1 Cranial nerves Cranial nerves
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Cranial nervesCranial nerves
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1st Olfactory.
2nd Optic.
3rd Oculomotor.
4th Trochlear.
5th Trigeminal.
6th Abducent
7th Facial.
8th Acoustic.
9th Glossopharyngeal
10th Vagus.
11th Accessory
12th Hypoglossal
Cranial nervesCranial nerves
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We will discuss:
1. The central course of each nerve2. The clinical consequences of
damage to the components of the
nerve
Cranial nervesCranial nerves
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�GSA ± General Somatic Afferent
Convey sensory input from skin, muscle, bone and joints to the CNS
�GVA ± General visceral Afferent
Convey sensory input from visceral organs to the CNS
�GSE - General Somatic EfferentConvey motor output to skeletal muscles
�GVE - General Visceral Efferent
Convey motor output to glands, and smooth muscles
�SVA - Special Visceral Afferent
Convey sensory input of a special sense (e.g. taste, olfaction)
�SSA - Special Somatic Afferent
Convey sensory input of hearing, balance and vision
SVE - Special Visceral Efferent
Convey motor output to a special organ
Functional componentsFunctional components
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The somatic motor (efferent) Cranial nervesThe somatic motor (efferent) Cranial nerves
The Visceral motor (efferent) Cranial nervesThe Visceral motor (efferent) Cranial nerves
The sensory (afferent) cranial nervesThe sensory (afferent) cranial nerves
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The somatic motor (efferent) Cranial nervesThe somatic motor (efferent) Cranial nerves
Cortex ± 1st order neurons
Internuncial neurons -2nd order neurons
Lower motor neurons ± 3rd order neurons
corticonuclear (bulbar)
fibers
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�All nuclei are bilaterally
innervated except for :
�Part of facial nucleus
that innervates themuscles of the lower
part of the face
�Part of hypoglossal
nucleus that innervates
the genoiglossus
muscle
The Somatic motor (efferent) Cranial nervesThe Somatic motor (efferent) Cranial nerves
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� Cranial Outflow Of The
Parasympathetic Part Of
Autonomic System
The Visceral motor (efferent) Cranial nervesThe Visceral motor (efferent) Cranial nerves
NucleusCranial Nerve
Edinger Westphal3
Superior Salivatory7
Lacrimal7
Inferior salivatory9
Dorsal Motor 10
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The sensory (afferent) cranial nervesThe sensory (afferent) cranial nerves
�Arise from groups of
nerve cells outside
the brain
�These nerve cells
may be grouped to
form ganglia
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The sensory (afferent) cranial nervesThe sensory (afferent) cranial nerves
From organs ± 1st order neurons
Nucleus to thalamus -2nd order neurons
Thalamus to cortex ± 3rd order neurons
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Categorization Of Cranial Nerves
By A/Efferent Components
CN 1,2,8Pure sensory
CN 3,4,6,11,12Pure motor
CN 5,7,9,10mixed
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Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
� The olfactory system consists of the olfactory epithelium,
bulbs and tracts along with olfactory areas of the brain
collectively known as the rhinencephalon.
� The olfactory nerve has only a special sensory component
-olfaction.
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Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
�The olfactory nerves are distributed to the mucous membrane of the
olfactory region of the nasal cavity
�Olfactory receptor cells initiate action potentials in response to
odorants
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Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
processes of the receptor cells assemble into small bundles and
pass through the cribiform plate to synapse on secondary sensory
neurons in the olfactory bulb
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Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
Ethmoid bone
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The olfactory bulbs:
�pair of small structures,
lying within the cranial
vault, immediately above
the cribriform plate�contain the cell bodies
of the secondary
sensory neurons,
arranged in five cell layer that surround a central
core of white matter.
Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
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�This central corecontinues posteriorly
as the olfactory tract.
The olfactory tract
divides into the largelateral and thesmaller medial
olfactory
Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
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Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
lateral olfactory
striae to primary
olfactory cortex:p re p iform cortex & Amygdala
medial olfactory
striae project to thecontralateral
olfactory bulb by wayof the anteriorcommissure
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Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
Through stria
medullaris thalami tothalamus in the
mediodorsal nucleus (MD).
To orbital gyri an
area essential for theconscious perception ofodors.
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Cranial Nerve ICranial Nerve I -- Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve
��When damaged (e.g., ethmoid bone fracture),When damaged (e.g., ethmoid bone fracture),
results inresults in anosmiaanosmia, , loss of olfactory sensationloss of olfactory sensation or or
hyposmia
hyposmia
��More common but often temporaryMore common but often temporary -- physicalphysical
obstruction of the nasal passage due toobstruction of the nasal passage due to rhinitis or rhinitis or
sinusitissinusitis
��Impairment in olfaction may be a very early sign inImpairment in olfaction may be a very early sign in
the onset of Alzheimer¶s dis., Parkinson¶s dis,the onset of Alzheimer¶s dis., Parkinson¶s dis,
Cystic Fibrosis, tumors of frontal lobes or Cystic Fibrosis, tumors of frontal lobes or
meningiomasmeningiomas
Clinical correlationClinical correlation
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
General characteristics
� largest cranial nerve.
