Creating a Japanese Feudal Village Your roles (circle below): • Market (food) o Fisherman o Farmer o Merchant • Market (Imports and Luxury goods) o Tailor o Artisan o Merchant • Zen Buddhist Monastery o Head Priest o Buddhist Monk o Shinto During group presentation, complete the following chart to indicate how each of the following aspects of Japanese society contribute tot the thematic development of Japanese civilization: Family Relations and Gender Roles State Building and Conflict Development and Interaction of Economic Systems Market (Food) Market (Goods) Zen Buddhist Monastery Women’s Club Shogun’s Palace Samurai School • Women’s Tea House o Geisha o Female peasant o Samurai’s wife • Shogun’s palace o Shogun o Daimyo o Emperor • Samurai School o Specializing in combat o Specializing in The Code of Bushido o Specializing in dress
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Creating a Japanese Feudal Village · Creating a Japanese Feudal Village Your roles (circle below): • Market (food) o Fisherman o Farmer o Merchant • Market (Imports and Luxury
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Creating a Japanese Feudal Village
Your roles (circle below):
• Market (food)
o Fisherman
o Farmer
o Merchant
• Market (Imports and Luxury goods)
o Tailor
o Artisan
o Merchant
• Zen Buddhist Monastery
o Head Priest
o Buddhist Monk
o Shinto
During group presentation, complete the following chart to indicate how each of the following
aspects of Japanese society contribute tot the thematic development of Japanese civilization:
Family Relations and Gender
Roles State Building and Conflict
Development and Interaction
of Economic Systems
Market
(Food)
Market
(Goods)
Zen
Buddhist
Monastery
Women’s
Club
Shogun’s
Palace
Samurai
School
• Women’s Tea House
o Geisha
o Female peasant
o Samurai’s wife
• Shogun’s palace
o Shogun
o Daimyo
o Emperor
• Samurai School
o Specializing in combat
o Specializing in The Code of Bushido
o Specializing in dress
FOOD GLOSSARY Abura-age Fried bean curd Awabi Abalone Azuki Red beans Daikon Giant radish Daizu Soya Ebi Shrimp Genmai Unhusked brown rice Ginnan Gingko nut Hasu Lotus root Kaki Oyster Katsuobushi Dried bonito Koi Carp Kombu Kelp Kuri Chestnuts Kyuri Cucumber Miso Fermented soybean and rice dish Misoshiro Bean paste soup Mochi Rice cake Negi Green onion Niboshi Dried sardines Sake Rice wine Sanhso Red pepper Sashimi Raw fish Shiitake Mushroom Shoga Ginger Takenoko Bamboo shoot Tempura Food dipped in batter and deep fried Thoyhu Sota sauce Tofu Soybean curd Tororo Yams Unagi Eel Wasabi Horse radish Zoni Rice cake soup
FARMERS
During the Tokugawa era, farmers were viewed as the foundation of Japan and granted a social
standing just below the samurai class. Yet the government made their lives oppressive and wretched.
To keep farmers in the fields and away from urban centers, government forces severely restricted
their ability to travel. Living under excruciating regulations, many farmers were taxed into poverty.
Though they grew rice (the currency of the day), they were unable to keep much. Instead they lived
meagerly on millet, wheat and barley. In certain areas the poverty was so intense that, after the birth
of the first son, families killed off all subsequent male children. Girls were welcomed since they could
be sold as servants or prostitutes. Farmers were only allowed to wear simple clothes—cotton kimonos,
loin cloths and straw sandals. Wealthy farmers sometimes wore an outer kimono with a design and
geta, thonged footwear.
COOKING IN JAPAN
The most popular foods in Edo were soba noodles (eaten standing at
portable road-side stands), sushi and tempura, which were
introduced by the Portuguese. Harvest from the sea was bountiful
including seaweed, fish, clams, shrimp, octopus, and whale meat.
Red meat was not part of the pre-modern Japanese diet, and did
not become popular until the Meiji Era.
Rice was a staple and considered a measure of wealth (samurai's
stipends were paid in rice). Rice cakes, wrapped in large leaves,
were a popular roadside treat. Samurai ate husked rice, while nobles
preferred polished rice. Though they grew rice, farmers generally ate
millet.
The most popular drink among the samurai was sake, a rice by-
product. Drinking was common among the samurai class, and
drunkenness was not frowned upon. It was sometimes considered
impolite not to get drunk at a drinking party.
