BY RACHELLE AGATHA, CPA, MBA Long-Term Liabilities: Bonds and Notes Slides by Rachelle Agatha, CPA, with excerpts from Warren, Reeve, Duchac
Dec 16, 2015
BY R A C H E L L E A G AT H A , C PA , M B A
Long-Term Liabilities: Bonds and Notes
Slides by Rachelle Agatha, CPA, with excerpts from Warren, Reeve, Duchac
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1. Overview of Long Term Liabilities
2. Describe the characteristics, terminology, and pricing of bonds payable.
3. Accounting for bonds payable.
Objectives:
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4. Bonds issued at Discount vs Premium.
5. Accounting for Premium and Discount.
6. Installment Notes.7. Financial Statement
presentation of LTL
Objectives:
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Compute the potential impact
of long-term borrowing on the
earnings per share of a
corporation.
Objective 1
Objective 1
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Financing Corporations
A bond is simply a form of an interest-bearing note. Like a note, a
bond requires periodic interest payments, and the face amount must
be repaid at the maturity date.
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Bonds Payable
A corporation that issues bonds enters into a contract (called a bond indenture or trust indenture) with the bondholders.
Usually, the face value of each bond, called the principal, is $1,000 or a multiple of $1,000.
Interest on bonds may be payable annually, semiannually, or quarterly. Most pay interest semiannually.
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When all bonds of an issue mature at the same time, they are called term bonds.
If the maturity dates are spread over several dates, they are called serial bonds.
Bonds that may be exchanged for other securities are called convertible bonds.
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Bonds issued on the basis of the general credit of the corporation are debenture bonds.
Bonds that a corporation reserves the right to redeem before their maturity are called callable bonds.
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Pricing of Bonds Payable
When a corporation issues bonds, the price that buyers are willing to pay depends upon three factors:
1. The face amount of the bonds, which is the amount due at the maturity date.
2. The periodic interest to be paid on the bonds. This is called the contract rate or the coupon rate.
3. The market or effective rate of interest.
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The market or effective rate of interest is determined by transactions between buyers and sellers of similar bonds. The market rate of interest is affected by a variety of factors, including:
1. investors assessment of current economic conditions, and
2. future expectations.
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MARKET RATE = CONTRACT RATE
Selling price of bond = $1,000
$1,00010% payable
annually
If the contract rate equals the market rate of interest, the bonds will sell at their face amount.
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MARKET RATE > CONTRACT RATE
Selling price of bond < $1,000
–Discount
$1,00010% payable
annually
If the market rate is higher than the contract rate, the bonds will sell at a discount.
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MARKET < CONTRACT RATE
Selling price of bond > $1,000
+Premium
$1,00010% payable
annually
If the market rate is lower than the contract rate, the bonds will sell at a premium.
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Time Value of Money
The time value of money concept recognizes that an amount of cash to be received today is worth
more than the same amount of cash to be
received in the future.
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Today End of Year 1
End of Year 2
Present Value of the Face Amount of Bonds
$1,00010% payable annually
A $1,000, 10% bond is purchased. It pays interest annually and will mature in two years.
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Today End of Year 1
End of Year 2
$1,000 x 0.82645$826.4
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Present Value of the Face Amount of Bonds
$1,00010% payable annually
A $1,000, 10% bond is purchased. It pays interest annually and will mature in two years.
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Using Exhibit 3 in your test, what is the present value of $4,000 to be received in 5 years, if the market rate of interest is 10%
compounded annually?
$4,000 x .62092* = $2,483.68
*Present value of $1 for 5 periods at 10%
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Today End of Year 1
End of Year 2
Interest payment
$100 Interest
payment
$100
$90.91 $100 x 0.90909
$82.64$100 x 0.82645
Present Value of the Periodic Bond Interest Payments
Present value, at 10%, of $100 interest payments to be received each year for 2 years (rounded)
$173.55
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Present Value of 2-Year, 10% Bond
Present value of face value of $1,000 due in2 years at 10% compounded annually:$1,000 x 0.82645 (Exhibit 3: n = 2, i = 10%) $ 826.45
Present value of 2 annual interest paymentsof 10% compounded annually: $100 x 1.73554 (Exhibit 4: n = 2, i = 10%)
173.55Total present value of bond $1,000.00
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Calculate the present value of a $20,000, 5%, 5-year bond that pays
$1,000 ($20,000 x 5%) interest annually, if the market rate of interest is 5%. Use Exhibits 3 and 4 for computing present
values.
