CPS 111 - Lecture 2 - Hardware, Software, Networks - Fall 2010 v1.0

8/8/2019 CPS 111 - Lecture 2 - Hardware, Software, Networks - Fall 2010 v1.0

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cps-111-lecture-2-hardware-software-networks-fall-2010-v10 1/67

1

CPS 111 ± Introduction to

Information CommunicationTechnology

Lecture 2

Week of 27/09/2010

Lecturer: M.L. Sanyang



2

Today¶s agenda

R eview of Syllabus Class schedule

Grading scheme

Class rights and responsibilities

R eview ± What is a computer?

Functions of personal computer Hardware

Software Networks

Quiz



3

CPS 111 class syllabus may be subjectto change

Sept. 20 Introduction of personal computer

Sept. 27 Functions of personal computer: Hardware, Software, Network

Oct. 4 Basic control of input devices: keyboard & mouse

Oct. 11 Improving typing ability

Oct. 18 Using a computer: Windows XP and basic computing operationFile management: R elation between files and folders

Oct. 25 Introduction to Microsoft WordR eview before midterm

Nov. 1 Midterm examination

Nov. 8 Advanced Microsoft WordNov. 15 Introduction to Microsoft Excel

Nov. 22 Advanced Microsoft Excel

Nov. 29 Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint

Dec 6 Internet Access: Browsing, email, search engines, networkresource (e.g. Wikipedia)

Dec. 13 Final Exam



4

Grades are based on the following four components of students performance

Criteria Proportion Comment

Midterm examination 30%

Group Project 10% No more than 5 and no less than3 students in the same group

Homework and Quizzes 10%

Final examination 50% No supplement examinationsexcept with request andappropriate authorization

Total 100%

Student attendance must be greater than80% to take final examination



5

Additional details will be providedregarding the group project at a later date

Groups must contain 3 ± 5 students Choose team captain for all communications

with lecturer Must meet with lecturer to have topic of group

project approved and discuss nextsteps/progress

Subject: Statistical analysis of time series date

found by students (e.g. population growth forthe last two decades, etc.)

R equirements: R eport in Microsoft Word (1,000±3,000

words) Data storage and analysis in Microsoft Excel Presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint (5-10

slides)



6

Currently the following 8 lab sectionsare available

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

MomodouSanyang9:00 AM -12:00PM

Fatou Jaiteh9:00 AM -

12:00PM

LamaranaJallow

9:00 AM -12:00PM

AcquahHackman9:00 AM -12:00PM

AcquahHackman9:00 AM -12:00PMFatou Jaiteh

2:30PM -5:30PM

LamaranaJallow

1:00PM -4:00PM

MomodouSanyang

2:30PM -5:30PM

All sections are held in Lab 2 ± Please

attend only ONE section



7

Contact information

Momodou Lamin Sanyang-

[email protected]

Office hours

Mon to Fri: anytime except when I am

teaching( i.e Mon. 9:00 AM - 12:00PM and Thurs. 2:30PM - 5:30PM)

Location: Planning office





9

A few additional notes«

Please sign up for a UTG email account if youdo not have one already

You must submit the names of your groupmembers by the end of the next class

Be sure to add your name to the sign in sheet atthe front of the class if you did not last week

Please inform me directly if you wish to drop thisclass The ³drop class form´ must be completed or your

grade will be submitted

Last day to drop classes is October 8th



10

Class website

All slides, homework, homeworksolutions and announcements

will be available on the classwebsite at the following location:

http://sites.google.com/a/utg.edu.gm/cps-111-fall-2010/



11

Today¶s agenda


Grading scheme

Class rights and responsibilities R eview ± What is a computer?


Software Networks



12

A computer is«

A collection of hardware components thatfunction together as a system

An electronic device, operating under thecontrol of instructions stored in its ownmemory, that can«

Accept data (input)

Process the data according to specified rules

(process) Produce results (output)

Store results for future use (storage)



13

Information processing cycle iscomprised of four basic operations

Information processing cycle: Input,process, output and storage

People who use computers directly are

called computers users or end users

Process:

1) Compute eachcourse grade point2) Organize data3) Sum all credits4) Calculate total GPA

Grade:CPS 111 ± A

TotalGradeR eport

Grade:

MTH 004 - B

Grade:MTH 003 ± B



14

How does a computer know what todo?

