CP-Violation and Baryon Asymmetry in Universe Electric Dipole Moments of Fundamental Particles Yannis K. Semertzidis Brookhaven National Lab Colloquium Oklahoma University, 25 March 2004 •EDMs: Why are they important? •Our Universe: The Symmetry that isn’t •EDM Experimental Techniques •EDMs in Storage Rings •Prospects of the Field
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CP-Violation and Baryon Asymmetry in Universe Electric Dipole Moments of Fundamental Particles Yannis K. Semertzidis Brookhaven National Lab Colloquium.
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CP-Violation and Baryon Asymmetry in UniverseElectric Dipole Moments of Fundamental Particles
Yannis K. Semertzidis
Brookhaven National Lab
Colloquium Oklahoma University, 25 March 2004
•EDMs: Why are they important?•Our Universe: The Symmetry that isn’t•EDM Experimental Techniques•EDMs in Storage Rings•Prospects of the Field
A Permanent EDM Violates both T & P Symmetries:
Spin is the only vector…
0d
+
-
dd
Phenom.: only thecomponent alongthe spin survives...
+
-
A Permanent EDM Violates both T & P Symmetries:
+
-
+
-
+
-T
P
A Permanent EDM Violates both T & P Symmetries:
EdEdH
PEdH
EdEdH
EdH
T
Reality Check: Induced EDMs…
EEdH
TOK
PEEdH
OK
Edd
EdH
1st order Stark effect. Forbidden!
EEdH
2nd order Stark effect. Allowed!
Reality Check: MDMs are Allowed…
BdH BdBdH
T
PBdH BdBdH
T-Violation CP-ViolationCPT
Andrei Sakharov 1967:
CP-Violation is one of three conditions to enable a universe containing initially equal amounts of matter and antimatter to evolve into a matter-dominated universe, which we see today….
Before 1929:
• Universe is Static-Eternal
• Cosmological Constant is Invented to Stabilize it
• Dirac Equation 1928:1. g=2 for Point-like, Spin ½ Particles
2. Negative Energy States
Flashback
Hubble 1929:
• Universe is Expanding
• …If the Universe Expands… a Beginning and a BIG BANG!
• Km/Mpa/s or ~10-18s-1 75/ aaH
• Discovery of Positron by Anderson: 1933
At Accelerators:
• 1955: Antiproton Discovery at Berkeley
• 1956: Antineutron Discovery
• 1957: Parity Violation, Lee-Yang
• 1964: CP-Violation at Brookhaven
• Universe: Matter Dominated; Initial Condition Maintained by B, L Number Conservation.
The History of Our Universe
)(
)(
)(
3
44
1
ta
taT
taT
m
years 000,300
,When
equal
m
tt
equalt
The History of Our Universe
Nucleosynthesis builds nuclei up to HeIonized gases
Today’s Cold Universe… Matter Everywhere!
No Antimatter. How did it Happen?
2 ee
2 eeK1010
910/ nnB
equaltttT for ,[sec]/K10 2/110
Andrei Sakharov 1967:
• Three conditions to enable a universe containing initially equal amounts of matter and antimatter to evolve into a matter-dominated universe, which we see today:
• Proton Decay (Baryon Number Violation)
• CP-Violation
• Universe Undergoes A Phase of Extremely Rapid Expansion
Extension of the SM Needed?
• SM: CP-Violation not Enough by Several Orders of Magnitude for Baryogenesis
• Leptogenesis: CP-Violation in Neutrino Mixing?
• Heavy, Weakly Interacting, Right-Handed Neutrinos Produced in Early Universe
• Their Decays Produces Lepton Number Asymmetry.
