1 Crafting Sentences, Constructing Paragraphs Emphasizing Ideas Within each sentence, emphasize your point by expressing it in the subject and verb. Prefer active verbs over passive verbs. Be Verb: A surge of power was responsible for the destruction of the computer’s CPU. Passive: The computer’s CPU was destroyed by a surge of power. Active: A surge of power destroyed the computer’s CPU. Choose a subject that names the person or thing doing the action. Weak: Exposure to Ms. Tapia’s excellent teaching had the effect of inspiring me to major in English. Emphatic: Ms. Tapia’s excellent teaching inspired me to major in English. Use punctuation for emphasis. Weak: The middle of the road has a white line where it’s the worst place to drive. Emphatic: The middle of the road is where the white line is—and that’s the worst place to drive.
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Crafting Sentences, Constructing Paragraphs
Emphasizing Ideas Within each sentence, emphasize your point by expressing it in the subject and verb.
Prefer active verbs over passive verbs. Be Verb: A surge of power was responsible for the destruction of the computer’s CPU.
Passive: The computer’s CPU was destroyed by a surge of power.
Active: A surge of power destroyed the computer’s CPU.
Choose a subject that names the person or thing doing the action. Weak: Exposure to Ms. Tapia’s excellent teaching had the effect of inspiring me to major in English.
Emphatic: Ms. Tapia’s excellent teaching inspired me to major in English.
Use punctuation for emphasis.
Weak: The middle of the road has a white line where it’s the worst place to drive.
Emphatic: The middle of the road is where the white line is—and that’s the worst place to drive.
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Coordinating Equal Ideas
To coordinate single words or phrases, join them with a conjunction or use a semicolon (;) for independent clauses.
and, but, so, for, yet, or, nor
Accompany a semicolon with any of the following conjunctive adverbs or transitional phrases:
however, therefore, moreover for example, in other words, as a matter of fact
Example:
Weak: Grandmother lost her sight. Her hearing sharpened.
Better: Grandmother lost her sight, but her hearing sharpened. Grandmother lost her sight; however, her hearing
sharpened.
Example:
Choppy: The nipa huts vary in height. They measure from 10 to 15 square feet. They contain no modern conveniences.
Improved: The nipa huts, which vary in height and measure from 10 to 15 square feet, contain no modern conveniences.
Subordinating Minor Ideas To give unequal emphasis, express the major idea in an independent clause and place the minor idea in a subordinate clause beginning with any of the following words:
after, although, as, as if, because, before, even though, if, since, so that, that, unless, until, when, where, which, while, who, whom, whose
Example:
Weak: Grandmother lost her sight. Her hearing sharpened.
Better: As she lost her sight, Grandmother’s hearing sharpened. Though her hearing sharpened, Grandmother gradually
lost her sight.
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Balancing Parallel Ideas
Single words should be balanced with single words, phrases with phrases, clauses with clauses. Put correlative conjunctions and comparisons in pairs.
either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, whether…or, than…as
Make pronouns and antecedents agree. Eliminate distracting shifts in person, number, tense, mood, and voice. Example: Weak: Theft, vandalism, and test cheaters can result in suspension or even being expelled from school.
Better: Theft, vandalism, and cheating can result in suspension or expulsion from school.
Example:
Weak: Mang Gusting is responsible for stocking merchandise, all store repairs, writing orders for delivery, and sales of
computers.
Improved: Mang Gusting is responsible for stocking merchandise, repairing items in the store, writing orders for delivery,
and selling computers.
Example: Weak: The basketball uniforms were not only too long but were wide too.
Parallel: The basketball uniforms were not only too long but also too wide.
Example:
Weak: It is better to give than receive. It is easier speaking in abstractions than to ground one’s thoughts in reality.
Parallel: It is better to give than to receive. It is easier speaking in abstractions than grounding one’s thoughts in
reality. It is easier to speak in abstractions than to ground
one’s thoughts in reality.
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Example:
Incorrect: When someone has been drinking, they are likely to drive fast.
Correct: When someone has been drinking, he or she is likely to drive
fast.
When drivers have been drinking, they are likely to drive
fast.
When one has been drinking, one is likely to drive fast.
Example:
Incorrect: Students who are joining the field trip must bring in a permission slip signed by his or her parents.
Correct: Students who are joining the field trip must bring in a
permission slip signed by their parents.
A student who is joining the field trip must bring in a
permission slip signed by his or her parents.
Example: Incorrect: Either Jose or Maria is moving to the city, where they are going to attend college.
Correct: Either Jose or Maria is moving to the city, where she is
going to attend college.
Jose and Maria are moving to the city, where they are going
to attend college.
Example: Incorrect: The contest winners, Pedro and me, were unable to attend the awards ceremony.
Correct: The contest winners, Pedro and I, were unable to attend the awards ceremony.
Example: Incorrect: The guidance counselor gave my girlfriend and I some good tips on courtship and marriage.
Correct: The guidance counselor gave my girlfriend and me some good tips on courtship and marriage.
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Incorrect: Her husband is 15 years older than her.
Correct: Her husband is 15 years older than she.
Example: Incorrect: Them, my neighbors, were puzzled by the dedication of we, skaters.
Correct: They, my neighbors, were puzzled by the dedication of us, skaters.
Incorrect: Because of his failing grades, we are fed up with him drinking and smoking.
Correct: Because of his failing grades, we are fed up with his drinking and smoking.
Incorrect: Everyone should buy a shuttle ticket unless you plan
to spend most of your time walking around Subic.
