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Online Version ISSN: 1314-412XVolume 5, Number 1
March 2013
2013
Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.
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Address of Editorial office:Agricultural Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora BulgariaTelephone.: +359 42 699330 +359 42 699446http://www.uni-sz.bg/ascitech/index.html
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Tsanko YablanskiFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria
Co-Editor-in-Chief
Radoslav SlavovFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria
Editors and Sections
Genetics and Breading
Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Max Rothschild (USA)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)
Nutrition and Physiology
Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)
Production Systems
Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)
Agriculture and Environment
Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)
Product Quality and Safety
Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)
English Editor
Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)
Online Version ISSN: 1314-412X
2013
Volume 5, Number 1March 2013
Influence of the variety and sowing rate on the green mass productivity of Sudan grass and Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids
Tz. Kikindonov*, S. Enchev, K. Slanev
Agricultural Institute, 3 Simeon Veliki, 9700 Shumen, Bulgaria
Abstract. The influence of the in-row sowing rate for different varieties of Sudan grass and Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids on the green mass productiveness in brooming stage was studied in 2010–2011. In significantly differing agro-climatic conditions of the two years the denser sowings form higher yield of green and dry mass, and the rainfalls distribution has a significant importance for the more favorable yield structure. The tested varieties and hybrids have high productive potential for stable yields of green mass in conditions of extreme deviations from the agro-climatic norms.
Keywords: Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids, varieties, sowing rate, productivity
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 1, pp 50 - 52, 2013
Introduction Material and methods
The adoption of Sudan grass in our economics brings to better The present study is carried out on the Experimental field of possibilities for design of schemes for consistent agriculture. It is Agricultural Institute (AI), Shumen in 2010–2011. The standard popular for its higher resistance to drought compared with a number varieties Susu, Verkor, Yantar, Super sweet and Sudan grass SVE, of other crops, especially for regions with high temperatures and Sorghum x Sudan grass F hybrid A x SVE, sweet sorghum SZE and 1
lower rainfalls quantities, distributed unevenly (Fribourg et al., its F hybrid A x SZE of the breeding program of AI-Shumen are 11995). Although there were many attempts to introduce it in Bulgaria, included in the study. The soil type is a carbonate black earth with a the Sudan grass is not so much popular as a forage crop. This is due good mechanical structure and weakly alkaline reaction of the soil to the lack of knowledge for the new varieties and technologies. solution. The forerunner crop is sugar beet. The method of the long
In the world two types of Sudan grass hybrids are grown. The plots was used, in 4 repetitions for each variety and variant. The area 2pure Sudan grass hybrids of Sudan grass MS lines and pollinators of the harvest plot is 10.8 m . The sowing is mechanized at 45 cm
are near to the Sudan grass as growth and quality characteristics, between rows with a high sowing norm – 80 000 seeds per da.but are with higher, thinner stems and more productive than the The three variants of density are formed in the following way. Sudan grass. These hybrids form a very fast grow up after cutting After the sowing, in III–leaf phase, two of the three rows of each plot and are very productive. The Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids (S. are rarefied by hand, and the number of the germinated plants is bicolor (L) Moench x S. Sudanense (Piper) Stapf) differ with bigger counted. In the V-VI leaf phase a second rarefaction at interval of one stems and leaves, giving satisfactory forage yield by twice or plant on the one of the already rarefied rows of the plot, and again the multiple cutting for green mass, but are most appropriate for one cut number of plants is registered. A cutting by hand in the brooming in late milky maturity for silage production (Snyman and Youbert, phase is made. The yield of green mass, dry matter percentage and 1996). dry matter yield are measured in four repetitions. The dry matter is
The productivity of Sudan grass and Sorghum x Sudan grass determined via drying at 70 °C for 24 hours in two repetitions of hybrids is influenced by the agro-climatic factors and the conditions mixed sample. 2010 is characterized as a year which is normally of growing (Beuerlein et al., 1968). They are extremely plastic favorable for the development of Sorghum and Sudan grass. The regarding the self regulation of the density by the mechanisms of total rainfalls sum is extremely high, as the rainfalls in May and June, shooting and reproductive development of the shoots (Shon Yun et together with the low temperatures, brought to unfavorable al., 1999). In the recent years the gene fund is dynamically widening conditions for the germination and the initial development. The with forms which are resistant to drought and to cold, too (Dordevic conditions in July, August and September compensated the initial et al., 1992; Zamfir, 2001). The range of varieties with differences in delay and productive green mass and technical maturity grain grow the vegetation period, biometrical parameters, reproductive thups were realized around 15 of September. The spring of 2011 is potential, increases the variation of the structure and the degree of thcontinuous and cold, after 15 of May the temperature of air raised the yield (Lioveras et al., 2006; Samuil, 2007; Rajcakova et al., thover 15 degrees, which forced the late sowing on 12–15 of May. The 2010).
low temperature sum causes the delay in the development of the The aim of the present study is to clarify the influence of the in-
Sorghum. The rainfalls are unevenly distributed during the row sowing rate for a number of Sorghum x Sudan grass varieties in
vegetation, which also characterizes the year as unfavorable. The the conditions of severe drought during 2010 and 2011 on the
stable weather allowed the delay of the cuttings and the harvest until productivity by hay-making in the stage of brooming.
the end of September, which compensated to a big extent the unfavorable agro-climatic factors.
