Dec 16, 2015
Cracking the code: The Speed Gene Revealed
Dr. Emmeline HillEquinome Ltd., NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, Dublin 4
Email: [email protected]
TTATATTTCCCTAATTATACAGCACTAAAAATAATTTAATACAACAAATACAATTCTTTCTATTTCAAATGTTTGCCTAAATAATATAAAATCTTAATTTCTGAGGAAGTAACATTTCAACTTTTTTAAGTATGAAGTGTAAATTAAGATTTACTTATTTAAATTATAACTTGAGTTTCACATATAAAGATAAGATTTAAGTGTAGTTTATTTTATTGTTAACACAGACTTTAATTTTTCAAATATCACATTATCTTTCTTATTTATAGATTTATTTCTTTTATGAAGTAGTCAAATGAATCAGCTCACCCTTGACTGTAACAAAATACTGTTTGGTGACTTGTGACAGACAGGGTTTTAACCTCTGACAGCGAGATTCATTGTGGAGCAGGAGCCAATCATAGATCCTGACGACACTTGTCTCATCAAAGTTGGAATATAAAAAGCCACTTGGAATACAGTATAAAAGATTCACTGGTGTGGCAAGTTGTCTCTCAGACTGTACAGGCATTAAAATTTTGCTTGGCATTGCTCAAAAGCAAAAGAAAAGTAAAAGGAAGAAATAAGAGCAAGGAAAAAGATTGAACTGATTTTAAAATCTGCAAAAACTGCAAATCTATGTTTATATTTACCTGTTTGTGCTGATTCTTGCTGGTCCAGTGGATCTAAATGAGAACAGCGAGCAAAAAGAAAATGTGGAAAAAGAGGGGCTGTGCAATGCATGTACTTGGAGACAAAACACTAAATCTTCAAGAATAGAAGCCATAAAAATTCAAATCTCAGTAAACTGCGCCTGGAAACAGCTCCTAACATCAGCAAAGATGCTATTAGACAACTTTTGCCCAAAGCTCCTCCACTCCGGGAACTGATTGATCAGTACGATGTCCAGAGAGATGACAGCAGTGATGGCTCTTTGGAAGATGATGATTACCACGCGACGACGGAAACAATCATTACCATGCCTACAGAGTGTAAGTAGTCCTGTTAGTGTATATCAACAATTCTGCTGACTGTTGTTCTAGTGTTTATGAGAAACAGATCTATTTTCAGGCTCTTTTAACAAGCTGTTGGCTTGTATGTAAGCAGGAAGGAAAAGAGTTTCTTTTTTTCAAGATTTCATGAGAAATTTACTAATGAGACTGAAATCTGCTGCATTATTTGTTTTCTTAGAGAGCTAAAAAGCTAAACAAAATAAAATTCTTGCACAGCATTAATATTATTTAGTTTAATATGACAAATATAACATGCTTATGCTTTCACAGCTTAATACCACCAAGGCAAAAATTGGGAGATAGTACAAGCAATGTTAAAAACTTACATGAGATTTCATAATTGCGTTTGGTTGCCTAAAATAAGCATTTATAATAACAAGTTTTTTTCACTAATAATAGAGAAGGAAGAAATTTGTAGACGTTTAGGTCATTTGAGCATTTGCTGAACACCAAAATGACTTCTGTTACTCAAAACTATTTCTCATAGTGTTTTTATGTTCTTCACAAATTAACATATTAGATTTTGAAAGTTATTCCCCTGGAGATTAGGAAAAATATTTTTTAAAATTTAATGTATTAGTAAGAAAAATGATGAAGTAAACATAGCATAATGATAATCATGAGCTAATTATCATAAAATGCCTAATAAATAAACATTTTAATCAAAGAGGTTATAGCTCAGAGTCCTGCTTACACCTTGACCATAGTACTATTGTTGAGAGCACCCGGGGTGCACATTTCCAGGCAGGCACATTGCTTAATAATCTCCTAAAATACAATTTTATTCTTCTTGGGAGGGAGGACTACTACCTGTAGTATCTATATTGCTTCTGAAAGATAATATATTTCATATATTCTTTTTGCAGTCAGTTCATAACTACACTCAAGGAAAGGGAGACAGACACCTTCACAGAGAAGGCATGACACGGAAGATTCTGTGCCATGTGTCTGCGATCCTGCTTTACCCAGTGCTTTATCTACTTTAAACAGGACACAACAGTTTCAAAATATTGTTCTCCTTATTAAGTAATCAGGTTATAATGCACCAAATAATTTTCCTTTATGACTCTGCTATCAAATAGTCCTGGAGTAGATTTACCTTATTTATAAACAATCTTGGGGAACCAAAATAAAAGAAATTGCTAGTGATTTTGCTCACAATGACAGCCTGGCTCTAAAGACAGTATTTTCTAACTTTTGAGATAGCCTGAATATAACATTCAAATTTTTGTGCTAATTACTTGCTTAGCTTTGTTCCTTTAAAAGGCTATTCCAAAGCCAAAACATAACAGATGTACTATATTTTCTCTTAATTCCCGAGGCTCAGTTAGTTCCTCAGTGTGTCTTGTCCCCAGGTAATTCAGGCCTGGGGGAAGGGTTCCTTCTTCCAGACTGATTGGTACAGCTGCTCAGTAAGTGTAACTACTCAGATTCCCAAAGAATTCTAAGTGGATGTTCCTCCACGGTGTCTCTTGTTCTCTCTAATCATCATCATTTTAAAATTTCATCCACAGTTCATTCCTTCATAGAATTTTCCTTAGTTCACAGTTTTCTGGAAAAGAAGTAGATTCCTCATAAACAGCTGAAAAAACATATATCAAAAATTCTGAAAGGCTAGAGTAATTATATTCTTTGATATTTTTCTGAGTTATGAATGAAATTCTACATAGTTTTTCACTTTAAAAGACTAAATATATATTCAGTATTCCAATGGAAAAAAAATGTTCACCAACTAATATGGAAGGGTTTACTAATTTTTTATGATAAATAATTTCAATAACTCTTTTTCTTTTCTTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATTTCCCTAATTATACAGCACTAAAAATAATTTAATACAACAAATACAATTCTTTCTATTTCAAATGTTTGCCTAAATAATATAAAATCTTAATTTCTGAGGAAGTAACATTTCAACTTTTTTAAGTATGAAGTGTAAATTAAGATTTACTTATTTAAATTATAACTTGAGTTTCACATATAAAGATAAGATTTAAGTGTAGTTTATTTTATTGTTAACACAGACTTTAATTTTTCAAATATCACATTATCTTTCTTATTTATAGATTTATTTCTTTTATGAAGTAGTCAAATGAATCAGCTCACCCTTGACTGTAACAAAATACTGTTTGGTGACTTGTGACAGACAGGGTTTTAACCTCTGACAGCGAGATTCATTGTGGAGCAGGAGCCAATCATAGATCCTGACGACACTTGTCTCATCAAAGTTGGAATATAAAAAGCCACTTGGAATACAGTATAAAAGATTCACTGGTGTGGCAAGTTGTCTCTCAGACTGTACAGGCATTAAAATTTTGCTTGGCATTGCTCAAAAGCAAAAGAAAAGTAAAAGGAAGAAATAAGAGCAAGGAAAAAGATTGAACTGATTTTAAAATCTGCAAAAACTGCAAATCTATGTTTATATTTACCTGTTTGTGCTGATTCTTGCTGGTCCAGTGGATCTAAATGAGAACAGCGAGCAAAAAGAAAATGTGGAAAAAGAGGGGCTGTGCAATGCATGTACTTGGAGACAAAACACTAAATCTTCAAGAATAGAAGCCATAAAAATTCAAATCTCAGTAAACTGCGCCTGGAAACAGCTCCTAACATCAGCAAAGATGCTATTAGACAACTTTTGCCCAAAGCTCCTCCACTCCGGGAACTGATTGATCAGTACGATGTCCAGAGAGATGACAGCAGTGATGGCTCTTTGGAAGATGATGATTACCACGCGACGACGGAAACAATCATTACCATGCCTACAGAGTGTAAGTAGTCCTGTTAGTGTATATCAACAATTCTGCTGACTGTTGTTCTAGTGTTTATGAGAAACAGATCTATTTTCAGGCTCTTTTAACAAGCTGTTGGCTTGTATGTAAGCAGGAAGGAAAAGAGTTTCTTTTTTTCAAGATTTCATGAGAAATTTACTAATGAGACTGAAATCTGCTGCATTATTTGTTTTCTTAGAGAGCTAAAAAGCTAAACAAAATAAAATTCTTGCACAGCATTAATATTATTTAGTTTAATATGACAAATATAACATGCTTATGCTTTCACAGCTTAATACCACCAAGGCAAAAATTGGGAGATAGTACAAGCAATGTTAAAAACTTACATGAGATTTCATAATTGCGTTTGGTTGCCTAAAATAAGCATTTATAATAACAAGTTTTTTTCACTAATAATAGAGAAGGAAGAAATTTGTAGACGTTTAGGTCATTTGAGCATTTGCTGAACACCAAAATGACTTCTGTTACTCAAAACTATTTCTCATAGTGTTTTTATGTTCTTCACAAATTAACATATTAGATTTTGAAAGTTATTCCCCTGGAGATTAGGAAAAATATTTTTTAAAATTTAATGTATTAGTAAGAAAAATGATGAAGTAAACATAGCATAATGATAATCATGAGCTAATTATCATAAAATGCCTAATAAATAAACATTTTAATCAAAGAGGTTATAGCTCAGAGTCCTGCTTACACCTTGACCATAGTACTATTGTTGAGAGCACCCGGGGTGCACATTTCCAGGCAGGCACATTGCTTAATAATCTCCTAAAATACAATTTTATTCTTCTTGGGAGGGAGGACTACTACCTGTAGTATCTATATTGCTTCTGAAAGATAATATATTTCATATATTCTTTTTGCAGTCAGTTCATAACTACACTCAAGGAAAGGGAGACAGACACCTTCACAGAGAAGGCATGACACGGAAGATTCTGTGCCATGTGTCTGCGATCCTGCTTTACCCAGTGCTTTATCTACTTTAAACAGGACACAACAGTTTCAAAATATTGTTCTCCTTATTAAGTAATCAGGTTATAATGCACCAAATAATTTTCCTTTATGACTCTGCTATCAAATAGTCCTGGAGTAGATTTACCTTATTTATAAACAATCTTGGGGAACCAAAATAAAAGAAATTGCTAGTGATTTTGCTCACAATGACAGCCTGGCTCTAAAGACAGTATTTTCTAACTTTTGAGATAGCCTGAATATAACATTCAAATTTTTGTGCTAATTACTTGCTTAGCTTTGTTCCTTTAAAAGGCTATTCCAAAGCCAAAACATAACAGATGTACTATATTTTCTCTTAATTCCCGAGGCTCAGTTAGTTCCTCAGTGTGTCTTGTCCCCAGGTAATTCAGGCCTGGGGGAAGGGTTCCTTCTTCCAGACTGATTGGTACAGCTGCTCAGTAAGTGTAACTACTCAGATTCCCAAAGAATTCTAAGTGGATGTTCCTCCACGGTGTCTCTTGTTCTCTCTAATCATCATCATTTTAAAATTTCATCCACAGTTCATTCCTTCATAGAATTTTCCTTAGTTCACAGTTTTCTGGAAAAGAAGTAGATTCCTCATAAACAGCTGAAAAAACATATATCAAAAATTCTGAAAGGCTAGAGTAATTATATTCTTTGATATTTTTCTGAGTTATGAATGAAATTCTACATAGTTTTTCACTTTAAAAGACTAAATATATATTCAGTATTCCAATGGAAAAAAAATGTTCACCAACTAATATGGAAGGGTTTACTAATTTTTTATGATAAATAATTTCAATAACTCTTTTTCTTTTCTTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAAATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGA
• Completed in January 2007
• Collaborative effort among scientists
• 1 female Thoroughbred
• The principal goal of the Horse Genome Project is to benefit the health and welfare of horses
Twilight
Science 6 November 2009: Vol. 326. no. 5954, pp. 865 - 867
The horse genome project
• DNA is the genetic material that spells out the genetic code
• DNA is made up of the letters G A T C
• Approx. 3 billion letters spell out the genetic code
• Genetic material is arranged in 32 pairs of chromosomes
• A chromosome is a long linear DNA molecule with 1000s of genes.
