8. Arbodela-Florez, J., & Stuart, H. (2012). From sin to science: Fighting the stigmatization of mental illnesses. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 457-463.

9. Barry, C. L., McGinty, E. E., Pescosolido, B. A., & Goldman, H. H. (2014). Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: Public views about drug addiction and mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 65, 1269-1272.

References

10. Hinshaw, S. P., & Stier, A. (2008). Stigma as related to mental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 367-393.

11. Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H., & Wade, N. G. (2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 311-316.

References