Covid-19: Challenges for BME Communities David R. Williams, PhD, MPH Florence & Laura Norman Professor of Public Health Chair, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Professor of African & African American Studies and of Sociology Harvard University
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Covid-19: Challenges for BME
Communities
David R. Williams, PhD, MPHFlorence & Laura Norman Professor of Public Health
Chair, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Professor of African & African American Studies and of
Sociology
Harvard University
Deaths of Covid-19, U.S.
APM Research Lab, http://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
26.2
61.6
28.2 26.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
White Black Hispanic Asian
Deaths Through June 10, 2020
Dea
ths
per
/10
0,0
00
Covid-19 Deaths by Race
• If all racial/ethnic groups had died at the
same rate as white Americans:
- 14,400 Black Americans
- 1,200 Hispanic Americans, and
- 200 Indigenous Americans
would still be alive
APM Research Lab, http://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race Pixabay.com
Data for Covid-19 are consistent
with other Health Data
Infant Mortality in the U.S., 2015
Health United States, NCHS, 2017
4.9
11.3
8.6
54.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
White Black American
Indian
Hispanic Asian/Pl
White Black American Indian Hispanic Asian/Pl
Infant Mortality by Ethnicity, England, 2014
2.2
3.6
6.8
5.8
7.1
3.7 3.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
All
Cau
se I
nfa
nt
Morta
lity
Deaths per 1,000 live births. Public Health England, 2018
Pregnancy-Related Deaths, U.S., 2011-15Deaths Per 100,000 Live Births, by Race/Ethnicity
17
13
43
33
1411
0
10
20
30
40
50
All White Black American Indian Asian/Pacific
Islander
Hispanic
Pre
gn
an
cy-R
elate
d D
eath
s
Race
E.E. Peterson et al., MMWR, May 7, 2019
0
10
20
30
40
50
White Asian Black
40
Ethnicity and Risk of Dying in Pregnancy2014 -2016, UK and Ireland
Marian Knight et al, MBRRACE-UK, 2019
Deaths per 100,000 people
8
15
There are large Inequities in
Socioeconomic Status by Ethnicity
Median Household Income and Race, 2018
Racial Differences in Income are Substantial:
U.S. Census Bureau, Semega et al., 2019; * For 2017; US Census Bureau, ACS, 2017
1 dollar 1.23 dollar 73 cents 59 cents
Whites Asians Hispanics Blacks
59 cents
Am Indians*
Median Household Income, 2009/10-2012/13
For every £ of weekly income that White majority earns
Other Whites earn 79p
Indians earn 86p
Pakistanis earn 57p
Bangladeshis earn 52p
Fisher & Nandi, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2015
Medium Household Income, 2009/10-2012/13
For every £ of weekly income that the White majority earns
Chinese earn 76p
Black Caribbeans earn 77p
Black Africans earn 60p
Fisher & Nandi, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2015
Wealth versus Income• Home ownership
• Other real estate
• Checking, savings, money
market accounts, CDs
• Vehicles
• Businesses
• IRA/Keogh, stocks, bonds,
mutual funds, treasury bills
• Subtracting mortgages and
debt pixabay
Median Wealth and Race, 2016
For every dollar of wealth that Whites have,
Blacks have 10 cents
Latinos have 12 cents
Other Races have 38 cents
Dettling et al., FEDS Notes, Federal Reserve Board (SCF), 2017
Median Household Wealth, 2014-2016
£282£266
£127
£30
£89
£300
50
100
150
200
250
300
Wea
lth p
er h
ouse
hold
ONS Wealth and Assets Survey Omar Khan, Runnymede, 2020
Wealth by Ethnic Group, 2014-2016
Ethnic Differences in Wealth are Substantial:
ONS Wealth and Assets Survey Omar Khan, Runnymede, 2020
1 pound 95 pence 50 pence 10 pence
White
British Indian PakistaniBlack
African
20 pence
Black
Caribbean Bangladeshi
10 pence
What Low Economic Status Means
We are in the same storm, but in different boats
Pixels
Low Income and Covid-19
•Not everyone can work from home
•For low-wage, non-salaried workers with unpredictable
and unstable hours, working from home is a luxury
• In poor neighborhoods, with overcrowded housing, social
distancing is not a viable option.
•Low income & minority workers overrepresented among
essential workers – our drivers, building maintenance
staff and grocery store employees.
Race Still Matters for Health after
Social class/Socieconomic
Status is taken into Account
Covid-19 Deaths, Relative to Whites
4.2
3.6
2.4
1.9 1.8
1.3
4.3
3.4
2.7
1.91.6
1.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
M - Age Adjusted M - Fully Adj F - Age Adjusted F - Fully Adj
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Black Bangladeshi/Pakistani Indian
Odds
Rat
ios
Office of National Statistics, May 7, 2020
Fully Adjusted: age, urbanicity, IMD, HH, education, HH tenure, health