* e-mail: [email protected]
50
51
matter yield increases. For the third swath almost a double increase Results and discussionof the productivity is characteristic compared with that of 2010. The total green mass productivity does not differ substantially and the In Table 1 are given data for green and dry mass yield of the average is 108 t/ha for the variants with dense sowing rate. The yield hybrids tested in 2010. With the decrease of the density the of dry mass per ha in 2011 is higher compared with the yield in 2010. productivity of green mass decreases with comparatively close The differences in the agro-climatic conditions of the two years of the values of the dry matter. With the first swath the yield varies from 27 study give possibility to register some tendencies of the productivity t/ha to 69 t/ha with mean of 48 t/ha for the non-rarefied sowings. The manifestation in different growing media. The high rainfalls sum and average green mass yield for the sowings rarefied once is 36.6 t/ha, the higher norm of sowing and sowing rate result in a higher green and 29 t/ha for the sowing rarefied twice. The data in the table show mass productivity. The higher temperature sum during the that the tested origins have high content of dry matter. The dry mass vegetation and the optimization of the sowing rate are precondition yield is in the boundaries of 10.7 t/ha for Yantar to 20.2 t/ha for the for increase of the dry matter relative yield for the three swaths in hybrid A x SVE. With the second swath the yield of green mass is brooming stage. lower. But here could be noted also an increase of the dry matter,
The results for green and dry matter productivity dependence which reaches 43.8% for the A x SVЕ hybrid. For the index dry mass on the sowing rate correspond with the data of Dordevic et al. (1992) yield per ha it is seen that all the studied hybrids have comparatively and Zamfir (2001) in neighbour countries like Serbia and Romania. high values of this index, and for the hybrid А x SVE a dry mass yield The productivity for more frequent cuttings in earlier stages of of 40 t/ha is received. The third swath is with significantly lower development give possibility for more stable production of fresh and productivity because of the shortage of rainfalls during this period.high quality forage for a longer period of time in conditions of extreme In 2011 (Table 2) the uneven deviations from the agro-climatic deviations from the agro climatic norms.norms reflected on the different results of green and dry mass yield.
The productivity potential of the stabilized populations and With the first swath from the hybrid A x SVЕ a green mass yield of 45 hybrids bred in AI-Shumen is not lower than the popular in practice t/ha is obtained. The mean results of the first and the second swath Sudan grass varieties and Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids of the show an insignificant decrease of the green mass yield, while the dry foreign breeding.
Тable 1. Productivity of Sudan grass and Sorghum origins and Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids in brooming phase and threevariants of sowing density, t/ha, 2010
*А – non-rarefied, B – rarefied once, C – rarefied twice
Origins Variant density
І cutting
Greenmass
Drymass
Greenmass
Drymass
Greenmass
Drymass
26.220.118.123.118.617.527.219.017.539.326.121.732.923.819.521.517.914.625.118.615.538.234.426.029.222.318.84.544.26
93.975.669.485.372.867.597.569.567.5
127.980.368.1
118.991.167.296.483.467.598.077.554.2
131.1109.789.2
106.182.568.8
20.394.78
4.23.43.14.33.53.44.53.43.45.94.93.75.34.13.13.22.72.54.03.52.58.96.55.25.04.03.41.63.87
15.012.011.116.413.614.218.614.214.218.115.011.419.215.011.417.815.313.915.813.910.030.021.917.518.915.112.85.094.81
9.47.47.47.86.85.87.46.05.8
13.29.98.1
10.57.95.87.06.14.6
10.46.76.0
16.612.911.210.3
8.06.9
2.844.12
33.326.426.430.326.423.930.624.723.940.630.625.038.328.621.139.233.925.841.432.524.256.143.638.138.730.825.911.25.46
12.69.37.6
11.08.38.3
15.39.68.3
20.211.39.9
17.111.810.611.39.17.5
10.78.47.0
12.715.0
9.613.910.4
8.413.863.33
45.637.231.938.632.829.448.330.629.469.234.731.761.447.534.739.434.227.840.831.720.045.044.233.648.536.629.3
12.534.25
А*BCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBC
Susu
Vercor
SVE
A x SVE
A x SZE
SZE
Yantar
SuperSweet
MeanMeanMeanGD 1%P %
ІІ cutting ІІІ cutting
Greenmass
Drymass
Total Yield
Тable 2. Productivity of Sudan grass and Sorghum origins and Sorghum x Sudangrass hybrids in brooming phase and threevariants of sowing density, t/ha, 2011
*А – non-rarefied, B – rarefied once, C – rarefied twice
Origins Variant density
І cutting
Greenmass
Drymass
Greenmass
Drymass
Greenmass
Drymass
