Creating a Nation. Journal Write What were the Articles of Confederation? What were the accomplishments under the Articles of Confederation? What were.

Creating a Nation

Journal Write What were the Articles of Confederation? What were the accomplishments under the Articles of Confederation? What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? What is a constitution? What is the U.S. Bill of Rights?

The Articles of Confederation Government Congress had sole authority to regulate foreign affairs, declare war, manage post office, administer relations with Indians outside state boundaries. Could not levy taxes or raise troops. Ratified in 1781. Accomplishments Land Ordinance of 1785 Land Ordinance of 1787

Shays Rebellion Economic depression following the American Revolution. Farmers in Western Massachusetts were having to borrow money just to pay their taxes and feed their families. Farmers were losing their farms to foreclosure and being sent to debtors prison due to high taxes. A group of angry farmers shut down the courts that were issuing writs of foreclosure. Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays began to lead group of other debtors and veterans toward the federal arsenal at Springfield, MA. Articles of Confederation government did not have a military to deal with the Shaysites; wealthy businessmen hired a mercenary army. Defenders of arsenal fired on Shaysites, killing four. Within months, rebellion over, legislature pardoned all but Shays and three others they too were forgiven one year later. Showed that many felt betrayed by the Revolutions promise of equal rights and angered by unresponsive governments. Others feared the lack of control of the Articles of Confederation government.

Good God! Notwithstanding the boasted virtue of America, we are far gone in every thing that is ignoble and bad. George Washington

Toward a New National Government The Rise of Federalism many people believed the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised, wanted a stronger national government. The Annapolis Conference - delegates from five states got together to discuss interstate commerce and conflicts. It was decided that the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised.

The Grand Convention May September, 1787 delegates from every state except Rhode Island gathered in Philadelphia. They met in Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence had been proclaimed little more than a decade earlier. George Washington elected president of the Convention. James Madison proposed the Virginia Plan two house legislature with representation based on population for both. The New Jersey Plan Retain Articles of Confederation as basis of government, but gave Congress power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. Each state would have one vote in Congress. A vote of 7 to 3 decided that the Virginia Plan would be the basis for further discussion. The Articles of Confederation would be set aside for a much stronger national government.

Divisive Issues On several occasions, it seemed the convention would collapse under disagreements and summer heat. Divisive Issues Large v. Small State Interests Balance of power between national and state governments. Strong executive that didnt infringe upon civil liberties. Slavery Fugitive Slave Clause No person held to service or labour in one state,...[and] escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law... Therein, be discharged from such service, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. Benjamin Franklin, 81 years old, brought reason and compromise to the convention.

Miracle at Philadelphia When the delegates emerged in 1787 they had written a new constitution. They proposed a strong central government made up of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial; each would be perpetually restrained by a sophisticated set of checks and balances. They reached compromises on the issue of slavery that left its final resolution to future generations. As for ratification, they devised a procedure that maximized the odds: the Constitution would be enacted when it was ratified by nine, not thirteen, states. The Framers knew they had not created a perfect plan, but it could be revised. The Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times and stands today as the longest-lasting written constitution in the world.

The Compromises The Great Compromise Bicameral (Two-House) Legislature Lower house membership dependent on population. (House of Representatives) Upper house included two delegates from each state. (Senate) Three-Fifths Compromise 60% of slaves counted for representation and taxation; no Congressional interference with slavery for 20 years. Non-slavery states wanted slaves counted for taxation, but not representation and wanted an end to the importation of slaves. Slave states wanted slaves counted for representation, but not taxation and no interference with slave trade by the federal government.

Ratification Because of fear of opposition from the states only 9 of the 13 were needed for the Constitution to take effect. Because of opposition from state legislatures, conventions elected by the people were given authority to approve or reject the Constitution. Federalists v. Antifederalists Some suggested a bill of rights to guarantee the rights of the people. Federalist Papers most influential political literature of the time, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Argued in favor of ratification of the Constitution. Argued that limitations on governmental power were built into the Constitution, thus a bill of rights was unnecessary. Argued that a strong and effective central government was needed to earn respect and credit abroad.

