Crafting policies about controversial values: How wording disputes manage a group dilemma

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Journal of Applied Communication ResearchVol. 29, No.4, November 2001, pp. 297-316

Crafting Policies aboutControversial Values: How WordingDisputes Manage a Group Dilemma

Karen Tracy and Catherine Ashcraft

ABSTRACT Over a six-month time period a school board and its community discussedtheir district's strategic plan goals about diversity. This article analyzes that discussionwithin the practical theory frame articulated by Craig. Meeting talk and documents wereanalyzed to determine how the group's policy deliberation became an argument over whatwords to have (or avoid) in the strategic plan document. Proposals about documentlanguage were framed as technical editing, as inadvertent changing of a policy, and aswordsmithing. fu addition to each frame being used, each was also challenged as to itsbeing used to advance some group members' interests at the expense of others. Movingback and forth between using and resisting wording proposal frames, we suggest, is areasonable way for groups to manage a dilemma they face in crafting policies aboutcontroversial, abstract issues. The paper concludes by identifying implications for di-lemma theorizing and future study of groups.KEY WORDS: Practical theory, group deliberation, institutional discourse, policy discus-sion, interactional dilemmas, wordsmithing.

W hen decision-making groups craft policies, word wars are frequent. As oneschool board president observed after a vote that followed six months of

contentious discussion, "This discussion reminds me a lot of the discus-sion ...that we had over the mission statement and it went on and on and on.And it was only one sentence and it went on and on and on for probably a yearbefore seven of us could agree on one sentence."l Word disputes, especially oncethey are over, are assessed as frustrating, inconsequential, a waste of time, nitpicking, and so on. Although these assessments may be deserved, the picture isconsiderably more complicated. Disputing about a document's words, this articlewill claim, is not only a common occurrence in policy discussions, but is also aneffective strategy for managing an interactional dilemma. We provide evidence for

Kaxen Tracy is Professor of Communication and Catherine Ashcraft is a doctoral student in Education;both axe at the University of Colorado-Boulder. Our thanks go to two anonymous reviewers and DanO'Hair for helpful comments. Eaxlier versions of the paper were presented at the NCA meeting (2000)and to the NCA/AFA conference on Argumentation (Ashcraft, 2000; Tracy, 2000). Correspondenceshould be addressed to Kaxen Tracy, UCB 270, Communication Department, University of Colorado,Boulder, CO 80309; Kaxen. [email protected].

Copyright 2001, National Communication Association

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