� 2 functional components:
� General somatic afferent (GSA,
somatosensory) - sensationfrom face, eye, nasal and oral
cavities.
� Special visceral efferent (SVE,
motor) - muscles of mastication
� The trigeminal n. also innervates
most of the dura mater.
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
General characteristics
�Leaves the brain stem
through the middle
cerebellar peduncle .
�The major portion carries
the primary afferent fibers
�The minor portion carriesthe motor fibers
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
General characteristics
T he trigeminal
ganglion
Within 1-2 cm swells toform the very largetrigeminal ganglion.
Contains the cell bodies
of the primary sensoryneurons
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As the fibers exit the trigeminal
ganglion they form 3 primary
divisions:
Ophthalmic ( V1) - sensory
- innervates the upper portion of the
face
Maxillary (V2)- sensory ±innervates the mid face region
Mandibular (V3) -sensory+motor ±
innervates the lower facial region
Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
General characteristics
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
1. Main sensory
2. Spinal
3. Mesencephalic
4. Motor
Nuclei
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Nuclei
S pinal trigeminal
nucleus
�In the medulla and
pons (C1-C3).
�Pain and
temperature input
�To Ventro Posterior
Medial nucleus of
thalamus
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Nuclei
M ain sensory nucleus
�In the pontine tegmentum
�Tactile input from the face
�Projects to VPM of
thalamus
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Nuclei
M esencephalic
nucleus
�Accompany the motor branches to the muscles of
mastication and extra
ocular muscles.
�End on muscle spindle and
proprioceptive receptors.
�Bypass ganglion
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Nuclei
M otor nucleus
�In pontine tegmentum
�Innervates muscles:
�mastication
�tensor tympani
�tensor veli palatini
�Mylohyoid
�ant. Belly of digastric
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Non or little overlapping!
Loss of general sensation fromthe face and mucous membranes
of the oral and nasal cavities
Paralysis of the muscles of
mastication
Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN V
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Deviation of the
patient's jaw to the
affected side, dueto the unopposed
action of the
opposite lateral
pterygoid muscle
Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN V
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Paralysis of the tensor tympani, leading to hyperacusis
Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN V
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN V
Loss of the corneal reflex
(afferent limb, CN V-I)
corneal reflex
1. The afferent limb is the
ophthalmic nerve
2. The efferent limb is the
facial nerve
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN V
Herpes zoster
�A viral infection affecting the
divisions of the trigeminal
ganglion
�Results in considerable pain
and ulceration of the skin and
mucous membranes supplied
by the affected fibers.
�The ophthalmic division is
most frequently affected -
Her pes zost er opht halmicus
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN V
Trigeminal neuralgia
�One of the most common
clinical problems. Usually
patient over 50 yrs
�Periods of severe pain
�Localized to one side of the
face. Involves area of innervation of one or more
divisions
�Usually the maxillary or
mandibullar divisions
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Cranial Nerve VCranial Nerve V -- Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN V
Trigeminal neuralgia
�Usualliy no motor or
sensory deficit on
examination
�In the young patient
consider MS, in the older
consider basilar artery
aneurism or tumor of the
cerebellopontine angle
�However, mostly idiopathic
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� Has 2 parts: the facial
nerve proper and the
intermediate nerve
� Both exit together the
brainstem in the
cerebellopontine angle.
� Enters the internal
auditory meatus and
facial canal.
Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
General characteristics
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Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
General characteristics
� The facial nerve is the motor nerve to
the muscles of facial expression
� The intermediate nerve contains 3
sensory components:
1. Taste
2. salivation
3. sensory- auricle and ext. auditory
meatus
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1. Main motor in reticularformation in pons
2. Parasympathetic:
a. lacrimal. Recieves from
hypothalamus & trigeminal
b. Superior salivatory.Recieves from hypothalamus
3. Sensory (solitary)
Nuclei
Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
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Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
Greater petrosal nerveFacial nerve
Chorda tympani
solitary
nucleus
GVA ±
sensory-
nasal cavity,sinuses, softpalateSVE - Motor
to stapediusmuscle
Facial nucleus
SVE - Motor to facialexpression muscles
spinal
nucleusof V
GSA ± sensory-auricle and ext.auditory meatus
Superior
salivatory
nucleus &
lacrimalnuclei
GVE ±
parasympath
etic ± salivary
glands
GVE ±
parasympathetic ± nasal oral
and palatineglands,lacrimal gland
Geniculate ganglionPterygopalatine
ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Brain stem SVA -Taste from
ant 2/3 of tongue
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Results in flaccid paralysis of the muscles of facial
expression
Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN VII ± motor portion
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Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
Bell's palsy
is caused by trauma to the nerve
beyond the nerve¶s exit from the
skull
is a lower motor neuron (LMN)lesion with paralysis of all
muscles of facial expression.
