CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations1 CP Chemistry Unit One: Measurement & Calculations (Chapter 5)

CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 1

CP ChemistryCP Chemistry

Unit One: Measurement & Unit One: Measurement & CalculationsCalculations

(Chapter 5)(Chapter 5)


Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Branches of ScienceBranches of Science Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers The Metric SystemThe Metric System Significant Figures (sig figs)Significant Figures (sig figs) Scientific NotationScientific Notation Powers of TenPowers of Ten


Branches of ScienceBranches of Science

Life Sciences … the study of living Life Sciences … the study of living organismsorganisms

Physical Sciences … the study of Physical Sciences … the study of nonliving thingsnonliving things


Biological SciencesBiological Sciences

The study of life (living things). The study of life (living things). Characteristics of life:Characteristics of life:

composed of a cell(s)composed of a cell(s) grows grows reproducesreproduces uses energyuses energy responds to its environmentresponds to its environment


Physical SciencesPhysical Sciences

Earth / Space Science … Earth / Space Science … Geology (rocks, minerals, volcanoes, etc)Geology (rocks, minerals, volcanoes, etc) Astronomy (sun, planets, solar system, etc)Astronomy (sun, planets, solar system, etc)

Physics …Physics … Topics: motion, forces, electricity, waves, Topics: motion, forces, electricity, waves,

etcetc Chemistry … the study of matter and Chemistry … the study of matter and

its changesits changes


What is Matter?What is Matter?

Matter is most everything!Matter is most everything! Examples: protons, stars, air, youExamples: protons, stars, air, you

Matter is anything with Matter is anything with mass … the amount of stuff presentmass … the amount of stuff present inertia … resistance to changeinertia … resistance to change


Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers

Pure SciencesPure Sciences AstronomerAstronomer BiologistBiologist ChemistChemist GeologistGeologist MeteorologistMeteorologist OceanographerOceanographer PhysicistPhysicist



AgricultureAgriculture AgronomistAgronomist ForesterForester HorticulturistHorticulturist Wood scientistWood scientist



Engineering Fields Engineering Fields BiomedicalBiomedical CeramicCeramic ChemicalChemical EnvironmentalEnvironmental MetallurigicalMetallurigical NuclearNuclear PetroleumPetroleum



Health SciencesHealth Sciences DentistDentist DieticianDietician Medical technologistMedical technologist Physical therapistPhysical therapist PharmacologistPharmacologist PharmacistPharmacist PhysicianPhysician VeterinarianVeterinarian



Technical FieldsTechnical Fields DrafterDrafter SurveyorSurveyor MachinistMachinist Media technicianMedia technician PhotoengraverPhotoengraver PhotographerPhotographer



Chemistry FieldsChemistry Fields AnalyticalAnalytical BiologicalBiological InorganicInorganic OrganicOrganic PhysicalPhysical


But why does a __________ need But why does a __________ need to know Chemistry?to know Chemistry?

Because … Because …

Chemistry is all around you!Chemistry is all around you!

CuriosityCuriosity

Understanding for applicationUnderstanding for application

CommunicationCommunication


Look around you!!!Look around you!!!

The results of Chemistry touch almost The results of Chemistry touch almost everything!everything!


The Metric SystemThe Metric System

PA StandardsPA Standards1.1. Apply and analyze scale as a way of Apply and analyze scale as a way of

relating concepts and ideas to one relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure. another by some measure. [3.1.10/12.D][3.1.10/12.D]

2.2. Apply process knowledge and organize Apply process knowledge and organize scientific and technological phenomena scientific and technological phenomena in varied ways. in varied ways. [3.2.10 B][3.2.10 B]

3.3. Apply and evaluate appropriate Apply and evaluate appropriate instruments and apparatus to examine a instruments and apparatus to examine a variety of objects and processes. variety of objects and processes. [3.7.10/12.B][3.7.10/12.B]



Types of ObservationsTypes of Observations

Qualitative (qualities)Qualitative (qualities)

Examples: color, texture, phaseExamples: color, texture, phase

Quantative (quantities)Quantative (quantities)

Examples: mass, volume, diameterExamples: mass, volume, diameter



Systems of MeasurementSystems of Measurement

English SystemEnglish System

Examples: quart, mile, ounceExamples: quart, mile, ounce

Metric SystemMetric System (abbreviated as SI) (abbreviated as SI)

Examples: gram, meter, literExamples: gram, meter, liter



Advantages of Each SystemAdvantages of Each System

English SystemEnglish System

known/familiarknown/familiar

Metric SystemMetric System (abbreviated as SI) (abbreviated as SI)

based on powers of ten, widely usedbased on powers of ten, widely used



Base Units in Metric SystemBase Units in Metric System

Physical Physical QuantityQuantity

Name of Name of UnitUnit

AbbreviatioAbbreviationn

MassMass kilogramkilogram kgkg

LengthLength metermeter mm

TimeTime secondsecond ss

TemperatureTemperature kelvinkelvin KK



Metric PrefixesMetric Prefixes

PrefixPrefix SymbolSymbol MeaningMeaningmegamega MM 1,000,0001,000,000

kilokilo kk 1,0001,000

decideci dd 0.1 (1/10)0.1 (1/10)

centicenti cc 0.01 (1/100)0.01 (1/100)

millimilli mm 0.001 (1/1000)0.001 (1/1000)

micromicro μμ 0.000001 0.000001 (1/1,000,000)(1/1,000,000)

nanonano NN 0.000000001 0.000000001 (1/1,000,000,000)(1/1,000,000,000)



Metric Prefixes (consider length)Metric Prefixes (consider length)

UnitUnit SymboSymboll

Meter EquivalentMeter Equivalent

kilometerkilometer kmkm 1000 m1000 m

metermeter mm 1 m1 m

decimeterdecimeter dmdm 0.1 m (1/10 m)0.1 m (1/10 m)

centimetercentimeter cmcm 0.01 m (1/100 m)0.01 m (1/100 m)

millimetermillimeter mmmm 0.001 m (1/1000 m)0.001 m (1/1000 m)

micrometermicrometer μμmm 0.000001 m0.000001 m

nanometernanometer nmnm 0.000000001 m0.000000001 m


Metric Prefixes (most common)Metric Prefixes (most common)

The Staircase Diagram for LengthThe Staircase Diagram for Length

meter

km

dm

cm

mm

= 1000 m

1 meter

=10 dm

=100 cm

=1000 mm



The prefixes can be used with any metric The prefixes can be used with any metric base unit. Complete the chart!base unit. Complete the chart!