AT MARKET
Street Vendors
To accomodate the growing traffic on the Tokaido Road during the 18th century, street vendors set
up portable stalls offering a variety of goods. Vendors called out to passing pedestrians, hoping to
catch their attention with distinctive sing-song phrases. Peddlers strolled through the crowds with
goods on their backs, selling things that a traveler might find useful such as straw hats, sandals, tea,
tobacco and old kimonos. At night, food stands were set up offering soba noodles, sushi and
tempura (particular favorites of the day). As the popularity of travel grew, guidebooks and prints
acted as travel guides for the literate populace.
Tea Sellers
Tea was brought to Japan from China by a returning Buddhist priest who had witnessed its meditative
values. Soon a favorite of the Japanese nobility, tea drinking soon spread from the court and
monasteries to all levels of Japanese society. Along the Tokaido Road's many government posts, tea
shops served travelers' needs much like highway rest stops today.
Most districts in the cities had an area of small restaurants and food stalls known as "chaya." Some of
these vendors served only tea, treating their customers to a simplified version of the tea ceremony,
while others were more like restaurants. During the Edo era, Japanese often ate their meals at tea
shops or other restaurants, since their homes were cramped with little cooking space. Also, because
of the humid climate, food spoiled quite easily and couldn't be stored for more than a day or two.
Book Sellers
During the Tokugawa Era, Japanese literacy was high, and townspeople especially enjoyed
illustrated storybooks. Private commercial publishers flourished, and bookstores—some of which
rented books to customers—spread in urban and rural communities. Though Portuguese missionaries
and Koreans introduced movable type to Japan during the 16th century, Japanese printers went
back to woodblock printing during the years of seclusion from the West. Typically, a page of text was
handwritten by a calligrapher, while an artist drew a design or illustration.
TOKUGAWAIEYASUON THESOCIALORDER
Note: Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) was the third of the three great unifiers of Japan and the
founder of the Tokugawa shogunate that ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. The establishment of a
stable national regime was a substantial achievement, as Japan had lacked effective and durable
central governance for well over a century prior to Ieyasu’s rise.
Once, Lord Tosho conversed with Honda, Governor Sado, on the subject of the emperor, the shogun,
and the farmer.” … the true master of the way of the warrior is one who maintains his martial
discipline even in times of peace. … the farmer’s toil is proverbial … he selects the seed from last fall’s
crop, and undergoes various hardships and anxieties through the heat of the summer until the seed
grows finally to a rice plant. … the rice then becomes the sustenance for the multitudes. … the
merchant facilitates the exchange of goods so that the people can cover their nakedness and keep
bodies warm. …
AT MARKET
Street Vendors
To accomodate the growing traffic on the Tokaido Road during the 18th century, street vendors set
up portable stalls offering a variety of goods. Vendors called out to passing pedestrians, hoping to
catch their attention with distinctive sing-song phrases. Peddlers strolled through the crowds with
goods on their backs, selling things that a traveler might find useful such as straw hats, sandals, tea,
tobacco and old kimonos. At night, food stands were set up offering soba noodles, sushi and
tempura (particular favorites of the day). As the popularity of travel grew, guidebooks and prints
acted as travel guides for the literate populace.
Tea Sellers
Tea was brought to Japan from China by a returning Buddhist priest who had witnessed its meditative
values. Soon a favorite of the Japanese nobility, tea drinking soon spread from the court and
monasteries to all levels of Japanese society. Along the Tokaido Road's many government posts, tea
shops served travelers' needs much like highway rest stops today.
Most districts in the cities had an area of small restaurants and food stalls known as "chaya." Some of
these vendors served only tea, treating their customers to a simplified version of the tea ceremony,
while others were more like restaurants.
During the Edo era, Japanese often ate their meals at tea shops or other restaurants, since their
homes were cramped with little cooking space. Also, because of the humid climate, food spoiled
quite easily and couldn't be stored for more than a day or two.
Book Sellers
During the Tokugawa Era, Japanese literacy was high, and townspeople especially enjoyed
illustrated storybooks. Private commercial publishers flourished, and bookstores—some of which
rented books to customers—spread in urban and rural communities.
Though Portuguese missionaries and Koreans introduced movable type to Japan during the 16th
century, Japanese printers went back to woodblock printing during the years of seclusion from the
West. Typically, a page of text was handwritten by a calligrapher, while an artist drew a design or
illustration.