Software ± Set of instructions usedto tell a computer what to do

(computer program) E.g. Microsoft Windows and Office etc.

Hardware ± A physical componentof a computer

E.g. keyboard, monitor, etc.

How many other examples of hardwareand software can you think of?



15

Today¶s agenda


Grading scheme



Software Networks

Quiz



16

Computers range from the smallestPD As to the largest CPU mainframes

Today¶s computer systems come ina variety of sizes shapes and

computing capabilities Mainframe Systems

Midrange computers

Microcomputers



17

Mainframe use is on the rise as a resultof emerging applications such as datamining/warehousing and ecommerce

Mainframe systems continue tohandle the information processingneeds of major corporations andgovernment agencies Used to handle high transaction

processing volume or complexcomputational problem solving

Can process thousands of millioninstructions per second

Have large primary storage capacity



18

Though less powerful, midrangesystems are less costly to buy, operateand maintain than mainframe systems

Midrange systems are primarily high-endnetwork servers and other types of servers that can handle the processing of

many business applications Often used to help manage larger

Internet websites, corporate intranets andextranets and other networks

Other applications such as datawarehouse management, data mining andonline analytical processing are becomingpopular



19

Microcomputers are the most importantcategory for consumers

Also called PCs (personal computers)

PCs are available as hand-held,

notebook, laptop, portable, desktopor floor-standing models

Other examples of microcomputersinclude

Workstation computers that supportapplications

Network servers that coordinatetelecommunications and resourcesharing in small networks



20

Purchase prices for supercomputerscan range from $5M to $50M USD

The term supercomputerdescribes a category of extremely

powerful computers Specifically designed for scientific,

engineering and business applicationsrequiring extremely high speeds

Use parallel processingarchitectures or interconnectedmicrocomputers



21

What do you look for in a new PCsystem?

A large monitor? Lots of R AM? Capacioushard drive?

Price of a new computer is only a smallpart of the total cost of ownership (TCO)

Support, maintenance, upgrades etc.contribute far more heavily to the total sum

Large corporations are more concerned

with the following: Solid performance at a reasonable price

Operating system ready

Connectivity



22

How fast are computer systems?

Early computer operating speeds were measuredin milliseconds (thousandths of a second)

Now computers operate in the nanosecond(billionth of a second) range An average person taking one step each

nanosecond would circle the earth 20 times in onesecond

Picosecond (trillionth of a second) has beenachieved by some computers

Most computers process instructions at millioninstructions per second (MIPS)

Another measure of processing speed ismegahertz (MHz), or millions of cycles persecond, and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of cyclesper second



23

There are hundreds of smaller components within a computer, butonly a few major ones are as follows:

Monitor

Keyboard

Mouse

Cables

Computer tower Processor (CPU)

Fan

Disk drive and/or floppy drive Hard drive

R AM

Motherboard



24

Computers can be relatively easy toassemble

Plug computer tower and monitor to wall

Connect monitor, keyboard and mouse tocomputer tower

Look for pictures on back of the tower to helpguide you to the correct connection location

Verify that outlet is on and functional

Take note of:

USB ports

Headphone connection

Network ports



25

REVIEW: What are the six major components of a computer?

Input devices

Processor

Memory (random access memory,R AM)

Output devices

Storage devices Communication devices

Can you give an example of these hardware

components?



