ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petr Vanýsek There are three tables for this electrochemical series Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 29815 K (25 °C), and at a pressure of 101325 kPa (1 atm) Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements Thus, data for silver (Ag) precede those for aluminum (Al) Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions that have E° values posi- tive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 00000 V to + 34 V Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 00000 V to –410 V The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to oc- casional revisions Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2´-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline References 1 Milazzo, G, Caroli, S, and Sharma, V K Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978 2 Bard, A J, Parsons, R, and Jordan, J Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985 3 Bratsch, S G J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989 Reaction E°/V Ac 3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac –220 Ag + + e ⇌ Ag 07996 Ag 2+ + e ⇌ Ag + 1980 Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac) – 0643 AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br – 007133 AgBrO 3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO 3 – 0546 Ag 2 C 2 O 4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C 2 O 4 2– 04647 AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl – 022233 AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN – –0017 Ag 2 CO 3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO 3 2– 047 Ag 2 CrO 4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO 4 2– 04470 AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F – 0779 Ag 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4– 01478 AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I – –015224 AgIO 3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO 3 – 0354 Ag 2 MoO 4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO 4 2– 04573 AgNO 2 + e ⇌ Ag + 2 NO 2 – 0564 Ag 2 O + H 2 O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH – 0342 Ag 2 O 3 + H 2 O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH – 0739 Ag 3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag + 19 Ag 3+ + e ⇌ Ag 2+ 18 Ag 2 O 2 + 4 H + + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H 2 O 1802 2 AgO + H 2 O + 2 e ⇌ Ag 2 O + 2 OH – 0607 AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN – 041 Ag 2 S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S 2– –0691 Ag 2 S + 2 H + + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H 2 S –00366 AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN – 008951 Ag 2 SeO 3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO 4 2– 03629 Ag 2 SO 4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO 4 2– 0654 Ag 2 WO 4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO 4 2– 04660 Al 3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al –1662 Al(OH) 3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH – –231 Al(OH) 4 – + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH – –2328 H 2 AlO 3 – + H 2 O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH – –233 AlF 6 3– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F – –2069 Am 4+ + e ⇌ Am 3+ 260 Am 2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am –19 Am 3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am –2048 Am 3+ + e ⇌ Am 2+ –23 Reaction E°/V As + 3 H + + 3 e ⇌ AsH 3 –0608 As 2 O 3 + 6 H + + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H 2 O 0234 HAsO 2 + 3 H + + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H 2 O 0248 AsO 2 – + 2 H 2 O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH – –068 H 3 AsO 4 + 2 H + + 2 e – ⇌ HAsO 2 + 2 H 2 O 0560 AsO 4 3– + 2 H 2 O + 2 e ⇌ AsO 2 – + 4 OH – –071 At 2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 At – 03 Au + + e ⇌ Au 1692 Au 3+ + 2 e ⇌ Au + 1401 Au 3+ + 3 e ⇌ Au 1498 Au 2+ + e – ⇌ Au + 18 AuOH 2+ + H + + 2 e ⇌ Au + + H 2 O 132 AuBr 2 – + e ⇌ Au + 2 Br – 0959 AuBr 4 – + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Br – 0854 AuCl 4 – + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Cl – 1002 Au(OH) 3 + 3 H + + 3 e ⇌ Au + 3 H 2 O 145 H 2 BO 3 – + 5 H 2 O + 8 e ⇌ BH 4 – + 8 OH – –124 H 2 BO 3 – + H 2 O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH – –179 H 3 BO 3 + 3 H + + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H 2 O –08698 B(OH) 3 + 7 H + + 8 e ⇌ BH 4 – + 3 H 2 O –0481 Ba 2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba –2912 Ba 2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) –1570 Ba(OH) 2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH – –299 Be 2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be –1847 Be 2 O 3 2– + 3 H 2 O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH – –263 p–benzoquinone + 2 H + + 2 e ⇌ hydroquinone 06992 Bi + + e ⇌ Bi 05 Bi 3+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi 0308 Bi 3+ + 2 e ⇌ Bi + 02 Bi + 3 H + + 3 e ⇌ BiH 3 –08 BiCl 4 – + 3 e ⇌ Bi + 4 Cl – 016 Bi 2 O 3 + 3 H 2 O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH – –046 Bi 2 O 4 + 4 H + + 2 e ⇌ 2 BiO + + 2 H 2 O 1593 BiO + + 2 H + + 3 e ⇌ Bi + H 2 O 0320 BiOCl + 2 H + + 3 e ⇌ Bi + Cl – + H 2 O 01583 Bk 4+ + e ⇌ Bk 3+ 167 Bk 2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk –16 Bk 3+ + e ⇌ Bk 2+ –28 TABLE 1. Alphabetical Listing 5-80
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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 92th Edition
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electrochemical series
Petr Vanýsek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series . Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298 .15 K (25 °C), and at a pressure of 101 .325 kPa (1 atm) . Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements . Thus, data for silver (Ag) precede those for aluminum (Al) . Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions that have E° values posi-tive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode . In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0 .0000 V to + 3 .4 V . Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode . In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0 .0000 V to –4 .10 V . The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data . Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower
reliability . The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to oc-casional revisions .Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2´-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline .
