Creating a Sustainable Biofuels · PDF fileCreating a Sustainable Biofuels Future ... Biofuels Sustainability Technology Efficiency ... tthL dM f llons per ac 0 100
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Creating a SustainableCreating a SustainablegBiofuels Future
Global energy demand is expected to grow at CAGR 1.6%.
−Primary Energy diversity will become increasingly important over this period with coal, natural gas & renewables playing bigger roles.
Fossil fuels are expected to supply 83% of energy and 95% of liquid transportation needsBiofuels are expected to grow atBiofuels are expected to grow at 8-12%/year to ~2.0 MBPD
Key: Overlaying Sustainability Criteria on Alternatives (GHG water etc )
Source: IEA, 2008
Alternatives (GHG, water etc.)
Petroleum Refining ContextRefining: ~100 years~750 refineries~85M BBL of crude
Fuel Gas
GasolineJet
LPG S l tFuels
R f tH2
H2
H
Etherification
Gas ProcessingUnit
Light Ends
Light NaphthaIsomerate
LPG
Sulfur Plant Sulfur
Iso-octaneProduction
Iso-octane
Crude Oil
Butane-Butylene
Alcohol Isobutane
Butane
Alkylation
Alkylate
Flue Gas
Isomerization
~85M BBL of crude refined daily~50M BBL transport fuelsng
Ble
ndin
g
Diesels
HeatingOils
Geases
Fuel Oil
LPG Solvents
Light DistillateHydrotreating
Heavy DistillateHydrotreating
NaphthaHydrotreating
Light OlefinsProduction
AromaticsProduction BTXH2
H
Distillates
Reformate
Diesel and Heating Oil
Crud
e Oil D
istilla
tion
(Top
ping
)
Heavy Distillate
Light Distillates
H2
Naphtha
H2 CatalyticReforming
H2
Crude Treating& Desalting
Latest RefiningTechnology
Development & Licensing
Complex but efficient conversion processes Pr
oduc
t Tre
atin
Lube OilsLube Oil
ProductionSolventExtraction &
Gas OilHydrotreating
H2
H2
Vacu
um D
istilla
tion
Gas Oil
Lube Oils
Kerosene and Jet Fuels
Diesel and Heating Oils
Gasoline, Naphtha, Middle Distillates, Gasoline
GasolineFluid CatalyticCracking
Hydrocracking
AtmosphericGas Oil
Feedstock provider to the global petrochemical industry
Asphalts
Natural Gas Natural Gas, Fuel Oil
Extraction &Deasphalting
VisbreakingVacuum Resid
Diesel
Heavy Fuel OilAsphalt
Syngas/Steam
ElectricityCoke
Gasification
Coking
industryEstablished infrastructure for blending, distribution
Hydrogen Production/Purification/Recovery
Gas-to-Liquids
Fuel, Wax H2
Plant Upgrades& Revamps
Plant Maintenance/
Reliability/Safety
EnergyConservation &
Management(Power
Production)
EnvironmentalControls
blending, distribution and traded globallyMassive Scale
Technology Evolution Expected
Our Biofuels Vision• Produce real “drop-in” fuels• Leverage existing refining/ transportation infrastructure to lower capital
costs, minimize value chain disruptions, and reduce investment risk• Focus on path toward second generation feedstocks
Oxygenated Biofuels Hydrocarbon Biofuels
BiodieselEthanol JetDiesel Gasoline
“Other” Oils: Camelina, Jatropha, Halophytes
Second Generation
FirstGeneration
Lignocellulosic bi
GenerationGeneration
Natural oils biomass,algal oils
Natural oils(vegetables, greases)
Getting There
Life CyclesLife CyclesLignocellulosicLignocellulosicCostCost
• Current markets Northwest US and Southern Canada
• Wide-spread acreage as rotation crop• > 200 million gallons by 2012 in the USg y
Low input oil seed crop (member of mustard family)Rotation crop with wheat
Future Camelina Market
Can grow on marginal landCost: $0.40-$0.70 per gallon less than soybean and palm oilNative to Northern EuropeNative to Northern EuropeMore than 3,000 years old: used as lamp oil in Greece and Rome
Alternative Biofuel Crops
Castor
PongamiaPongamia
LesquerellaLesquerella EuphorbiaEuphorbia
CrambeOiticiaOiticia
Crambe
One crop does not fit every location, but there is at least one crop for every locationone crop for every location
CropOil Year
(gal/acre/year)Cultivation(M Acres) Advantages as Oil Crop
Pongamia 500 Not characterized
Leguminous plant that does not require nitrogen fertilizer. Integrates well with other land usage such as grazing.
Oiticia (Licania) 88 16 Widely cultivated in Brazil for biodiesel. More saturated fatty acidsOiticia (Licania) 88 16 Widely cultivated in Brazil for biodiesel. More saturated fatty acids than many other natural oils.
Euphorbia (gopher sponge)
53 26 Produces oil both in seed and as latex in leaves & stem, non-edible, toxic
Castor Bean 42 32 No-edible oil due to toxins, oil mainly used for industrial purposes. Non-edible
Lesquerella 23 61 Grows naturally in arid and semi-arid landscapes and is native to areas in the southwest United States and Mexico. Similar oil to castor but no toxins. Low maintenance crop. Non-edible
Crambe 19 74 High C22 content in oil. Non-edible
Biofuels Overview: Technology PathwaysF d t k P d
Fermentation
C6 Sugars
Dehydration
Feedstocks Products
Distiller’s Grain
EthanolSugars
= UOP Areas
Enzyme Conversion
Acid or Enzyme Hydrolysis
CO2
Distiller s Grain
Starches
G
C5 / C6Sugars Renewable
Energy
Pyrolysis/ThermalDepolymerization
Lights
Direct Conversion
H2O
Hydrotreating
FischerTropsch
-
GreenGasoline
Lignin, Cellulose& Hemicellulose
Gasification
FCC
p
Alcohol Synthesis
Natural Oils
GreenDiesel/Jet
Transesterification
Hydrotreating Glycerine
FAME or FAEE
Co-Feed2nd Gen Feeds(Jatropha,
Camelina & Algal)
Current biofuel market based on sugars & oils. Use bridging feedstocks to get to 2nd Generation Feeds:
Algae & Lignocellulosics
FAEE
UOP Renewable Diesel & Jet Processes• Fuels use existing infrastructure, can be
DARPA Project PartnersFuels use existing infrastructure, can be transported via pipeline, and can be used in existing automotive and aviation fleet
• Diesel Fuel–Excellent blending component, enabling g p , g
expansion of diesel pool by mixing in “bottoms”
• Jet Fuel–Initially a DARPA-funded project to develop
h l d ili j
Commercial Airline Partners
process technology to produce military jet fuel (JP-8) from renewable sources
–Extended to commercial aviation in collaboration with Boeing
Summary• Renewables are going to make up an increasing share of
the energy pool- Fungible biofuels are here
E ti l t l t i bilit it i (GHG t )- Essential to overlay sustainability criteria (GHG, water)• Feedstock availability is an important enabler
- First generation biofuels, though raw material limited, are an important first step to creating a biofuels infrastructure Bridgingimportant first step to creating a biofuels infrastructure. Bridging feedstocks are key
- Second generation feedstocks, cellulosic waste and algal oils, are on the horizonDi f d t k i iti ti bli i l t i bl- Diverse feedstock initiatives are enabling regional sustainable solutions
• Important to promote technology neutral and performance based standardsand performance based standards and directives to avoid standardization on old technology.
Portfolio of OptionsEnabled by a Robust Supply Chain
Portfolio of OptionsEnabled by a Robust Supply Chain