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1 Discussion Highlights
• History of LED Adoption for General
Illumination
• LED and Color Basics
• LED Performance Evolution
– Value Expansion
– Higher Wattage Replacement/Upgrades
– Solution Platforms Optimization
• Color Performance Value
• Sports Lighting Examples
• High Output Adaptive Roadway Lighting
• Airport Apron Lighting Case Study
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Source:
Solid-State Lighting R&D Plan
June 2016
LED Market Penetration
If all applications switched
“overnight” to the best-available
LED Products in 2015…(it)
would result in an annual
energy cost savings of about
$50 billion.
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4 LED Market Penetration
Source:
Solid-State Lighting R&D Plan
June 2016
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White Light for General Illumination
Creating White Light
WHITE LIGHT
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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
Epitaxial Layer
Substrate
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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
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Blue + Phosphor Generating White Light with LEDs
Phosphor
Blue LED
LED Package
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RALPH C. TUTTLE
Substrate
Phosphor
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RALPH C. TUTTLE
Substrate
Phosphor
Blue photons emitted from the LED chip strike phosphor particles and are down
converted to longer wavelengths.
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13 CIE 1931 Color Space
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Blue + Yellow Phosphor
Blue Peak
Yellow Phosphor
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Phosphor Converted LEDs
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16 Approximate Stokes Loss Improvements
2008 to Present
CCT 2008
5700k 1.00
4000k 0.71
3000k 0.42
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17 Approximate Stokes Loss Improvements
2008 to Present
CCT 2008 2012 2016
5700k 1.00 1.00 1.00
4000k 0.71 0.94 0.98
3000k 0.42 0.77 0.83
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Precise Color Tuning
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19 Precise Color Tuning
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22 Area Lighting Example 2007
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23 Area Lighting Example 2007
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• Meeting the Illumination Performance Requirements
• Meeting the Economic Performance Requirements
Evaluating the Viability of LED Solutions
Justification Based on 2 Major Criteria
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The Value of Lighting Design
Requires Complete and Comprehensive
Product Performance Data!!!
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Meeting the Illumination
Performance Requirements
IESNA Recommended Practices
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Compared to Today…
(2007)
5 Year Warranty
53% Energy Savings
53W
82% Energy Savings
80% Price Reduction vs 2007 Product
10 Year Warranty
Area Lighting Example
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Packaged LED Value Evolution
$/lm
, n
orm
alize
d
(Co
ol W
hite
)
Annual Improvement in $/lm @
100 LPW 43% 45% 35% 29% 45% 40% 27%
Eff
ica
cy (
LP
W)
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Different Die and Package, Same Performance
96% Reduction in Size (volume)
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‣Myth: LEDs do not produce heat… [not exactly].
>60%
<40%
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31 Thermal Management Value Opportunities
Have Changed
Extruded Aluminum Thermal Conductivity = ~250 W/m-K
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More Light…
Less Heat…
More Cost???
More LEDs With Same Total Power…
Thermal Management
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Looking Back…
Outdoor HID Luminaire Technology
– Optical Distribution Choices for a Given Luminaire Configuration
• ~ 1 – 5
– Lumen Maintenance
• Fixed Value (common rules… generally)
– Hours/Start
– Power Supply
– Rated Lamp Life
– Lamp Choices 70W, 100W, 175W, 250W, 400W, Etc…
– Large Increments of Luminous Intensity & Associated Energy Consumption
Example:
Lamp Service Requirements
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34 New Possibilities With LED Luminaire Technology
Application “Fine Tuning”
• Many More Optical Distribution Choice Possibilities
• More/Smaller Luminous Intensity Increments
– Number of LEDs
– Power vs. Output Options
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High Output High Bay Upgrade Opportunities
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BEFORE: 1000W MH (1080W) AFTER: 240W X 2 (TWIN Mount)
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High ceiling, high ambient applications now possible – up to 149 0F (65 0C)
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LED Metal Halide
830W 3,070W
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Daylight at Night?