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Present value of face value of $20,000 due in 5 years at 5% compounded annually: $20,000 x .78353 (present value factor of $1 for 5 periods at 5%) $15,671*
Present value of 5 annual interest payments of $1,000 at 5% interest compounded annually: $1,000 x 4.32948 (present value of annuity of $1 for 5 periods at 5%).
*Rounded to the nearest dollar
4,329*
$20,000
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On January 1, 2007, a corporation issues for cash $100,000 of 12%,
five-year bonds; interest payable semiannually.
The market rate of interest is 12%.
Bonds Issued at Face Amount
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Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 12% compounded annually: $100,000 x 0.55840 (Exhibit 3: n = 10, i = 6%)
$ 55,840
Present value of 10 interest payments of $6,000 at 12% compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.36009 (Exhibit 4: n = 10; i = 6%)
44,160*
Total present value of bonds $100,000
*Because the present value tables are rounded to five decimal places, minor rounding differences may
appear in this illustration.
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On January 1, 2007, a corporation issues for cash $100,000 of 12%, five-year
bonds; interest payable semiannual. The market rate of interest is 12%.
Issued $100,000
bonds payable at face
amount.
Bonds Payable 100 000 00
Jan. 1 Cash 100 000 002007
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On June 30, an interest payment of $6,000 is made ($100,000 x .12 x 6/12).
June 30 Interest Expense 6 000 00
Cash 6 000 00
Paid six months’ interest
on bonds.
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The bond matured on December 31, 2011. At this time, the corporation
paid the face amount to the bondholder.
Cash 100 000 00
Paid bond principal at
maturity date.
Dec. 31 Bonds Payable100 000 00
2011
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Assume that the market rate of interest is 13% on the
$100,000 bonds rather than 12%. What would be the
present value of these bonds?
Bonds Issued at a Discount
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Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 13% compounded semiannually: $100,000 x 0.53273
$53,273
Present value of 10 interest payments of $6,000, at 13% compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.18883 (present value of annuity of $1 for 10 periods at 6%)
43,133
Total present value of bonds $96,406
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On January 1, 2007, the firm issued $100,000 bonds for $96,406 (a discount of
$3,594).
Issued $100,000
bonds at discount.
Bonds Payable 100 000 00
Jan.1 Cash 96 406 002007
Discount on Bonds Payable3 594 00
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On the first day of the fiscal year, a company issues a $1,000,000, 6%, 5-
year bond that pays semi-annual interest of $30,000 ($1,000,000 x 6% x ½),
receiving cash of $845,562. Journalize the entry to record the issuance of the
bonds.Cash 845,562Discount on Bonds Payable154,438 Bonds Payable 1,000,000
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Amortizing a Bond Discount
There are two methods of amortizing a bond discount:
1) The straight-line method and
2) The effective interest rate method, often called the interest method.
Both methods amortize the same total amount of discount over the life of the bonds.
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On June 30, 2007, six-months’ interest is paid and the bond discount is amortized ($3,594 x 1/10) using the straight-line method.
Discount on Bonds Payable 359 40
June30Interest Expense 6 359 402007
Amortizing a Bond Discount
Cash 6 000 00
Paid semiannual
interest and
amortized 1/10 of
bond discount.
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Interest Expense 45,444Discount on Bonds Payable 15,444
Cash 30,000Paid interest and amortized the bond discount ($154,438 ÷ 10).
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If the market rate of interest is 11% and the
contract rate is 12%, on the five year, $100,000 bonds,
the bonds will sell for $103,769.
Bonds Issued at a Premium
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Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 11% compounded semiannually: $100,000 x 0.58543 (Exhibit 3: n =10, i = 5½%)
$ 58,543
Total present value of bonds $103,769
Present value of 10 interest payments of $6,000, at 11% compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.53763 (Exhibit 4: n = 10, i = 5½%)
45,226
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Issued $100,000 of bonds for $103,769 (a premium of $3,769).
