Cpiqupstreamhydrocarbonindustryfinal 140306144734 Phpapp02 (1)

8/10/2019 Cpiqupstreamhydrocarbonindustryfinal 140306144734 Phpapp02 (1)

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Upstream Sector


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Introduction

Source Internet: CPIQ Web Page

Agradecimientos.

CPIQ

El Consejo Profesional de Ingeniera Qumica de Colombia es una entidad

creada por la Ley 18 de 1976 y su Decreto Reglamentario 371 de 1982,encargada de otorgar las matrculas y expedir las tarjetas profesionales,

realizar seguimiento y control del adecuado ejercicio de la profesin,

colaborar con las autoridades universitarias y profesionales y apoyar las

actividades de las asociaciones gremiales, cientficas y profesionales de la

Ingeniera Qumica.


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Hydrocarbon Industry Sectors

Source Internet Boletin SAO . Association of American Railroads, Bloomber, Ecopetrol

Upperstream Midstream Downstream

Exploration and production (E&P)

Transportation (Crude or Refined)Refinig of Petroleum


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Petroleum or Crude Oil

Petroleum comes from Greek Petra-Rock and elaoin-Oil or Latin Oleum-Oil)also Crude Oil, sometimes calledBlack Gold. Petroleumis a HydrocarbonNatural Mixture.

Source Internet Various


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Natural Gas

Natural gasis a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily ofmethane, but commonly includes varying amounts of alkanes andbutanes and even a lesser percentage of carbon oxide, nitrogenand hydrogen sulfide (sour gas).[



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Crude Oil and Natural Gas

Crude Oil(Oil) has Natural Gas. Oil is non renewable resourcesbecause theycannot be replenished on human time frame. They also called fossil fuelbecause they is thought where formed from dinosaurs.



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Crude Oil and Natural Gas

Biotic theory: Petroleum is theremains of organic material thatwas deposited, usually in marineenvironments, millions of yearsago.

Abiotic theory:Deep in the crust or in the mantel ofthe earth, bacteria may make oilabiotically, that is from sources thatwere never alive.

Hydrogen plus carbon dioxide with thehelp of archaea yield methane pluswater.

archaea

Source Theories for The Origen of Oil by Mike Westlund


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Crude Oil Resources

OPECs ASB 2013 2012 world reserves

Salt Mine Emerald Vein

Reserve


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Crude Oil Resources

Source: Internet


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Crude Oil Resources Native Fluids

Source: Internet

Reservoir Rock

Complex Faulted

Single Anticlinal

Reservoir Rock

Copyright 2010-2014 - San Joaquin Valley Geology

Porosity

Permeability

Saturation

Grain size


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Crude Oil Resources

Exploratory well Exploratory

And Appraisal Wells

Source: SPE PRM 2011


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Crude Oil Resources

Assessment of Reserves



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Crude Oil Resources


Recoverable reserves is also oftencalled proved reserves.

A term used in natural resourceindustries to describe the amount of

resources identified in a reserve thatis technologically or economicallyfeasible to extract. A new reservecan be discovered, but if theresource cannot be extracted by anyknown technological methods, thenit would not be considered part of

recoverable reserves.

Recoverable Reserves


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Crude Oil Resources - Production


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Crude Oil Resources Year over Year Balance

2012

Year EndBalance

2011

Year End

Balance

Produced

Discovery

EOR

(-)

(+)

(+)

=

New Proved

$$$$$$$


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OPEC Share of World Crude Oil Reserves 2012


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OPEC Members 2012 Midyear Population

Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Algeria 34,591 35,268 35,978 36,717 37,800

Angola 16,368 16,889 17,430 17,992 18,577

Ecuador 13,805 14,005 14,307 14,483 15,500

IR Iran 72,584 73,651 74,733 75,150 76,520

Iraq 30,578 31,664 32,490 33,339 34,207

Kuwait 3,442 3,485 3,582 3,697 3,824Libya 6,150 6,263 6,378 6,295 6,411

Nigeria 151,212 154,727 158,057 162,799 167,683

Qatar 1,447 1,639 1,715 1,733 1,774

Saud Arabia 27,787 26,661 27,563 28,376 29,196

United Arab Emirates 8,074 8,200 8,264 8,328 8,394

Venezuela 27,732 28,181 28,629 29,072 29,517Total OPEC Members 391,769 400,634 409,127 417,982 429,402

Source OPECs ASB 2013


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Oil and Gas Reserves Per Capita



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New World Energy Map - Reserves

Conventional Reserves Shale GasThousands of Millions of BBL Billions of SCF


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New World Energy Map

Source EIA and ARI


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Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1 Venezuela 4,983 5,065 5,525 5,528 5,563