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The Value of Exceptional Color Quality
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Metal Halide 4000K ~65 CRI
R9 <0
LED 5000K 90+ CRI
R9 50+
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Published in March 2015 Collaborative paper between CLTC, University of British Columbia and the National Research Council of Canada.
High Color Rendering Can Enable Better Vision
without Requiring More Power
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47 High-mast Applications
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48 Lowering Devices… Obsolete???
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Countless Lamp Service Incidents
Eliminated
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37 Minute Delay $$$
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1 for 2 Luminaire Reduction
85% Energy reduction
Color Temperature Tuning (Basketball vs Hockey)
DMX Control for “Dynamic Fan Experience”
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CONFIDENTIAL - Cree Proprietary
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CONFIDENTIAL - Cree Proprietary
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CONFIDENTIAL - Cree Proprietary
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5700K
70CRI
5000K
90CRI
Tennis Court Applications
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Before
After 1 for 1 luminaire replacement
Area Lighting
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61 Street and Roadway Lighting
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62 Area Lighting
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Before (HID)
19.1kW
After (LED)
6.5kW
Area Lighting
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Existing 1000W HPS (40’ Poles) Converted to High Output LED Solution
>80% Energy Reduction
Area Lighting – 1000W Replacement (1 for
2)
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65 What’s the Right Color?
Trends Towards Lower CCT in Outdoor Products
• DOE CALiPER
– Trends towards lower CCT in Area/Roadway, Canopy, and Garage luminaires
• International Dark Sky
– Fixture Seal of Approval (FSA) Program requires luminaire to have a listed CCT
of 3000K or below.
• Customer Preference
– Shown in studies and request for proposals: Tucson, AZ (<3500K); Oceanside,
CA (3000K); Stanford University (2700K)
• Less Perceived Glare
– Studies show warmer CCT light sources showed less perceived glare (from a
visual comfort/discomfort perspective).
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67 Light at Night From Nature
Fire Light to Moonlight
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68 Color Temperature of the Moon
~4100 Kelvin
Warmer
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69 Outdoor Residential Lighting
Preferred Choices
“Select a color temperature that complements the environment”
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70 Object Detection Distance Example
• 250W and 400W HPS Baseline
• 3500K, 4200K, and 5000K LED
HPS HPS LED LED LED 4100K LED
Credit: Virginia Tech Transportation Institute
Is 4000K the “Sweet Spot”?
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71 Data Requirements
– Crash Data
• Crash locations
• Time of day
• Contributing factors and potential causes
• Traffic Volume - Hourly
– Roadway Design Data
• The presence of curves, intersections, parking, pedestrians and presence of
other safety systems
– Lighting Design Data
• Includes:
– Luminaire type (Intensity Distribution Type not manufacturer)
– Luminaire installation criteria
– Design layout
– Predicted luminance and illuminance from the design
– Maintenance records
– Costs
– Lighting Performance Data
• In-situ data collection
• Measured with the RLMMS Credit: Virginia Tech Transportation Institute
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72 Current IES – Adaptive Possibilities
IES RP-8 Criteria Selected Street
Classification
Selected Pedestrian Classification
Average Luminance
(cd/m2)* Evening Late Night
Major
High 1.2
Medium 0.9
Low 0.6
Collector
High 0.8 0.8
Medium 0.6
Low 0.4 0.4
Minor
High 0.6
Medium 0.5
Low 0.3
Credit: Virginia Tech Transportation Institute
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Airport Apron Lighting LED Upgrade
Case Study
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74 Existing Challenges
• Excessive Maintenance Costs and Disruption
• Slips and Falls
• Pilots Complaining About Glare
• Poor Color Quality/Visual Acuity
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75 Existing Solution
1000W HPS (4 Per Pole)
~4400 Watts Per Pole
Luminaire Mounting Heights Range From 25’ to 84’
Average Pole Spacing is ~180’
Poles are Located at the Perimeter of the Apron Area
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76 Airfreight Apron Lighting Design and Installation Activity
• Site Assessment/Review