26

A computer is only a high powered³processing box´ without peripherals

Peripherals is a generic namegiven to all:

Input devices Output devices

Secondary storage devices

Are separate from, but can be

electronically connected to andcontrolled by, a CPU



27

Input technologies now provide a morenatural user interface

Keyboards are the most widelyused devices for entering text and

data The electronic mouse is the most

popular pointing device used tomove the cursor on the screen

The computer interface displayed onthe computer screen is also known asthe Graphical User Interface (GUI)



28

There are several additional, but lesspopular, pointing devices used today

Trackball - A roller ball with only its topexposed outside used to move the cursor

Pointing stick ± A small button-like

device which moves the cursor in thedirection on the pressure you place on thestick (Likened to an eraser head)

Touchpad ± A small rectangular touch-sensitive surface

Touch screen ± Allows you to use acomputer by touching the surface of itsvideo display screen



29

The banking industry utilizes manydifferent input technologies

Optical scanning ± R ead text orgraphics and convert them to digitalinput

Other input technologies: Magnetic stripes

Smart cards

Digital cameras

Magnetic ink character recognition(MICR )



30

It is increasingly more common toutilize multimedia forms of output

Video output

Video monitors ± Use a cathode ray tubesimilar to that in used in a TV

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) ± Used forportable microcomputers such as laptops andPDAs

Printed output

Inkjet printers ± Spray ink onto a page

Laser printers ± Electronic process similar tophotocopying

Audio output



31

Data / information can be stored untilneeded using various storage devices

Semiconductor

Memory

Magnetic Disks

Optical Disks

Magnetic Tape

Primary Storage(Main Memory)

Secondary Storage



32

Data are processed and stored in acomputer through binary representation

Data are processed and stored in acomputer system through thepresence or absence of electronic ormagnetic signals This is called two-state or binary

representation

The smallest element of data is

called a bit A byte is a basic grouping of bits

that the computer operates as asingle unit



33

The primary storage of your computer consists of microelectronicsemiconductor memory chips

Semiconductor memory ±Provides you with working storage

your computer needs to processapplications

RAM: R andom access memory ± Eachmemory position and both be read

(sensed) and written (changed) ROM: R ead only memory ± Used for

permanent storage as R OM cannot beerased or overwritten





35

Optical disks are a fast growing storagemedia

CD-ROM: Low cost way to read data filesand load software from CDs

CD-RW (rewritable): Allows you to create

custom data CDs CD-RW/DVD: Can read DVD-R OM and

CD-R OM disks and can create custom CDs DVD-ROM: Allows you to view DVD video

and sound

A DVD-R OM drive can also read CD-

R OM disks

DVD+RW/+R with CD-RW: All in onepackage Can burn DVD-R W or DVD-R disks, burn CDs,

and read DVDs and CDs





37

There are two major types of computer software

Application software ± Performsinformation processing tasks for end user

A pplication specific programs

General purpose application programs

System software ± Manages andsupports operations of computer systemsand networks

Sy stem management programs Sy stem development programs

The types of software you will encounterdepend on the types of computer you use and

the tasks you want to accomplish

Th t d li ti ft



38

The system and application softwareinterface between the end users andcomputer hardware

End User

Application Software

System SoftwareComputerHardware



39

Thousands of application specificsoftware packages are available

Application specific softwarepackages are available to support

specific applications of end users inbusiness and other fields

E.g. data warehousing, accounting,marketing, manufacturing, human

resource management, etc.

Th t id l d l



40

The most widely used general purposeproductivity packages come bundled assoftware suites

Software suites (e.g. Microsoft Office,Lotus SmartSuite, AppleWorks) Word processing (e.g. MS Word)

Electronic spreadsheets (e.g. MS Excel) Presentation graphics (e.g. MS PowerPoint)

Advantage: cheaper than purchasingindividual applications, similar GUIs,designed to work together

Disadvantages: Large space required,may not need all features

Software alternatives (custom software)are also growing in popularity

Th t i t t ft



41

The most important softwarecomponent for many computers todayis the web browser

Web browser are the key softwareinterface you use to point and clickthrough the world wide web and the

rest of the internet, intranet andextranet E.g. Internet Explorer, Netscape,

Firefox, Google Chrome, etc.

Universal software platform onwhich end users launch informationsearches, check e-mail, transferfiles, chat, etc.