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN VII ± motor portion
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Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN VII ± motor portion
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Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN VII ± motor portion
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Central facial palsy
(supranuclear palsy)
�results from transaction of
corticobulbar fibers in the
internal capsule.
�is an upper motor neuron
(UMN) lesion affecting the
muscles of the lower face.
�results in contralateral facial
weakness below the orbit,
sparing the of the upper
muscles of facial expression
Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN VII ± motor portion
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Result in the following conditions:
1. Loss of the corneal (blink) reflex (efferent limb), which may lead to corneal
ulceration
2. Loss of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
3. Diminished salivation
4. Hyperacusis (increased auditory sensitivity), due to stapedius paralysis
5. Loss of tearing
Cranial Nerve VIICranial Nerve VII -- Facial NerveFacial Nerve
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN VII
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
�Exits the brainstem (medulla)
from the postolivary sulcus with
CN X and CNXI.
�Exits the skull via the jugular
foramen with CN X and CN XI
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1. Main motor
2. Parasympathetic
3. Sensory (solitary)
Nuclei
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
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Main motor
1. in reticular formation in
medulla oblongata.Formed by sup. End ofnucleus ambiguus.
2. Recives corticonuclearfibers bilaterally.
3. Innervates
stylopharengeus muscle
Nuclei
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
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Parasympathetic (inf. Salivatory).
1. Afferent fibers from
hypothalamus.
2. Recives corticonuclearfibers bilaterally and
olfactory input throughtreticular formation.
3. Innervates parotid
gland.
Nuclei
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Sensory
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Brain stem
Lesser petrosal nerve
GVE ±
parasympathetic ±
parotid gland
inferior
salivatory
nucleus
Otic ganglion
Tympanicnerve
superior ganglion
spinal
nucleusof V
GSA ± sensory-auricle and ext.auditory meatus± pain, temp,
touch
Nucleus
ambiguus
SVE ± motor -Stylophryngeous muscle
inferior ganglion
solitary
nucleus
SVA, ± Taste frompost 1/3 of tongueand
GVA ± sensory ±
pharyngealmucosa andtongue
GVA ±
sensory ±
carotid sinus±
baro/chemoreceptors
Glossopharyngeal nerve
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Result in the following conditions:
I. Loss of the gag (pharyngeal) reflex
(interruption of afferent limb)
II. Loss of taste from the posterior third of the
tongue
Clinical correlations-lesions of CN IX
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Cranial Nerve XICranial Nerve XI-- Accessory NerveAccessory Nerve
� A motor nerve with its neurons
of origin in the upper cervical
segments of the spinal cord
(SVE)
� Mediates head and shoulder
movement and innervates
laryngeal muscles.
General characteristics
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Cranial Nerve XICranial Nerve XI-- Accessory NerveAccessory Nerve
General characteristics
Medulla
Foramen magnum
Jugular Foramen
Spinal
accessory
nucleus
spinal division
SVE Innervates the
sternocleidomastoid(with C2) andtrapezius muscles(with C3 and C4).
Spinal cord CI-C6
Nucleus
ambiguus
Aberrant vagal fibers
Vagus nerve
Vagus nerve
Cranial division
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Cranial Nerve XICranial Nerve XI-- Accessory NerveAccessory Nerve
Clinical correlations
Damage to the spinal accessory
nerve:
�Uncommon
�Flaccid paralysis or paresis of the
muscles and subsequent atrophy
�Paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle results in difficulty in turning
the head to the side opposite to the
lesion.
� Paralysis of the trapezius muscle
results in a shoulder drop and in the
inability to raise the ipsilateral
shoulder .
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Cranial Nerve XIICranial Nerve XII-- Hypoglossal NerveHypoglossal Nerve
�Mediates tongue movement.
�Is a pure GSE nerve.
�Arises from the hypoglossalnucleus of the medulla.
�Innervates intrinsic and
extrinsic muscles of the
tongue.
General characteristics
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Cranial Nerve XIICranial Nerve XII-- Hypoglossal NerveHypoglossal Nerve
�Exits the medulla in the preolivary
sulcus.
General characteristics
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Cranial Nerve XIICranial Nerve XII-- Hypoglossal NerveHypoglossal Nerve
When transected
�hemiparalysis of the tongue
results.
�When protruded, the tongue
points toward the weak sidedue to the unopposed action
of the opposite genioglossus
muscle.
Clinical correlations