references 1 . Milazzo, G ., Caroli, S ., and Sharma, V . K . Tables of Standard Electrode
Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978 . 2 . Bard, A . J ., Parsons, R ., and Jordan, J . Standard Potentials in Aqueous
Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985 . 3 . Bratsch, S . G . J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989 .
Reaction E°/VAc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac –2 .20Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag 0 .7996Ag2+ + e ⇌ Ag+ 1 .980Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac)– 0 .643AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br– 0 .07133AgBrO3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO3
– 0 .546Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C2O4
2– 0 .4647AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl– 0 .22233AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN– –0 .017Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO3
2– 0 .47Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO4
2– 0 .4470AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F– 0 .779Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]
4– 0 .1478AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– –0 .15224AgIO3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO3
– 0 .354Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO4
2– 0 .4573AgNO2 + e ⇌ Ag + 2 NO2
– 0 .564Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH– 0 .342Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH– 0 .739Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag+ 1 .9Ag3+ + e ⇌ Ag2+ 1 .8Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H2O 1 .8022 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ag2O + 2 OH– 0 .607AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN– 0 .41Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– –0 .691Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H2S –0 .0366AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN– 0 .08951Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO4
2– 0 .3629Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO4
2– 0 .654Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO4
2– 0 .4660Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al –1 .662Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– –2 .31Al(OH)4
– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– –2 .328H2AlO3
– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– –2 .33AlF6
3– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– –2 .069Am4+ + e ⇌ Am3+ 2 .60Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am –1 .9Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am –2 .048Am3+ + e ⇌ Am2+ –2 .3
Reaction E°/VAs + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 –0 .608As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H2O 0 .234HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H2O 0 .248AsO2
Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc –2 .077Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– –0 .924Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) –0 .399H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O 0 .74Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se –0 .082SeO3
2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– –0 .366SeO4
2– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O 1 .151SeO4
2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SeO32– + 2 OH– 0 .05
SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– –1 .24
SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O –0 .8SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Si + 2 H2O 0 .857SiO3
2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– –1 .697Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ –1 .55Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm –2 .304Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm –2 .68Sn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn –0 .1375Sn4+ + 2 e ⇀ Sn2+ 0 .151Sn(OH)3
Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr –4 .10Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr –2 .899Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) –1 .793Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– –2 .88Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O –0 .750Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta –0 .6Tc2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tc 0 .400TcO4
– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ TcO2 + 2 H2O 0 .782Tc3+ + e ⇌ Tc2+ 0 .3TcO4
– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Tc + 4 H2O 0 .472Tb4+ + e ⇌ Tb3+ 3 .1Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb –2 .28Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– –1 .143Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te –0 .793Te4+ + 4 e ⇌ Te 0 .568TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Te + 2 H2O 0 .593TeO3
2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– –0 .57TeO4
– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Te + 4 H2O 0 .472H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O 1 .02Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th –1 .899ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O –1 .789Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– –2 .48Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti –1 .630Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ –0 .9TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O –0 .502Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti –1 .37TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ti3+ + H2O –0 .055
Reaction E°/VTl+ + e ⇌ Tl –0 .336Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) –0 .3338Tl3+ + 2 e ⇌ Tl+ 1 .252Tl3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tl 0 .741TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– –0 .658TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– –0 .5568TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– –0 .752Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– 0 .02TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– –0 .34Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇌ TlOH + 2 OH– –0 .05Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO4
2– –0 .4360Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ –2 .2Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm –2 .319Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm –2 .4U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U –1 .798U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ –0 .607UO2
+ + 4 H+ + e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O 0 .612UO2
2+ + e ⇌ UO+2 0 .062
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O 0 .327
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O –1 .444
V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V –1 .175V3+ + e ⇌ V2+ –0 .255VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ V3+ + H2O 0 .337VO2
+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + H2O 0 .991V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O 0 .957V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O –0 .242V(OH)4
+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + 3 H2O 1 .00V(OH)4
+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O –0 .254[V(phen)3]
3+ + e ⇌ [V(phen)3]2+ 0 .14