2 Brasil 380 365 358 417 434

3 Mxico 359 359 339 349 360

4 Per 415 415 345 353 3595 Argentina 428 399 379 359 333

6 Bolivia 750 750 695 281 281

7 Colombia 114 124 134 153 155

8 Chile 46 46 45 43 41

Source OPEPs : Desarrollo Peruano

Natural Gas Proved Reserves LAR ( Billions of Cubic Meters)


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Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 Venezuela 99 99 211 211 298(*)

2 Saudi Arabia 267 262 263 267 268

3 Canada 178 175 175 174 173

4 Iran 136 138 137 151 155

5 Iraq 115 115 115 143 141

6 Kuwait 104 104 104 104 104

7 United Arab Emirates 98 98 98 98 98

8 Russia 60 60 60 60 80

9 Libya 44 44 46 47 48

10 Nigeria 36 37 37 37 37

11 Kazakhstan 30 30 30 30 30

12 China 16 20 20 20 2613 Qatar 15 25 25 25 25

Proved Reserves Thousands Millions of Bbl.


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Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1 United States 19,498 18,771 19,180 19,949 18,555

2 China 7,468 8,540 9,330 8,924 9,324

3 Japan 4,788 4,406 4,465 4,480 4,720

4 India 2,864 3,113 3,255 3,426 3,441

5 Saudi Arabia 1,980 2,195 2,371 2,986 3224

6 Brazil 2,205 2,481 2,622 2,793 2,933

7 Russia 2,906 2,950 2,992 2,725 2,725

8 Germany 2,545 2,453 2,470 2,400 2,338

9 Canada 2,232 2,153 2,258 2,289 2,327

10 Korea,South 2,142 2,188 2,268 2,230 2,268

11 Mexico 2,161 2,071 2,080 2,133 2,147

12 Iran 1,742 1,766 1,726 2,028 2,08813 France 1,945 1,868 1,881 1,792 1,738

Oil Demand Thousands of Barrels per Day (k b/d)

Source US Energy Information Administration


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World Oil Demand NAR and LAR (1000 b/d)



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World Proven Crude Oil Reserves NAR and LAR (millions barrels)


Lasting time=

(

)

= 6 years


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How much is there?

World reserves stood at 1,478,211 (*) millions of barrels. Word demand is about 76millions of barrel per day. At this rate, the oil will last about 53 years.

Lasting time

)

= 53 years

Lasting time

)

= 6 years


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World Crude Oil Production Millions of Barrels Per Day (m b/d)

(m b/d)


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USA Crude Oil Production



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World Crude Natural Gas Production (Billions Standard Cubic Meters per Day)

(b scm/d)



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Crude Oil

WTI is alight crude oil, with anAPI gravityof around 39.6 andspecific gravityof about 0.827, which

is lighter thanBrent crude. It contains about 0.24% sulfur thus is rated as a sweet crude oil(havingless than 0.5% sulfur), sweeter than Brent which has 0.37% sulfur.

Source : BloomberSource. Association of American Railroads, Bloomber


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Country 2011 20121 Venezuela 2,881 2,804

2 Mxico 2,552 2,548

3 Brazil 2,105 2,061

4 Colombia 914 914

5 Argentina 560 5356 Ecuador 500 504

7 Peru 70 67

8 Bolivia 44 51

9 Guatemala 11 11

10 Chile 4 4

Oil Production LAR 2012 Thousands of Barrels per Day (1000 b/d)


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Crude Oil

How much is there?

World reserves stood at 1,478,211 (*) millions of barrels. Word demandis about 76 millions of barrel per day. At this rate, the oil will last about53 years.

Lasting time

= 53 years

OPECs ASB 2013 2012 world reserves

Lasting time

= 6 years


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Oil API gravity is one way of expressing density. It is related to the specific gravity (SG) of the fluid asfollows:

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the fluid to the density of water at a referencetemperature and pressure (25C, 101 kPa).

Is used to a general classification of crudes as extra heavy oil, heavy oil, medium oil and light oil

Crude Oil API Classification

The density of a crude of 10 API is equal to the density of fresh water at Standard Conditions


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Crude Oil Heavy Oil Denominations

Class Description Viscosity Condition

(1)

API range Example

A Medium Heavy Oil >10 to 25 to 100 to 20 to < 7 Orinoco & Castilla

C Tar Sands and Bitumen >10000 Non mobile >12 to > 7 Athabasca Sand

D Oil Shale (2) (2) Non mobile

Because there is a range variation in viscosity for similar API grades and confusing denominationfor Heavy Oils, Bitumen and Tar Sands there a need for a simple classification based on viscosities

(1) At cold conditions

(2)Rock of oil shale is not permeable


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Crude Oil API Classification


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Crude Oil

Petroleum or crude oil isa complex mixture ofhydrocarbons and other chemicals. The

composition varies widely depending where and

how the petroleum was formed. In fact, a

chemical analysis can be used to fingerprint the

source of the petroleum. However, raw

petroleum or crude oil has characteristic

properties and composition.