• Further Interactions Conserving B-L Convert it to Baryon Number Asymmetry
SM Versus SUSY:
One CP-Violating Phase (CKM).SM:
42 CP-Violating Phases!SUSY:
la Fortson
d
EdBdt
sd
Usual Experimental Method
Small Signal
Compare the Zeeman FrequenciesWhen E-field is Flipped:
dE421 +
-
TNEd
11
Schiff Theorem:A Charged Particle at Equilibrium Feels no Force……An Electron in a Neutral Atom Feels no Force Either:
0int EEE extTot
…Otherwise it Would be Accelerated…
Neutron EDM Limits
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
50 60 70 80 90
Year
10^
-25
e-cm
Neutron EDM Vs Year
Neutron EDM at LANSCEAiming for a Factor of 50
3
Q=CV
S. Lamoreaux at “Lepton Moments”
E=5MV/m,T=108s
R&D
Cost of the n-EDM Experiment at LANSCE
• $10M for the experimental apparatus
• $9M for the Beamline
• R&D?
• Total $19M plus R&D
Schiff Theorem:A Charged Particle at Equilibrium Feels no Force……An Electron in a Neutral Atom Feels no Force Either. However:
0intint BEEF extTot
…the net E-field is not zero!
1960 1970 19901980 20102000
10-30
10-28
10-26
10-24
10-22
10-20E
xper
imen
tal L
imit
on
de (
e . c
m)
Electron EDM
Cs
CsXe* Hg
Cs
Tl
Tl??
Tl
Current Atomic EDM Limits
• Paramagnetic Atoms, 205Tl: electron |de| < 1.610-27e·cm (90%CL)
• Muon EDM LOI: (http://www.bnl.gov/edm) to J-PARC.
Muon EDM Letter of Intent to JPARC/Japan, 2003
Spin Precession in g-2 Ring(Top View)
Bm
eaa
Momentumvector
Spin vector
Spin Precession in EDM Ring(Top View)
0a
Momentumvector
Spin vector
The muon spin precesses vertically (Side View)
BVdEddt
sd
B
The muon spin precesses vertically (Side View)
BVdEddt
sd
B
Predictions in Specific Models
The predicted value for the electron is 10 times lessthan the current experimental limit.
50 effect at 10-24 ecm Exp. Sensitivity!
Predictions in Specific Models
Experimental Goal
T. Feng, et al., hep-ph/0305290“Lepton Dipole Moments and Rare Decays in the CP-Violating MSSM with Non-Universal Soft-Supersymmetry Breaking”
Radial E-field to Cancel the g-2 Precession
• Radial E-Field: 2aBcER
The method works well for particles with small anomalous magnetic moment a, e.g. Muons (a = 0.0011), Deuterons (a = -0.143), etc.
c
EaBa
m
ea
1
12
g-2 Values
• Electron 0.0016 done
• Muon 0.0016 doing
• Proton 1.8 ------
• Deuteron -0.15 OK!
Deuteron Coherence Time
• E, B field stability
• Multipoles of E, B fields
• Vertical (Pitch) and Horizontal Oscillations
• Finite Momentum Acceptance ΔP/P
At this time we believe we can do p~10s
Deuteron EDM Signal:
• Radial E-Field:
Rd
R
Ea
daBdc
BcEddt
sd
1
,2 aBcaBcER for γ~1
e.g. for ER = 3.5MV/m, d = 10-27e·cm; ωd = 0.4µrad/s
Deuteron Statistical Error (200MeV):
TotcRp
dfTNAPaE
a2
2
15.6
p : 10s. Polarization Lifetime (Coherence Time)A : 0.3. The left/right asymmetry observed by the polarimeterP : 0.55. The beam polarizationNc : 1011d/cycle. The total number of stored particles per cycleTTot: 107s. Total running time per yearf : 0.01 Useful event rate fractionER : 3.5MV/m. Radial electric field
cme105 28 d per year
Sources of Deuteron Systematic Errors:
• Out of Plane Electric Field
• Tensor Polarization (not a Problem-Smaller is Better)
Effect of Vertical Component of E
0)( vv ruBEeF
c
E
u
EBr
vv
c
EB
c
EBB
c
EBcBEE
Bm
eg
zr
zrr
zrrzz
r
**
*
*
0
2
Ec
E
m
eg
c
E
m
eg
22
v
22
• Deuterons β=0.2, γ=1.02, ω=13105 θE rad/s
Effect of Vertical Component of E• Clock Wise and Counter-Clock Wise Injection:
• Other Diagnostics Include Injecting Forward vs Backward Polarized Beams as well as Radially Pol.