Federalists v. Antifederalists Federalists supporters of a stronger national government. Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Jay, Franklin Most federalists were wealthy and well-educated wanted a more powerful national government that they would control. Antifederalists opponents of a stronger national government. Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry Most Antifederalists were farmers who were loyal primarily to their state governments they feared taxation power of a federal government and believed that a republican government could not rule a large nation.

The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the constitution that guarantees specific liberties to U.S. citizens. The inclusion of the Bill of Rights helped persuade opponents to ratify the Constitution. What rights of yours are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?

Political Systems of the World, 1787

George Washington First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen. General of Continental Army Two terms as President. The Washington Administration Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton In his farewell address, Washington warned against foreign alliances and party politics.

The Whiskey Rebellion Tax on distilled liquors, 1791 Showed federal governments willingness to tax people to raise revenue. Farmers in Pennsylvania really hurt by tax. Farmers rebelled violently. Washington and Hamilton used American troops against their own citizens. 20 prisoners taken, 2 convicted of high treason and sentenced to death Washington later pardoned both. Some believed the government reacted tyrannically, others feared the disorder and felt that such a strong response was necessary. Furthered the split between the federalists led by Hamilton and the Jeffersonians.

The National Bank In 1791 Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton proposed a national bank to strengthen the American economy and gain credit in the world. Was a National Bank Constitutional? Secretary of State Jefferson said No. The Constitution specifically lists the governments powers. Chartering a bank, he said, isnt on the list. Hamilton said Yes. The Constitution lets the government pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out its duties. Creating a bank, he argued, is simply a means to an end. President Washington agreed with Hamilton; the Bank of the United States opened in 1797.

A government ought to contain in itself every power requisite to the full accomplishment of the objects committed to its care, and to the complete execution of the trusts for which it is responsible, free from every other control, but a regard to the public good and to the sense of the people. Alexander Hamilton I own I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. Thomas Jefferson

Federalists v. Jeffersonian Republicans Washingtons Resignation Election of 1796 Jefferson v. Adams Adams became president Alien and Sedition Acts Revolution of 1800 Jefferson became President

Alien Acts Sedition Act Fines and imprisonment awaited anyone in opposition to any measure or measure of the government and those who dared to write, print, utter, or publish... Any false, scandalous, and malicious writing bringing the government, Congress, or the president into disrepute.

The first of the laws was the Naturalization Act, passed by Congress on June 18. This act required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for U.S. citizenship. Congress then passed the Alien Act on June 25, authorizing the President to deport aliens "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" during peacetime. The third law, the Alien Enemies Act, was enacted by Congress on July 6. This act allowed the wartime arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject to an enemy power. The last of the laws, the Sedition Act, passed on July 14 declared that any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a high misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. By virtue of this legislation twenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down.

To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress is to take possession of a boundless field of power. Thomas Jefferson The powers contained in a constitutionought to be construed liberally in advancement of the public good. Alexander Hamilton

Jeffersons Vision An agrarian nation. The Louisiana Purchase 828,000 square miles, $15 million Lewis and Clark Expedition Sacagawea Let the land rejoice, for you have bought Louisiana for a song. - Horatio Gates

Troubles for the Jefferson Administration The Embargo Act The French Revolution

The Road to the War of 1812 War between France and Britain resumed, they began harassing American ships to prevent goods from being delivered to one another. Impressment Leopard v. Chesapeake British soldiers still in western outposts. British encouraging Indian raids in west. British attacking American ships and commerce. James Madison asked congress for declaration of war. War Hawks Southern and Western states. Doves New England and Middle States. Hartford Convention

War of 1812 Americans raided British in Canada. British set up naval blockade and attacked East Coast. Burned Capitol building and Presidents Mansion (called White House after it was repaired and whitewashed.) British, busy dealing with Napoleon in Europe, ready to seek peace.

The End of the War of 1812 The Second War of American Independence Fighting declared over, but issues not resolved. Andrew Jackson a national hero. U.S. turned to internal development, would not be drawn into another European war until 20 th century. Era of Good Feeling

Creating a Nation. Journal Write What were the Articles of Confederation? What were the accomplishments under the Articles of Confederation? What were.

Documents

nation slide

george washington slide

basis of government

new national government

stronger national government

state governments

state boundaries

congress power