– Vehicle and Pedestrian Activity
– Existing Illumination Conditions
• Lighting Design Mission
– Segregate the Space Based on Activity and Best Practices
– Educate and Engage the Customer in the Design Process
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77 Airfreight Apron Lighting Design and Installation Activity
• Develop Recommended Solutions and ROI Data
– Use IES Recommended Practices
• Recommended Solutions Shall Exceed IES
Minimum Requirements
• Demonstrate the Value of Improved Color Quality
• Mock-Up and “Fine Tuning”
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78 Apron Lighting Activity Areas
• Cargo Handling and Service Areas
• Vehicular/Pedestrian Areas
• Aircraft Taxiway
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Goal:
“Right-size” the Delivered Illumination Performance…
Become the Customer’s Trusted Lighting
Advisor…
Lighting Design and Demonstration Processes Will Prove
to be the Highest Value Elements of the Final Solution
Apron Lighting Activity Areas
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80 Apron Area Plan View
Light Poles Positioned at Apron Perimeter
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81 Cargo Handling and
Service Areas
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82 Motor Vehicle and
Pedestrian Activity Areas
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83 Aircraft Apron Taxiway
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86 Initial Mockup/Experiment
Discussion
• Minimize both Capital and Operating Expense
– Reduce Luminaire Count, Where Possible
– Reduce Energy Consumption Significantly (> 50%???)
• Specify Luminaire Aiming Angles That Maximize Pilot Visual
Comfort
• Specify Luminaire Aiming Angles That are as Common &
Consistent as Possible (i.e. Same Pitch and Yaw Angle Relative
to a Given Datum)
– Easy to verify
– Contributes to Highest Probability of Accurate Design to
Field Measurement Correlation Accuracy
• Focus on the Three Application Categories Identified
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HID Floodlight Examples
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Example: Managing Spill Light Above the Main Beam
Symmetric (Above and Below Main Beam)
LED Floodlight Solution
Significant Light Above Horizontal
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Example: Managing Spill Light Above the Main Beam
Significantly Less Light Above Horizontal
Asymmetric (Above and Below Main Beam)
LED Floodlight Solution
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Axially Symmetric LED Floodlight Solution
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Narrow Vertical / Wide Lateral With
Sharp Cutoff Above Main Beam
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Mockup Results
• Illumination Performance
– Significantly Increased Vertical and Horizontal Illuminance
Performance at the Aircraft Cargo Handling and Service
Areas
– Improved Horizontal Illuminance Values and performance
(max/min, etc…) values at the Motor Vehicle and Pedestrian
Activity Areas
– Equal to Slightly Improved Horizontal Illuminance Values and
performance (max/min, etc…) at the Aircraft Taxiway
– 62% Energy Savings
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Exterior to Cargo Bay
Illuminance and
Color Quality
Variance
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Customer Feedback/Comments
The cargo handling & service areas and the pedestrian & motor
vehicle areas look great…
The aircraft taxiway looks dark…
WHY???
Customer Request:
Can you adjust the lights to make everything look
“more even”?
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97 Final Result – Looking Out
Toward Runway
Out Toward Runway
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Final Results and Lessons Learned
Highest Value Elements of the Process
– Lighting Design
• Optical Accuracy Never Before Possible With Incumbent Light
Source Technologies
– Involving the “Users of the Lighting” in the Testing,
Evaluation and Final Recommendations
– Simple Control Technologies Can Contribute, Substantially,
to Overall Value
• Continuous and/or Step Dimming
• Networked Control Systems
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– Field Measurements are Difficult
• Having the Appropriate Measuring Equipment and Skilled
Practitioners is of Vital Importance
– Non-Uniform Distribution of Light is Not Generally Accepted
as Better
• Increasing the Illuminance in Some Areas Make the Other Areas
Look “Even Darker”
• Our Eyes are “Terrible” Absolute Measurement Devices…
But Excellent Comparative Devices…
– The Experience of Higher Color Quality Performance
Plays a Major Role the Perception of Better Light
Final Results and Lessons Learned
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Thank You for Your
Time and Attention
Eric Haugaard
Director of Product Technology
Cree LED Lighting
[email protected]