Base UnitBase Unit kilokilo decideci centicenti millimilli

metermeter kmkm dmdm cmcm mmmm

liter (L)liter (L) ?? ?? ?? ??

gram (g)gram (g) ?? ?? ?? ??

seconds seconds (s)(s)

?? ?? ?? ??



Converting between metric units using Converting between metric units using the Staircase Diagramthe Staircase Diagram

meter/liter/gram

kilo

deci

centi

milli

Examples:

25 m = _____ mm 0.075 L = _____ kL

48 mg = _____ kg 250 mL = _____ dL


Scientific NotationScientific Notation

Chemists work with …Chemists work with …

very large numbers …very large numbers …

602000000000000000000000 602000000000000000000000 atoms in 12 g of carbonatoms in 12 g of carbon

very small numbers …very small numbers …0.000 000 002 814 0.000 000 002 814 cmcm

the distance between atoms in saltthe distance between atoms in salt



More examples … small numbersMore examples … small numbers

0.056 = 5.6 X .01 = 5.6 X 100.056 = 5.6 X .01 = 5.6 X 10-2-2

0.000 12 = 1.2 X 0.0001 = 1.2 X 100.000 12 = 1.2 X 0.0001 = 1.2 X 10-4-4

0.0084 = ???0.0084 = ???



Some examples …Some examples …

175 = 1.75 X 100 = 1.75 X 10175 = 1.75 X 100 = 1.75 X 1022

2500 = 2.5 X 1000 = 2.5 X 102500 = 2.5 X 1000 = 2.5 X 1033

93,000,000 (miles to the sun)93,000,000 (miles to the sun)

9.3 X 1,000,000 = 9.3 X 109.3 X 1,000,000 = 9.3 X 1077

602000000000000000000000 = 602000000000000000000000 =

6.02 X 106.02 X 10??



Scientific notation is a method for Scientific notation is a method for making very large or very small making very large or very small

numbers more compact and easier to numbers more compact and easier to write!write!

Scientific notation expresses a number Scientific notation expresses a number as a product of a number between 1 as a product of a number between 1 & 10 and the appropriate power of & 10 and the appropriate power of

10.10.


Significant FiguresSignificant Figures

MeasurementsMeasurements

In every measurement there is always In every measurement there is always

a degree of uncertainty!a degree of uncertainty!

All measurements depend upon the All measurements depend upon the measuring instrument being used!measuring instrument being used!



Two measurement related terms …Two measurement related terms …

AccuracyAccuracy: agreement with a : agreement with a standardstandard

PrecisionPrecision: agreement with other : agreement with other valuesvalues



What do each of these targets show What do each of these targets show regarding accuracy & precision?regarding accuracy & precision?

What would a target look like that is What would a target look like that is both accurate & precise?both accurate & precise?



Whenever you record a measurement Whenever you record a measurement alwaysalways include all numbers you know include all numbers you know for certain for certain andand one more estimated one more estimated digit!digit!

How long is this arrow?How long is this arrow?

| | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8



How wide is this box?How wide is this box?

Decimeter Stick 1 2

Centimeter Stick 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20



1010 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 00



All the numbers recorded in a All the numbers recorded in a measurement, all certain numbers and measurement, all certain numbers and the one estimated number, are called the one estimated number, are called

significant!significant!

What digits are known? What digits are known?

55.815 or 76.1 55.815 or 76.1

Which is an estimate?Which is an estimate?

What is the uncertainty of each number?What is the uncertainty of each number?



Rules for Significant FiguresRules for Significant Figures

1. Exact numbers are significant!1. Exact numbers are significant!Found by counting: 5 apples, 12 studentsFound by counting: 5 apples, 12 students

Given by definition: 12 inches, 5,280 feetGiven by definition: 12 inches, 5,280 feet

2. All nonzero digits are significant!2. All nonzero digits are significant!

Example: 1234.56 or 32Example: 1234.56 or 32



3. Captive zeros are significant!3. Captive zeros are significant!Example: 22.05 or 100.05Example: 22.05 or 100.05

4. Leading zeros are not significant! They4. Leading zeros are not significant! They are placeholders!are placeholders!

Example: 0.25 or 0.0035Example: 0.25 or 0.00355. Trailing zeros are significant if a 5. Trailing zeros are significant if a

decimaldecimal point is present!point is present!

Example: 500 or 500.Example: 500 or 500.



How many sig figs do each of the How many sig figs do each of the following numbers contain?following numbers contain?

0.001010.00101 101.0101.0 5,200.0055,200.005

1,050.1,050. 1.5861.586 40.0640.06

20002000 2000.02000.0 10,00010,000

0.0230.023 5,280 feet/mile5,280 feet/mile

CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations1 CP Chemistry Unit One: Measurement & Calculations (Chapter 5)

Documents

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environment slide

changes slide

study of life

study of matter

characteristics of life

stuff present mass