El t i il d i t t i



42

Electronic mail and instant messagingare the first thing many people do atwork

Electronic mail (e-mail) and instantmessaging (IM) have changed theway people work and communicate

Millions of users depend on variouse-mail and IM software via theinternet, intranet or extranet

Many of these software applicationsare free and can be downloaded oraccessed via the WWW



43

We can group system software into twomajor categories

System management programsmanage the hardware, software, network,and data resources of computer systems

during the execution or informationprocessing jobs

System development programs helpthe users develop information system

programs and procedures and prepareuser programs for computer processing



44

The most important system softwarepackage is the operating system (OS)

The OS is an integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and

storage resources and activities of thecomputer system and provides varioussupport services as the computerexecutes the application programs of users

The most indispensible component of thesoftware interface between users and thehardware



45

The OS controls many vital computer software functions

Operating system controls thefollowing: User interface ± Allows you to

communicate with the OS (command-driven, menu-driven, GUI)

Resource management ± Manage thehardware and networking resources

F ile management ± Control thecreation, deletion, location and accessof files of data and programs

T ask management ± Manage theaccomplishment of the computing tasks



46

There are a variety of operatingsystems available today

Microsoft Windows Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2007 etc. are different

versions of the Windows OS

Mac OS Operating system offered by Apple. Has

advanced GUI and multitasking andmultimedia capabilities

Linux

Is UNIX-like but was developed as free oropen-share software

UNIX Multitasking, multiuser, network-managing

operating system

There are many other types of



47

There are many other types of important system managementsoftware besides operating systems

Network management: Monitors networkto keep them up and running

Application server: Shuttles data between

business apps and the web

Database manager: Provides digitalstorehouse for data

Collaboration tools: Powers everything

from e-mail to electronic calendars

Development tools: Allows programmersto craft software code quickly

To understand computer software you



48

To understand computer software youshould have a basic understanding of programming languages (sys. dev.)

A programming language allows aprogrammer to develop a set of instructions that constitute a computer

program Programming requires the use of a variety of

programming packages

Higher level languages require a compiler orinterpreter to translate the program back intomachine language

Web languages and services HTML, XML and Java are three programming

languages that are important tools for buildingweb pages, websites and web-basedapplications



49

Today¶s agenda


Grading scheme



Software

Networks

Quiz

There is a wide spectrum of



50

There is a wide spectrum of telecommunication based technologiesavailable today

Telecommunications is theexchange of information in any form

(voice, data, text, image, audio,video) over computer basednetworks

Entertainment Information

Transactions

Communications E.g. High-definition TV Distance

learning Cellular systems



51

The networked enterprise

W hen computers are networked, twoindustries ± computing and communications± converge, and the result is vastl y morethan the sum of the parts. Suddenl y ,

computing applications become available for business-to-business coordination and commerce, and for small as well as largeorganizations. T he global Internet creates a public place without geographic boundaries

± c y berspace ± where ordinar y citizens caninteract, publish their ideas, and engage inthe purchase of goods and services. Inshort, the impact of both computing on our societ y and organizational structures isgreatl y magnified.



52

Businesses have become networkedenterprises

Systems which are being used tonetwork business processes andemployees together and connect

them to their customer, suppliersand other business stakeholders: Internet

Web

Intranets Extranets



53

The internet has become the largestand most important network today

The explosive growth of the internet is arevolutionary phenomenon in computingand telecommunications

Thousands of business, educational, andresearch networks now connect millionsof computer systems

The internet does not have a centralcomputer system. Instead each messagesent has a unique address code so anyinternet server in the network canforward it to its destination



54

The World Wide Web is one of themost popular internet applications

The most popular internetapplications are e-mail, instantmessaging, browsing sites on the

WWW, and participating innewsgroups and chat rooms http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKno

w/internet/2002/web_vs_internet.asp

You can make online searches forinformation at websites usingsearch engines such as Google andYahoo!

What business value do companies



55

What business value do companiesderive from their business applicationson the internet?