Deuteron (D) EDM at 310-
27ecm
Relative strength of various EDM limits as a function of left handed down squark mass (O. Lebedev, K. Olive, M. Pospelov and A. Ritz,
hep-ph/0402023)
Possible Locations for a Deuteron EDM Experiment:
• Brookhaven National Laboratory
• Indiana University Cyclotron Facility
• KVI/The Netherlands
Proposal This Year…
$20-30M
We are Studying
• Target and Polarimetry (Deuteron case)
• E-field Directional/Amplitude Stability
• Beam and Spin Dynamics
E-field Stability: Major Breakthrough Idea by Neil Shafer-Ray
E-field Stability of Order 10-8 to 10-9
EDMs
Questions Physicists Ask:
Electric Dipole Moment Searches:
• Exciting Physics, Forefront of SUSY/Beyond SM Search.
• Revolutionary New Way of Probing EDMs, Muon and Deuteron Cases-Very Exciting.
• EDM Experiments could Solve the Long Standing Mystery of Matter Asymmetry in our Universe
Summary
Parameter Values of Muon EDM Experiment
• Radial E-Field:• E=2MV/m
• Dipole B-field: B~0.25T
• Muon Momentum:
• Need NP2=1016 for 10-24e.cm. Muon EDM LOI: (http://www.bnl.gov/edm) to J-PARC, <one year of running.
2aBcE
5 MeV/c,500 P
d(muon) < 710-19
Left-Right
10-20
10-22
10-24
d e.cm
MultiHiggs SUSY
Electro-magnetic
neutron:
electron:
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
10-28
10-29
Current status of EDMs
d(electron) < 1.6 10-
27
d(neutron) < 6 10-
26
d(proton) < 6 10-23
la Sauer
d(199Hg) < 2.1 10-28
Parameter Values of Muon EDM Experiment
• Radial E-Field:• E=2MV/m• Dipole B-field: B ~ 0.25T , R ~ 10m
• Muon Momentum:
• Need NP2=1016 for 10-24e.cm. Muon EDM LOI: (http://www.bnl.gov/edm) to J-PARC, <one year of running.
• F. Farley et al., hep-ex/0307006
2aBcE
5 MeV/c,500 P
Parameter Values of a Deuteron EDM Experiment
• Radial E-Field:
ER=3.5MV/m
• Dipole B-field: B~0.1-0.5T; Ring Radius: R~15-30m
• Deuteron Momentum:
• YkS et al., hep/ex-0308063
2aBcER
5.0 GeV/c, 1 dP
Deuteron EDM to 10-27 ecm Sensitivity Level is 100 times better than 199Hg
• T-odd Nuclear Forces: dd =210-22 ξ e·cm with the best limit for ξ<0.5 10-3 coming from the 199Hg EDM limit (Fortson, et al., PRL 2001), i.e. dd < 10-25 e·cm.
(Sushkov, Flambaum, Khriplovich Sov. Phys. JETP, 60, p. 873 (1984) and Khriplovich and Korkin, Nucl. Phys. A665, p. 365 (2000)).
dd = dp + dn (I. Khriplovich)
It Improves the Current Proton EDM Limit by a Factor of ~10,000 and a Factor 60-100 on Neutron.
Possible Improvements:
• Higher ER Fields: 14MV/m with gas to slow down free electrons.
• Longer Storage Time than 10s while Maintaining Polarization (Coherence Time).
Deuteron Statistical Error:
TotcRp
dfTNAPaE
a2
2
15.6
p : Polarization Lifetime (Coherence Time)A : The left/right asymmetry observed by the polarimeterP : The beam polarizationNc : The total number of stored particles per cycleTTot: Total running timef : Useful event rate fractionER : Radial electric field