Created by Mr. E. D, S.Pd, S.Si darma erick77@yahoo · PDF fileSkoliosis Kifosis Lordosis •An earthworm crawls by peristalsis 1 Longitudinal muscle relaxed (extended) 2 Circular

Created by

Mr. E. D, S.Pd, S.Si

[email protected]

• A balance of aerobic and anaerobic exercise increases

strength and endurance

Athletic training increases strength and endurance

• Body movement is a visible

reminder that function emerges

from structure

• An animal's nervous system

connects sensations derived

from environmental stimuli to

responses carried out by its

muscles

The structure-function theme underlies all the parts

and activities of an animal

Gerak pada Manusia

Rangka manusia

Rangka aksial Rangka apendikular

Tulang

tengkorakTulang

belakang

Tulang

dadaTulang

rusukTulang anggota

gerak atas

Tulang anggota

gerak bawah

• Memberi bentuk dan ukuran tubuh• Membentuk persendian yang berfungsi untukgerakan

• Tempat pelekatan otot• Bekerja sebagai pengungkit• Sebagai penyokong berat badan• Melindungi organ-organ seperti otak, sumsumtulang belakang, jantung, dan paru-paru

• Tempat pembentukan sel-sel darah dan sel-selimunitas (sumsum tulang)

• Penyimpan kalsium

Fungsi Rangka

Tulang

Bentuk tulang Jenis tulang

Tulang pipa Tulang pendek Tulang pipih Tulang rawan Tulang sejati

Tulang dahi

Tulang baji

Rahang atas

Rahang bawah

Tulang pipi

Tulang pelipis

Tulang ubun-ubun

Tulang

kepala

belakang

Tulang air mata

Tulang hidung

Tulang tengkorak manusia

Tulang atlas

7 ruas tulang leher

Tulang

kelangkang

Tulang ekor

5 ruas tulang pinggang

Tulang

kelangkang

dan tulang

ekor

12 ruas

tulang

punggung

Kepala

tulang

dada

Badan

tulang dada

Taju pedang

Tulang rusuk sejati

Tulang rusuk palsu

Tulang rusuk melayang

Tulang belakang manusia

Tulang dada dan tulang rusuk manusia

Tampak depan Tampak belakang

Tulang selangkaTulang selangka

Tulang belikatTulang belikat

Tulang bahu manusia

Tulang anggota gerak bawah

Tulang anggota gerak atas

Tulang lengan atas

Tulang pengumpilTulang hasta

Tulang pergelangan tangan

Tulang telapak tangan

Tulang jari tangan

Tulang paha

Tulang tempurung lutut

Tulang betis

Tulang kering

Tulang pergelangan kaki

Tulang telapak kaki

Tulang jari kaki

Tulang usus

Tulang duduk

Tulang

kemaluan

Asetabulum

Bentuk tulang pada manusia Bagian-bagian tulang pipa

Tulang pipa

Tulang pendek

Tulang tidak beraturan

Tulang pipih

Epifise

Metafise

Diafise

Epifise

Kanalikuli

Osteosit

Lakuna

Periosteum

Pembuluh darah

Tulang kompak

Periosteum

Tulang kompak

Tulang spons

Saluran Havers

Trabekula

Struktur tulang

Jenis Tulang

Tulang Sejati (Kompak)

Tulang Rawan (pada gb. Ini hialin)

Bagian-bagian persendian

Tulang yang membentuk persendian

Membran sinovial

Ligamen

Saluran Havers

Tulang rawan hialin

Periosteum

Persendian sinartrosisPersendian diartrosis

Sendi peluru

Sendi putar

Sendi pelana

Sendi engsel

Sendi luncur

• Movable joints provide flexibility

–Three kinds are found in the vertebrate skeleton

Head ofhumerus

Scapula

1 Ball-and-socket joint

Ulna

Humerus

2 Hinge joint

UlnaRadius

3 Pivot joint

Biceps contracted,triceps relaxed(extended)

Triceps

Tendon

Biceps

Triceps

Tricepscontracted,biceps relaxed

Biceps

Jenis Otot

Otot Rangka Otot Polos Otot Jantung

Bagian-bagian otot rangka

Origo dari ulang belikat

Origo dari tulang

belikat dan hasta

BisepTrisep

Tendon

Insersi di tulang pengumpil

Insersi di tulang hasta

Empal/ventrikel

• Sliding-

filament

model

A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across

thick filaments

Sarcomere

Dark band

Relaxedmuscle

Z Z

Contractingmuscle

Fully contractedmuscle

–Explains the molecular process of muscle contraction

ATP binds to myosin head, which is released

from an actin filament.

1

2

3

4

Hydrolysis of ATP cocks the myosin head.

The myosin head attaches to an actin binding

site.

The power stroke slides the actin (thin)

filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

Thick filament (myosin)

Thin filament

(actin)

Myosin

head

Z line

• Motor neurons carry action potentials that

initiate muscle contraction

• A motor unit consists of a neuron and all the

muscle fibers it controls

• The strength of a muscle contraction

depends on the number of motor units

activated

Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

Spinal cord

Motorunit 1

Motorunit 2

Nerve

Motor neuroncell body

Motor neuronaxon

Neuromuscularjunctions

Muscle

Tendon

Bone

Muscle fibers(cells)

Nuclei

Gangguan pada rangka

Fraktura Rakhitis

Tulang yang

mengalami osteoporosisTulang normal

Skoliosis Kifosis Lordosis

• An earthworm

crawls by

peristalsis

1

Longitudinalmusclerelaxed(extended)

2

Circularmusclecontracted

3

Bristles

Circularmusclerelaxed

Longitudinalmusclecontracted

Head

• Flying is the locomotion method of only a

few animal groups

–Birds, bats, some insects, and extinct reptiles

• Wings must develop enough lift to

completely overcome the downward pull of

gravity–Lift is generated by the airfoil structure of the

wing