SAMURAI WARDROBE AND HAIR
Samurai warriors took great care styling their hair, which they pulled back
into a topknot called a "chomage." For battle, samurai warriors shaved the
tops of their heads, which reduced the heat under their heavy helmets,
and wore their hair straight on the sides. When not wearing helmets, they
pulled the side and back hair into a topknot.
A samurai's clothing style was very important and indicative of status.
Outlandish, colorful patterns were considered immodest and conceited.
Though samurai children dressed flamboyantly, they became more
subdued in appearance after their coming-of-age ceremony.
The samurai's everyday wear was a kimono, usually consisting of an outer
and inner layer. Normally made of silk, the quality of the kimono depended
on the samurai's income and status. Beneath the kimono, the warrior wore
a loincloth.
The samurai's swords were normally thrust through an "obi," a belt wrapped
around the waist, and were always worn on the left side. When indoors, the
samurai would remove his long sword, but he was always armed with some
form of weaponry.
Outside the home, the samurai wore a two-piece costume called a "kamishimo" over the kimono.
The upper piece was a sleeveless jacket with exaggerated shoulders. On the lower part of their body,
samurai wore wide flowing trousers called "hakama." When traveling, they would wear a long-
sleeved coat over the kimono.
A samurai going to town for pleasure would often hide his face with a hat (often one shaped like a
basket) to avoid being recognized just in case he was disobeying any rules.
ARTISANS
During the early years of the Tokugawa era, artisans provided services to inhabitants of the daimyo
castles throughout Japan. As the peace endured, cities sprang up around the castles, and with
them, an increasingly prosperous artisan and merchant class that supplied the burgeoning townsmen
(chonin). As community support for culture grew, the arts and entertainment flourished.
An early school of art to emerge in the Edo period was Ukiyo-e (pictures of the floating world), which
depicted landscapes and celebrated life in the entertainment centers. Ukiyo-e prints, albums, book
illustrations and greeting cards immortalized famous Kabuki actors and brothel beauties, and were
popular among the middle classes.
One of the most influential Ukiyo-e artists was Kitagawa Utamaro (1753 - 1806), known for his
woodblock depictions of beautiful women from Edo's pleasure quarters. In the early 1800s, Hokusai,
(1760 - 1849) a designer of book covers and billboards, became famous for his landscapes. His "Thirty-
Six Views of Mt. Fuji" includes "The Wave" (as it is known in the West), perhaps the most widely known
Ukiyo-e print in the world.
Ando Hiroshige (1797 -1858) infused woodblock printing with brush painting techniques. In 1832,
Hiroshige traveled from Edo to Kyoto on the Tokaido Road (major trading route in Japan, which
inspired his famous woodblock print series "Fifty-Three Stations of the Tokaido Road."
TRADITIONAL JAPANESE DRESS
Courtesean
The courtesan was not allowed to wear socks and went barefoot even in the
winter. Her feet were whitened with make-up and her toenails were rouged with
the juice of red flowers. Bare feet were considered sensual.
Daimyo
When not wearing battle armor, daimyo wore "eboshi" caps of black silk gauze
stiffened with a black lacquered paper lining. The cap was held in place either by
a white cord, or was pinned to the daimyo's topknot. The size and shape of the
cap largely depended on the samurai's rank, though by the 16th century the use
of eboshi was reserved for the most formal events. On such occasions, a page
carried the daimyo's sword. Daimyo frequently kept a simple folding fan tucked in
a belt wrapped around the waist.
Farmers
Farmers were only allowed to wear simple clothes—cotton kimonos, loin cloths and
straw sandals. Wealthy farmers sometimes wore an outer kimono with a design
and geta, thonged footwear.
Women
In the highly regulated society of the Tokugawa Shogunate, samurai women were allowed to wear
silk kimonos. Unmarried women and young girls wore long-sleeved kimonos called "furisode." Married
women blackened their teeth and wore the regular sleeve length (thus easily identifying their marital
status).
Before the Tokugawa era, the majority of women wore their hair long and straight. In the Edo period,
women experimented with more elaborate hairstyles; the most popular emphasized a rounded curve
of hair on the back of the head.
TOKUGAWAIEYASUON THESOCIALORDER
Note: Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) was the third of the three great unifiers of Japan and the
founder of the Tokugawa shogunate that ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. The establishment of a
stable national regime was a substantial achievement, as Japan had lacked effective and durable
central governance for well over a century prior to Ieyasu’s rise.
Once, Lord Tōshō [Ieyasu] conversed with Honda, Governor Sado, on the subject of the