W3+ + 3 e ⇌ W 0 .1W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 WO2 + H2O –0 .031WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O –0 .119WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O –0 .090WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ WO2 + H2O 0 .0362 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ W2O5 + H2O –0 .029H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ XeO3 + 3 H2O 2 .42XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Xe + 3 H2O 2 .10XeF + e ⇌ Xe + F– 3 .4Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y –2 .372Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ –1 .05Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb –2 .19Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb –2 .76Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn –0 .7618Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) –0 .7628ZnO2
– + OH– –0 .0762 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O –0 .080Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se –0 .082WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O –0 .090SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 H2O –0 .094Md3+ + e ⇌ Md2+ –0 .1P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) –0 .111SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O –0 .117GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ GeO + H2O –0 .118
Reaction E°/VWO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O –0 .119Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) –0 .1205Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb –0 .1262CrO4
2– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– –0 .13Sn2– + 2 e ⇌ Sn –0 .1375In+ + e ⇌ In –0 .14O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 + 2 OH– –0 .146MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Mo + 4 H2O –0 .152AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– –0 .152242 NO2
– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O22– + 4 OH– –0 .18
H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge + 3 H2O –0 .182SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O –0 .194CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HCOOH –0 .199Mo3+ + 3 e ⇌ Mo –0 .200Ga+ + e ⇌ Ga –0 .22 SO2
2– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ S2O62– + H2O –0 .22
Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu + 2 OH– –0 .222V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O –0 .242CdSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Cd + SO4
2– –0 .246V(OH)4
+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O –0 .254V3+ + e ⇌ V2+ –0 .255
Electrochemical Series 5-87
Reaction E°/VNi2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni –0 .257PbCl2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Cl– –0 .2675H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O –0 .276Co2+ + 2 e ⇌ Co –0 .28PbBr2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Br– –0 .284Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) –0 .3338Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl –0 .336In3+ + 3 e ⇌ In –0 .3382TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– –0 .34PbF2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 F– –0 .3444PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO4
2– –0 .3505Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) –0 .3521PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + SO4
2– –0 .3588Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu + 2 OH– –0 .360Eu3+ + e ⇌ Eu2+ –0 .36PbI2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 I– –0 .365SeO3
2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– –0 .366Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) –0 .399In2+ + e ⇌ In+ –0 .40Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd –0 .4030Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+ –0 .4072 S + 2 e ⇌ S2
2– –0 .42836Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO4
2– –0 .4360In3+ + 2 e ⇌ In+ –0 .443Fe2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fe –0 .447H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ P + 3 H2O –0 .454Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH– –0 .46NO2
– + H2O + e ⇌ NO + 2 OH –0 .46PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + HPO4
2– –0 .465S + 2 e ⇌ S2– –0 .47627S + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HS– + OH– –0 .478B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇌ BH4
– + 3 H2O –0 .481In3+ + e ⇌ In2+ –0 .49ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn + H2O –0 .497GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga + H2O –0 .498H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O –0 .499TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O –0 .502H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇌ P + 2 H2O –0 .508Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ SbH3 –0 .510HPbO2
– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 3 OH– –0 .537Ga3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga –0 .549TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– –0 .5568Fe(OH)3 + e ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH– –0 .56TeO3
2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– –0 .572 SO3
2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ S2O32– + 6 OH– –0 .571
PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 OH– –0 .580ReO2
– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇌ Re + 8 OH– –0 .584SbO3
– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SbO2– + 2 OH– –0 .59
Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta –0 .6U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ –0 .607As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 –0 .608Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Nb + 5 H2O –0 .644NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ NbO + H2O –0 .646Cd(OH)4
2– + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 4 OH– –0 .658TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– –0 .658SbO2
– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 4 OH– –0 .66AsO2
– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH– –0 .68
Reaction E°/VNbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Nb + 2 H2O –0 .690Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– –0 .691AsO4
3– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ AsO2– + 4 OH– –0 .71
Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ni + 2 OH– –0 .72Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Co + 2 OH– –0 .73NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Nb + H2O –0 .733H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O –0 .74Cr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr –0 .744Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O –0 .750TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– –0 .752Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn –0 .7618Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) –0 .7628CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 2 OH– –0 .783Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te –0 .793ZnSO4
.7H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O –0 .7993
(Saturated ZnSO4)Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ BiH3 –0 .8SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O –0 .8Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– –0 .8092 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2 + 2 OH– –0 .82772 NO–
3 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 4 OH– –0 .85H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H2O –0 .8698P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) + 3 OH– –0 .87Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ –0 .9HSnO2
– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Sn + 3 OH– –0 .909Cr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cr –0 .913Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– –0 .924SO4
2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SO32– + 2 OH– –0 .93
Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇌ HSnO2
– + 3 OH– + H2O –0 .93SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 4 OH– –0 .945In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ In + 3 OH– –0 .99NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇌ Np(OH)3 –0 .962In(OH)4
– + 3 e ⇌ In + 4 OH– –1 .007In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 In + 6 OH– –1 .034PO4
3– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ HPO32– + 3 OH– –1 .05
Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ –1 .05Nb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nb –1 .099Fm3+ + e ⇌ Fm2+ –1 .12 SO3
2– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ S2O42– + 4 OH– –1 .12
Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– –1 .143V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V –1 .175Mn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn –1 .185Zn(OH)4
2– + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– –1 .199CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 4 OH– –1 .2No3+ + 3 e ⇌ No –1 .20ZnO2
– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– –1 .215H2GaO3
– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Ga + 4 OH– –1 .219H2BO3
– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 8 OH– –1 .24
SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– –1 .24
Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– –1 .249ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– –1 .260Es3+ + e ⇌ Es2+ –1 .3Pa3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pa –1 .34 Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti –1 .37Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce(Hg) –1 .4373UO2
2+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O –1 .444Zr4+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr –1 .45
5-88 Electrochemical Series
Reaction E°/VCr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 3 OH– –1 .48Pa4+ + 4 e ⇌ Pa –1 .49HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 2 H2O –1 .505Hf4+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf –1 .55Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ –1 .55ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 2 H2O –1 .553Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mn + 2 OH– –1 .56Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) –1 .570Bk2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk –1 .6Cf3+ + e ⇌ Cf2+ –1 .6Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti –1 .630Md3+ + 3 e ⇌ Md –1 .65HPO3
2– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2PO2– + 3 OH– –1 .65
Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al –1 .662SiO3
2– + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– –1 .697HPO3
2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ P + 5 OH– –1 .71HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + H2O –1 .724ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O –1 .789H2BO3
– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH– –1 .79Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) –1 .793U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U –1 .798H2PO–
2 + e ⇌ P + 2 OH– –1 .82Be2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be –1 .847Np3+ + 3 e ⇌ Np –1 .856Fm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fm –1 .89Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th –1 .899Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am –1 .9Pa4+ + e ⇌ Pa3+ –1 .9Es3+ + 3 e ⇌ Es –1 .91Cf3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cf –1 .94Lr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lr –1 .96Eu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Eu –1 .991Er2+ + 2 e ⇌ Er –2 .0Pr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pr –2 .0Pu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pu –2 .031Cm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cm –2 .04Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am –2 .048AlF6
3– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– –2 .069Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc –2 .077Ho2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ho –2 .1Nd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Nd –2 .1Cf2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cf –2 .12Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb –2 .19Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac –2 .20Dy2+ + 2 e ⇌ Dy –2 .2Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ –2 .2Pm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pm –2 .2Es2+ + 2 e ⇌ Es –2 .23H2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 H– –2 .23Gd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Gd –2 .279Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb –2 .28Lu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lu –2 .28Dy3+ + 3 e ⇌ Dy –2 .295
Reaction E°/VAm3+ + e ⇌ Am2+ –2 .3Fm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fm –2 .30Pm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pm –2 .30Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm –2 .304Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– –2 .31Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm –2 .319Nd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nd –2 .323Al(OH)– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– –2 .328H2AlO3
– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– –2 .33Ho3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ho –2 .33Er3+ + 3 e ⇌ Er –2 .331Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce –2 .336Pr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pr –2 .353ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 4 OH– –2 .36Mg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mg –2 .372Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y –2 .372La3+ + 3 e ⇌ La –2 .379Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm –2 .4Md2+ + 2 e ⇌ Md –2 .40Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– –2 .48HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 4 OH– –2 .50No2+ + 2 e ⇌ No –2 .50Dy3+ + e ⇌ Dy2+ –2 .6Pm3+ + e ⇌ Pm2+ –2 .6Be2O3
2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH– –2 .63Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm –2 .68Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mg + 2 OH– –2 .690Nd3+ + e ⇌ Nd2+ –2 .7Mg+ + e ⇌ Mg –2 .70Na+ + e ⇌ Na –2 .71Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb –2 .76Bk3+ + e ⇌ Bk2+ –2 .8Ho3+ + e ⇌ Ho2+ –2 .8Ra2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ra –2 .8Eu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Eu –2 .812Ca2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ca –2 .868Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– –2 .88Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr –2 .899Fr+ + e ⇌ Fr –2 .9La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ La + 3 OH– –2 .90Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba –2 .912K+ + e ⇌ K –2 .931Rb+ + e ⇌ Rb –2 .98Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH– –2 .99Er3+ + e ⇌ Er2+ –3 .0Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ca + 2 OH– –3 .02Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs –3 .026Li+ + e ⇌ Li –3 .04013 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HN3 –3 .09Pr3+ + e ⇌ Pr2+ –3 .1Ca+ + e ⇌ Ca –3 .80Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr –4 .10