1.Carbon 83 to 87%

2.Hydrogen 10 to 14%

3.Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%

4.Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%

5.Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%

6.Metals < 0.1%

Elemental Composition


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Unconventional Resources

Orinoco Heavy OilSandstone


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Resource triangle for natural gas (Holditch 2006).

Unconventional Gas

Shale Gas

Source: JPT 2010 BHI/CONNEXUS MAGAZINE

A depiction of how

methane hydrate

found in ice burns.

The U.S. Department of Energys National EnergyTechnology Laboratory estimates that the global methane

hydrate resource is 700,000 Tcf (20 000 Tcm). Connexus

Baker Hughes Inc.


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Unconventional Gas Vs. Conventional Gas

Unconventional

Source: EIA 2010


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Unconventional Gas


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Unconventional Gas

Shale GasFrac JobFrac Job

Source: EIA / Wikipedia


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Unconventional Gas - Frac Job

Water is by far the largest

component of fracking fluids.

A Hydraulic fracturing job

consume from 6,000 to

600,000 US gallons of

fracking fluids, but over its

lifetime an average well may

require up to an additional 5

million gallons of water for

full operation and possible

restimulation frac jobs.

Source: source watch organization


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Portfolio of Electricity Generation USA


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Preliminary studies suggest significant undiscovered heavy oil potential at shallow depths of less than

2,000 feet of between 1 billion and 2 billion barrels of oil in place could exist with 100 million to 300million barrels of recoverable reserves. - Hart

VIM

VSM

Colombia - Overview

Llanos


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Unconventionals is a very trendy word indeed. But what is so unconventional about unconventional oil and gas resources?

Heavy-oil exploitation is widely commercialized; whether by mining of the oil sands and oil shales or by in-situ steaming or combusting

processes that bring extra-heavy oil to the surface. Yet we say that such oil is unconventional.

Research and pilot operations continue in an effort to increase recovery and decrease costs. When cheap and easy oil becomes scarce,

should we then refer to these recovery techniques as advanced, complex, or difficult recovery rather than the exploitation of

unconventional oil?

The same could be said for shale gas. A few years ago, such gas was said to be unconventional. However, continued research and recent

exploitation with multifracs from horizontal wells have led us to think differently. Already, shale gas appears to be more conventional

than coalbed methane. With the ever-increasing need for natural gas as a clean fuel, the importance of producing more gas is growing.Not all unconventional gas is equal: Each type is at a different stage of exploitation. While waiting to find out about the effect of

renewable energies on our society, gas remains the leading fuel of choice, whether it is natural or a product of gasification of coal or

biomass.

So, where do we look next? Previous centuries all favored a particular source of energy: The 19th century focused on coal because it had

no other alternative, and the 20th century was mainly oil-centered. In the 21st century, we must turn wisely to the resources we have.

There is no doubt that we will have to use a diversity of energy sources adapted to our needs: oil, gas, nuclear,

and renewable energies will all find their share. Marcel Polikar

Source: JPT JULY 2010

Marcel Polikar, SPE, is a Senior Reservoir Engineer with Shell International E&P in Rijswijk, The Netherlands, in the Thermal and UnconventionalEnhanced-Oil-Recovery R&D group.

Unconventional - Insight


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Operation and Services


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Real Time Remote Services

Digital USA Summit: Baker Hughes Inc.

Digital Oil Field/Engineer

Real Time/Remote Control Advanced Control System

Data Base Management

Real Time Decision

Globalized Teamwork's

Production Enhancement

Reservoir Optimization

The Future Belongs to DigitalProfessionals


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Exploration

Seismic Operations



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Exploration Prospection


Seismic Operations

Vibroseis

Seismic lab Crew


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Exploration and Development- Rig Types



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Rig Systems Main Components

1. Crown3. Drill Line

4. Monkey board

5. Traveling Block

6. Top Drive

7. Derick

8. Drill Pipe

9. Dog House10. Blow Out Preventer

13. Generators

16. Mud Pumps

18. Mud Pits

19. Reservoir Pit

21. Shale Shaker

22. Choke Manifold23. Pipe Ramp

Toolpusher:

Driller

Derrickhand

Motorman

Boilerman

Roughneck Jobs


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Rig Systems - Hoisting



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Rig Systems - Rotating



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Rig Systems - Pipes

Drill Collars

HWDPBits

Subs & Stabilizers

Drill String


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Rig Systems - BITS

Cones

Inserts PDC

Reamer

Core Bit

Hybrid

Source: Baker Hughes Inc and others

Jets

Eccentric


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Rig Systems Rotating


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Rig Systems Circulation


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Rig Systems Safety


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Drilling a well

Drilling and connections.