The genetic code
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
Simple trait Complex trait
• Genes are found across a chromosome like ‘beads on a string’
• There are approx. 25,000 genes in the genome
• Genes contain the ‘recipe’ for proteins
• Proteins are expressed in the cell and are responsible for the physical
expression of the trait
Genotype = The actual genetic make up of an individualPhenotype = The observed characteristics of an individual
Genotype (genetic composition)
Genotype + Environment = Phenotype
Phenotype
Actions of other genes and their products Environmental influences
How important are genes?• Definition of a Thoroughbred
relates to its genetic heritage• Pedigrees are visual representation
of the ancestral genetic contributions to an individual
• Provide some indication of the possible genetic make-up
Genes and performance• Ability to perform on the racetrack requires the right combination of
genes and a favourable environment• In humans > 200 genes for health and fitness related traits have been
characterised• Likely that a large number of genes contribute to performance in an
additive way
What’s the difference?• Studies have shown 35 – 55 % variation in racetrack performance is
heritable
• When all other things are equal, the genetic make-up of an individual will almost entirely be responsible for the variation in the phenotype.
• The difference between two individuals is the difference in the spelling of the genetic code.
Population genomics & selection Functional genomics of exercise
SNP association & racing performanceExercise physiology
The Speed Gene - myostatin• Investigated DNA differences in the myostatin gene in Thoroughbreds• Myostatin is a gene responsible for muscle mass development• DNA differences in myostatin are responsible for muscle hypertrophy
phenotypes in cattle, sheep, dogs, mice and humans
The difference in the DNA• Identified a single DNA difference in the genetic code of myostatin
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
C T
Pair of chromosomes
Gene Variant C
Gene Variant T
Paternal origin (sire)
Maternal origin (dam)
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
CT
Pair of chromosomes
Gene Variant C
Gene Variant C
Paternal origin (sire)
Maternal origin (dam)
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
CC
Pair of chromosomes
Gene Variant T
Gene Variant T
Paternal origin (sire)
Maternal origin (dam)
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
TT
Pair of chromosomes
Paternal origin (sire)
Maternal origin (dam)
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT
CC CT TT
A test for Class?• Investigated the frequency of the C:C – types, C:T – types and T:T – types
in 148 unrelated Thoroughbreds• No difference between Group race winners and non-winners
Best race distance• Best race distance (BRD) distance of the highest grade of race won.
• Highly statistically significant (P = 4.85 x 10-8) association with BRD and genetic type when Group race winners were separated into short and long distance winners.
• The three genetic types were strongly associated with best race distance:
C:C – short-distanceC:T – middle-distanceT:T – middle/long-
distance
n Gr1 Gr2 Gr3 L179 80 25 46 28
n 5 - 6f 7 - 8f 9 - 10f 11 - 12f > 13f179 38 62 35 37 7
179 Group and Listed race winners
What is a C:C ?• Average best race distance – 6.5 f• 75 % 5 f winners are C:C• 65 % 6 f winners are C:C• 98 % of C:Cs win ≤ 8 f
• FAST, SPEEDY, SPRINT TYPE
≤ 8 f
What is a C:T ?• Average best race distance – 9.1 f• Almost 70 % C:Ts win ≥ 8 - 12 f • 50 % C:Ts win ≤ 8 f • 55 % of 12 f winners are C:T
• FAST, MIDDLE-DISTANCE TYPE
7 – 12 f
What is a T:T ?• Average best race distance – 11.1 f• > 90 % T:Ts win ≥ 8 f• > 80 % T:Ts win ≥ 10 f • No 5 f or 6 f winners are T:T
• EXHIBITS STAMINA
> 8 f
There were no C:Cs among 32 NH winners in a prominent Irish NH yard
Thoroughbred (National Hunt) – stamina
Practical Applications1. Young stock (foals and yearlings)Make informed selection and sales decisions 2. Horses-in-trainingReduce operating costs and fine-tune racing strategy 3. BroodmaresOptimise breeding outcomes 4. StallionsPromote stallions potential
Young stock (foals and yearlings)
Make informed selection and sales decisions• Establish achievement of breeding goal• Identify speedy individuals and early two-year-olds• Identify middle-distance individuals with speed• Identify longer distance individuals with enhanced stamina
Horses-in-trainingReduce operating costs and fine-tune racing strategy• identify most precocious two-year olds• train and race for optimal racing distance
n no. runnerstotal no.