The entry to record this information is as follows:
Issued $100,000
bonds at a premium.
Bonds Payable100 000 00
Premium on Bonds Payable3 769 00
Jan. 1 Cash 103 769 002007
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A company issues a $2,000,000, 12%, 5-year bond that pays semiannual interest of $120,000 ($2,000,000 x 12% x ½), receiving cash of $2,154,435. Journalize the bond issuance.
Cash 2,154,435Premium on Bonds Payable 154,438
Bonds Payable2,000,000
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On June 30, 2007, paid the semiannual interest and amortized the premium. The firm uses straight-line amortization.
Paid semiannual interest
and amortized 1/10 of bond
prem.
Cash6 000 00
June 30 Interest Expense 5 623 102007
$3,769 x 1/10
$3,769 x 1/10
Amortizing a Bond Premium
Premium on Bonds Payable
376 90
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Using the bond from previous example, journalize the first interest payment and the amortization of the related bond premium.
Interest Expense 104,556Premium on Bonds Payable 15,444
Bonds Payable 120,000Paid interest and amortize thebond premium ($154,435/10).
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Zero-coupon bonds do not provide for interest payments. Only the face amount is paid at
maturity. Assume that the market rate is 13% at date of issue.
Zero-Coupon Bonds
Present value of $100,000 due in 5 years at 13% compounded
semiannually: $100,000 x 0.53273 (PV of $1 for 10 periods at 6½%) =
$53,273
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On January 1, 2007, issue 5-year, $100,000 zero-coupon bonds when the market rate of interest is 13%.
Issued $100,000
zero-coupon bonds.
Bonds Payable100 000 00
Jan. 1 Cash 53 273 002007
Discount on Bonds Payable 46 727 00
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Since the payment of bonds normally involves a large amount of cash, a bond
indenture may require that cash be periodically
transferred into a special cash fund, called a sinking
fund, over the life of the bond issue.
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Bond Redemption
A corporation may call or redeem bonds before they mature. Callable bonds can be redeemed by the
issuing corporation within the period of time and the price stated in the bond indenture. Normally, the
call price is above the face value.
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Retired bonds for $24,000.
Cash24 000 00
Gain on Redemption of Bonds2 000 00
June 30 Bonds Payable 25 000 00
2007
On June 30, a corporation has a bond issue of $100,000 outstanding on which there is an
unamortized premium of $4,000. The corporation purchases one-fourth of the
bonds for $24,000.
Premium on Bonds Payable 1 000 00
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Cash105 000 00
June 30 Bonds Payable 100 000 00
2007
Premium on Bonds Payable 4 000 00
Loss on Redemption of Bonds 1 000 00
Redeemed $100,000 bonds for
$105,000.
Instead, assume that on June 30 the corporation calls all of the bonds, paying
$105,000.
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A $500,000 bond issue on which there is an unamortized discount of $40,000 is redeemed for $475,000. Journalize the
redemption of the bonds.
Bonds Payable 500,000Loss on Redemption of Bonds15,000 Discount on Bonds Payable
40,000Cash 475,000
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An installment note is a debt that requires the borrower to make equal periodic payments to the lender for the term of the note. Unlike bonds, a note payment
consists of payment of a portion of the amount initially borrowed (the principal) and payment of interest
on the outstanding balance.
Issuing an Installment Note
Lewis Company issues a $24,000, 6%, five-year note to City National Bank on January
1, 2008. The annual payment is $5,698.
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The entry to record the first payment on December 31, 2008, is as follows:
(Column C of Exhibit 3)(Column D of Exhibit 3)
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The entry to record the second payment on December 31, 2009, is as follows:
(Column C of Exhibit 3)(Column D of Exhibit 3)
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The entry to record the final payment on December 31, 2012, is as follows:
(Column C of Exhibit 3)
(Column D of Exhibit 3)
After the entry is posted, the balance in Notes Payable related to this note is zero.
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Number of Times Interest Charges are Earned
Number of Times Interest Charges are
Earned
=
Income Before Income Tax + Interest Expense
Interest Expense
Number of Times Interest Charges are
Earned
=$152,366,000 + $42,091,000$42,091,000
Number of Times Interest Charges are
Earned
= 4.62
Briggs and Stratton Corporation
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