Correct: You should buy a shuttle ticket unless you plan to spend most of your time walking around Subic.
Incorrect: In Philippine movies, a police officer is often criticized for always being there when they aren’t needed and
never being there when they are.
Correct: In Philippine movies, police officers are often criticized for always being there when they aren’t needed and
never being there when they are.
Incorrect: Andoy’s hopes rise and fall as Inday’s heart started and stopped at the emergency room.
Correct: Andoy’s hopes rose and fell as Inday’s heart started and stopped at the emergency room.
Incorrect: The cops advised us against allowing anyone into our homes without proper identification. Also, alert neighbors
when going on vacation.
Correct: The cops advised us against allowing anyone into our homes without proper identification. They also suggested that
we alert neighbors when going on vacation.
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Linking Ideas
When sentences and paragraphs flow from one to another without gaps or shifts, then they are coherent.
Repeat key words to gain coherence.
Coherent: We Filipinos are a charitable and hospitable people: we have institutions devoted to every good cause from
taking care of aged loved ones to celebrating town fiestas.
But what have we done to promote the art of thinking?
Certainly we make no room for thought in our daily lives.
Suppose a young man were to say to his friends, "I’m not
going to play basketball tonight because I need some time to
myself, some time to think"? Such a person would be shunned
by his friends; his family would be ashamed of him and think
he’s gay. What if a girl were to say, "I’m not going to chat
on the Internet tonight because I need some time to reflect"?
Her parents would immediately think she’s sick and start
looking for a psychiatrist. We are all too much like the late
dictator Ferdinand Marcos: we fear and distrust people who
dream too much--look what happened to Ninoy Aquino. We
believe that almost anything is more important than thinking.
Inconsistent: One goes about skateboarding in this manner. At the very outset one acquires an “extreme sports” state of mind.
An instructional video must be watched or a beginner’s book
must be read, and preferably someone with experience should
educate the novice. Preparing for the first ride takes
several steps. The purchase of a good skateboard is first. A
wooden deck with grip tape, a pair of metal trucks, four sets
of rubber wheels with bearings, and the coolest clothes and
skate shoes capable of withstanding tears and falls outfit
the skater for his adventure. The decision has to be made on
just what tricks to learn and where to perform them--street,
empty pool, or ramp. Finally, the skater needs medical
insurance, in case he doesn’t nail his first trick and
injures himself.
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Maintain consistency in point of view.
Consistent: I went about skateboarding in this manner. To acquire an “extreme sports” state of mind, I watched an
instructional video, read a beginner’s book, and talked
at length with an experienced skater. Then, I purchased a
good skateboard--a wooden deck with grip tape, a pair of
metal trucks, and four sets of rubber heels with bearings.
Afterwards, I outfitted myself withstanding the tears and
falls of my adventure. Next, I decided on what tricks to
learn and where to perform them--street, empty pool, or ramp.
Finally, I got medical insurance, in case I don’t nail my
first trick and injure myself.
Provide transitions to:
Show addition—and, also, besides, next, too, first, second, further, Give examples—for example, for instance, to illustrate, in fact, To compare—also, similarly, likewise, in the same manner To contrast—but, however, still, on the other hand, in contrast, To summarize or conclude—in other words, in short, that is, therefore To show time—after, as, before, next, during, later, finally, then, To show place or direction—above, below, beyond, nearby, farther on, To indicate logical relationship—if, so, therefore, consequently, thus
Coherent: My hometown is famous for several amazing natural and artificial features. First, it is noted for the Pasig
River, which is very wide and beautiful--not to mention
very black. On either side of this river, are many buildings
and old factories which have tarpaulin billboards that can
move gracefully in the wind. During strong typhoons, these
billboards tear and cover the roofs of houses and streets
like snow. Second, on the other side of my town is the
Ortigas Center, where high-rise offices, residential
condominiums, and shopping malls sprout like weeds. Even
though it is one of the top business districts in the
metropolis, there are many trees that stand clearly against
the gray sky. In fact, these trees can be seen from many
miles away--especially while stuck in traffic on top of
the Ortigas Flyover. The third amazing feature of my town is
the squatter shanties along the river banks. ...
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Repairing Misplaced Modifiers Modifiers—whether they are single words, phrases, or clauses—should point
clearly to the words they modify.
Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they modify. only, even, almost, nearly, just
Example: Misplaced: You will only need to read one of the books. Our team didn’t even score once. He almost ate the whole chicken.
Revised: You will need to read only one of the books. Our team didn’t score even once. He ate almost the whole chicken.
Move awkwardly placed modifiers. Vague:
1. There are many pictures of rock bands on the walls
who have performed at Mayrics.
2. The club owner is a six-foot-tall man with a big
tattoo weighing 200 pounds.
Clear:
1. On the walls are many pictures of rock bands who have
performed at Mayrics.
2. The club owner is a 200-pound, six-foot-tall man with
a big tattoo.
Example: Misplaced: Many students have, by the time they reach their senior year, completed all the requirements for their major.
Revised: By the time they reach their senior year, many students have completed all the requirements for their major.
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Don’t split an infinitive (“to” plus a verb). Vague:
1. The athlete with the broken leg should try to, as
much as possible, avoid going up and down the school
stairs.
2. The beauty candidate decided to formally launch her
campaign for student votes.
Clear:
1. As much as possible, the athlete with the broken leg
should try to avoid going up and down the school stairs.
2. The beauty candidate decided to launch formally her