races won% winners to runners
% wins to runners
mean no. races per
runnertotal
earnings (£)mean
earnings (£)
no. earners >
£100kCC 40 21 17 52.4 81.0 4.1 511k 20k 1CT 67 32 26 56.3 81.3 3.6 1801k 36k 5TT 35 13 6 46.2 46.2 3.1 87k 5k 0
n = 142 two-year-olds in training with same trainer 2007 & 2008
• As two-year olds C:C and C:T horses outperform T:T horses• C:C and C:T horses earn up to 13-times more than T:T horses as two-
year-olds • C:C two-year-old colts have 7% more muscle mass than T:T two-year-old
colts
n no. runnerstotal no.
races won% winners to runners
% wins to runners
mean no. races per
runnertotal
earnings (£)mean
earnings (£)
no. earners >
£100kCT 22 12 18 75.0 150.0 3.8 1620k 73k 6TT 19 9 5 55.6 55.6 2.6 67k 3k 0
n = 41 two-year-olds in training with same trainer 2007 & 2008 by a single sire
BroodmaresOptimise breeding outcomes• focus on optimal breeding mares• select compatible stallions• mix and match mares and stallions to fine-tune breeding goals
Mating Progeny
C:C on C:C 100 % C:C
C:T on C:C 50% C:C 50 % C:T
T:T on C:C 100 % C:T
C:T on C:T 25 % C:C 50 % C:T 25 % T:T
C:T on T:T 50 % C:T 50 % T:T
T:T on T:T 100% T:T
Mix and match matings to suit breeding goal
StallionsPromote stallion potential• predict stamina index for young stallions (5 year advantage)• attract compatible mares to enhance stallion profile
Stallion Stamina Index
Who can use the Equinome Speed Gene Test?
• Bloodstock agents• Owners• Commercial breeders• Owner/breeders• Trainers• Pin-hookers
• The Equinome Speed Gene Test is available in Ireland and is also available to the global bloodstock industry
What are the benefits of the Equinome Speed Gene Test?
• Reduce risk
• Minimize operating costs
• Maximize return on investment
• Improve strike rate
Sample Submission• Provide 4-5 ml uncoaggulated blood sample (purple cap K2-EDTA tube)
per horse• Clearly label tube• Complete Sample Submission Form• Results returned within 3 weeks of receipt of sample
EQUINOME LaboratoriesUCD Veterinary Sciences CentreUniversity College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4Ireland.tel: +353 (0)1 716 3775
www.equinome.com
Thanks to...• UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine• NovaUCD Innovation and Technology Transfer Centre• Science Foundation Ireland• Glebe House office and yard staff• Irish Thoroughbred Breeders’ Association
• Owners, breeders and trainers for willingly and generously providing the crucial samples for the research project.
"The introduction of genetic know-how to breeding will dramatically change the face of the bloodstock industry. We have begun and intend to continue to utilise this highly valuable tool to fine-tune decision making in our operation. This will fundamentally change the way we will have to think about breeding in the future.“
John O'Connor MRCVS, Managing Director, Ballylinch Stud, Ireland
"I found your findings fascinating, and highly credible in that they tally with what we have learnt during many years practical experience. Having this information available before the event is sure to provide users with an edge.“
Kirsten Rausing, Chairman, The Thoroughbred Breeders' Association (Great Britain)