Generate new revenue from onlinesales

R educe costs of doing business Develop new web-based products

Increase customer loyalty andretention

Attract new customers

Develop new markets and channels

Many companies feel that investing in



56

Many companies feel that investing inthe intranet is as fundamental assupplying an employee with a phone

A network inside of an organization that usesinternet technologies to provide an internet-likeenvironment within the enterprise Information sharing

Communication Collaboration

Support of business processes

Is protected by passwords and encryption and canonly be accessed by authorized users via the

internet Business value

Collaboration and communication

Web publishing

Business operations and management

As companies continue to use



57

As companies continue to useextranets they are able to gain manycompetitive advantages along the way

Extranets are network links that useinternet technologies to interconnect theintranet of a business with the intranets

of its customers, suppliers or otherbusiness partners

Business value

Speed and ease of access to intranet resources

Enables a company to offer new kinds of interactive web-based services to theircustomers

Improved collaboration

It is important to understand some



58

It is important to understand someimportant characteristics and basiccomponents of telecommunications

Network Alternative Examples of Alternatives

NetworksInternet, intranet, extranet, wide area,local area, client/server, peer-to-peer

Media

Twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber

optics, comm. Satellites, wireless, LAN

ProcessorsModems, multiplexers, routers,switches, hubs

SoftwareNetwork operating systems, webbrowsers, telecommunications monitors

ChannelsAnalog/digital, switched/nonswitched,bandwidth alternatives

Topology/architectureStar, ring, and bus topologies, OSI andTCP.IP architecture and protocols

Key telecommunications components and

alternatives



59

The basic components of atelecommunications network

1. Terminal

2. Telecommunications processors

3. Telecommunications channels4. Computers

5. Telecommunications controlsoftware

PC, OtherTerminals

Processor Processor

Computers

Software

1

1

2 2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

Different types of networks serve as the



60

Different types of networks serve as thetelecommunications infrastructure for the internet, intranets, and extranet

WAN (Wide area networks):Connecting a large geographic areasuch as a city

LAN (Local area network): Connectwithin a limited physical area suchas an office

VPN (Virtual private network): Asecure network that uses theinternet to connect participatingorganizations

Different types of networks serve as the



61

Different types of networks serve as thetelecommunications infrastructure for the internet, intranets, and extranet

Client/server: Client computer areinterconnected by LANs and shareapplication processing with network

servers, which also manage thenetworks Have become the predominant

information architecture of enterprise

wide computing Peer-to-peer networking: The file-

sharing software in the P2P networkconnects your PC with one of the

online users in the network

Telecommunications channels make



62

Telecommunications channels makeuse of a variety of telecommunicationsmedia

Twisted-pair wire: Ordinary telephonewire, consisting of copper wire twistedinto pairs in the most widely used

medium for telecommunications Coaxial cable: Are you in high-service

metropolitan areas and many officebuildings for LANs

Fiber optics: Cables consisting of one ormore hair-like filaments of glass fiberwrapped in a protective jacket

About 100 times greater that coaxial cablesand 1,000 times better than twisted-pair wire

Processors perform a variety of support



63

Processors perform a variety of supportfunctions between computers and other devices

Modems: Convert digital signal from acomputer or transmission terminal at oneend of a communications link to analog

frequencies that can be transmitted overtelephone lines A modem at the other end converts the

transmitted data back into digital form

Multiplexers:

Internetwork processors:

Networks are interconnected by



64

Networks are interconnected byspecial-purpose communicationsprocessors

Internetwork processors: Switches: Communications processor

that makes a connections between

telecommunication circuits andnetworks

R outers: Interconnects networks basedon different rules so a message can berouted to its destination

Hubs: Port (connection for sharedaccess to networks resources)switching communications processor

Gateways: Connect networks that use

different communications architecture





66

Trends in telecommunications

Toward more competitive vendors, carriers, alliancesand network services, accelerated be deregulation andthe growth of the internet and the WWW

Industry

Toward extensive use of internet, digital fiber-optics,and wireless technologies to create high-speed localand global internetworks for voice, data, images andvideo communications

Technology

Toward the pervasive use on the internet, enterpriseintranets, and inter organizational extranets to supportelectronic business and commerce, enterprisecollaboration, and strategic advantage in local andglobal markets

Application



Any comments or questions?

Next class topic: Basic control of input devices: Keyboard and

mouse

Homework due next class Will be posted by tomorrow

Be sure to add your name to the sign in

sheet at the front of the class

CPS 111 - Lecture 2 - Hardware, Software, Networks - Fall 2010 v1.0

Documents