TheDrillstringis run into the holewith aBit. The drillstring is rotatedand the bit drills the hole.

Pipe is run into the hole asJoints(30)

orStands(90), a stand being threejoints of pipe.

After a joint or stand has been drilleddown, aConnectionis made to addanother joint or stand to the stringand drilling continues.


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Drilling a well

Drilling and tripping.When a bit is worn out, or the plannedhole section has been finished thedrillstring will be pulled or tripped.

Stands of pipe are pulled and racked in the

derrick.The bit will be changed and the pipetripped back into the hole.

Trips must be monitored to assure thecorrect fluid is being returned to the hole.



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Drilling a well Drilling Fluids Muds


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Drilling a well

Directional drilling To avoid collision with other wells.

To allow intersection by a reliefwell in the event of a blow-out.

To hit the geological target areas

To provide a better definition ofgeological and reservoir data.

For equity determination.

To fulfil local and governmentregulations.


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Completing a well

CASING

Casing is steel pipe that protects the holefrom collapse and the formation fromdamage.

Casing is run from the wellhead, eachcasing being run inside the other.

Surface Casing (30 & 20)

Intermediate Casing (13 3/8 & 9 5/8)

Liner (7 & 5)Hung inside the previously

run casing

CONDUCTOR (26 20)

SUPERFICIE (20 13-3/8)

INTERMEDIO (13-3/8 7)

LINER (9-5/8 5)

TIE-BACK LINER (9-5/8 5)

TYPICAL

DEPTHS

40-1500FT

100-3000 FT

4000-16000 FT

GREATER THAN

20000 FT


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Cementing a well

Once casing is run, it will be cemented into place.Cementing helps:

Bond the casing to the formation

Protect any producing formations

In the control of blowouts

Seal off troublesome zones

Provide support for the casing


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Well Logging and Testing


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Orinoco Extra heavy Ol

Source Internet Various,Also Baker Hughes Inc.

Can be produced on cold?


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Well Head

X masstree

Skid Unit

Flares

Separators

How much fluids

Gas

Ol Water

What quality

What pressure

How much fluids

Gas

Ol Water

What quality

What pressure

Shaped Charges

Pay Zone


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Fluid Sampling Analysis

Chromatographic

Phase Diagram


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Reservoir Characterization

Static Model

Dynamic Model

Volumetric OIP

Well Planning

Updated Reserves

Production Optimization

Source Internet

Geophysicist

Geologist Geochemist

Reservoir Engineer

Production Engineer


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Completion and Production


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Environmental Management

Fluid Environmental Services

Control Control deSlidos

de Slidos

Control de

Slidos

Procesamiento de

Cortes

Procesamiento

de Lquidos

Re-inyeccin de

cortes y

Transporte

Disposicinde

Desechos

Central de

Procesamiento

Limpiezade

Tanques

Control of solids in MudCentrifuge

Selective Flocculation

Mud dehydrationDecantation

Flocculation

Chemical mixing

Centrifugation

Dilution

Solids disposalLiquid Treatment

Mud Dehydration

Water treatment

Chemical mixing

Fluids Transfer

Disposal


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Problems while drilling


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Deep Water Horizon Safety

Deepwater Horizonexplosion and blowout

An explosion on the drilling rig

Deepwater Horizonoccurred on April 20,

2010, killing 11 workers.

TheDeepwater Horizonsank on April 22,2010, in water approximately 5,000 feet

(1,500 m) deep, and was located resting

on theseafloorapproximately 1,300 feet

(400 m) (about a quarter of a mile)

northwest of the well.



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Chemical Industry Safety -Bhopal

1984

Eldesastre de Bhopal, ocurrido en1984en

la regin deBhopal(India), se origin al

producirse una fuga deisocianato de metilo

en una fbrica de pesticidas.

Se estima que entre 6.000 y 8.000 personas

murieron en la primera semana tras el

escape txico y al menos otras 12.000

fallecieron posteriormente como

consecuencia directa de la catstrofe,

que afect a ms de 600.000 personas,

150.000 de las cuales sufrieron graves

secuelas..

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre


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Colombia - Overview

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