37.426.520.048.834.421.131.124.323.144.536.521.440.133.523.741.035.729.036.529.420.144.843.223.040.532.922.76.234.21
107.768.858.2
106.693.858.1
102.177.874.5
124.0100.8
58.298.881.560.0
109.994.477.497.778.957.5
123.2121.2
67.8108.8
89.764.016.875.44
14.89.48.2
16.114.1
8.59.58.29.0
13.78.55.6
13.59.66.6
15.613.813.2
9.26.05.1
16.014.5
7.513.510.5
8.02.204.77
33.321.118.532.228.217.026.623.025.238.924.115.933.323.716.330.025.924.830.019.616.737.734.117.832.725.019.05.095.81
7.56.04.5
17.76.54.37.34.84.88.47.53.99.17.37.46.96.05.75.75.34.57.48.05.38.86.45.02.074.15
30.024.118.235.530.019.634.422.622.639.635.218.228.923.023.333.328.927.425.524.120.438.941.927.833.328.722.29.834.34
15.111.17.3
15.013.8
8.314.311.39.3
22.420.511.917.516.6
9.718.515.910.121.618.110.521.420.710.218.216.0
9.74.895.37
44.423.621.538.935.621.541.132.226.745.541.524.136.634.820.446.639.625.242.235.220.446.645.222.242.736.022.711.635.73
А*BCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBCАBC
Susu
Vercor
SVE
A x SVE
A x SZE
SZE
Yantar
SuperSweet
MeanMeanMeanGD 1%P %
ІІ cutting ІІІ cutting
Greenmass
Drymass
Total Yield
52
thFribourg HA, 1995. Summer annual grasses. In: Forage 5 Iowa ConclusionState University Proceedings (eds R. F. Barner), 463-471.Lioveras J, Lopez Fernandez A, Baga M, Betbese JA and Lopez In the conditions of extreme deviations from the agro-climatic Querol A, 2006. Production of forage sorghum biomass in irrigated norms the Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids show higher potential for regions of the Ebro valley. Agricultura Revista Agropecuaria, 75, green mass yield. The total average green mass yield of the three 889, 804-807.swaths for the two years is identical despite of the differences Rajcakova L, Mlynar R and Rajsky M, 2010. Improvement of regarding the rainfalls and temperatures – in 2010 the yield reaches quality of silages from sorghum x sudan grass hybrid. Biotechnology 106 t/ha, and in 2011 – to 108 t/ha. The productivity of green and dry in Animal Husbandry, 26, 531-537.mass increases with the higher sowing density for the first swath, but Samuil C, 2007. The effects of diverse technological factors on the they equalize with the next two swaths. The productivity potential of productivity potential of sorghum and Sudan grass, under cultivation the stabilized populations and hybrids bred in AI-Shumen is not in Romania. Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si lower than the foreign breeding varieties of Sudan grass and Medicina Veterinatia lon lonesku de la Brad lasi. Seria Agronomie, Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrids.50, 2, 560-565.ShonYun S, Yun Z, Genchang Z and Yun Hua L, 1999. Feasibility Referencesresearch of breeding and application of sorghum-sudan grass hybrids. Acta Pratacultural Cinica, 8, 3, 39-45.
Beuerlein JE, Fribourg HA and Bell F, 1968. Effect of environment Snyman L and Youbert HW, 1996. Effect of maturity stage and
and cutting on the regrowth of a sorghum x sudangrass hybrid. Crop method of preservation on the yield and quality of forage sorghum.
Science, 8,152-155.Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57, 63-73.
Dordevic-Miloshevic S, Trenkovski S, Zujovic M, Ninkovic S Zamfir MS and Zamfir I, 2001. The study of phenophases variability
and Negovanovic D,1992. Yield and quality of some sorghum and in Sudan grass [( Sorghum sudanense Piper. (Starf.)]. Analele Sudan grass genotypes grown in a wet, cold spring. Biotechnologija Institutului de Cercetari pentru Cereale si Plante Tehnice, Fundulea, u Stocarstvu, 8, 3, 57-63. 68, 165-176.
Review
Status of remote hybrids in the Poaceae: problems and prospectsH. Stoyanov*
Genetics and Breeding
Genetic divergence among accesions of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)N. Dyulgerov, B. Dyulgerova
Yield stability of contemporary Bulgarian winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in DobrudzhaP. Chamurliyski, N. Tsenov
Assessment of initial material for stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) breedingTz. Kikindonov
Grain yield of winter feed barley varietiesB. Dyulgerova, D. Dimova, D. Valcheva, D. Vulchev, T. Popova, M. Gocheva
A study on the biological and economic qualities of common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)I. Stankov, S. Tsvetanov, P. Stankova, I. Yanchev, T. Raycheva
Nutrition and Physiology
Drought–induced changes in photosynthesis of young cowpea plantsK. Uzunova, Z. Zlatev
Effect of organic fertilizers on photosynthesis of young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)Z. Zlatev, V. Popov
Production Systems
Productivity of sunflower grown in a periodic water deficit conditionsR. Petrova, A. Matev, H. Kirchev, A. Sevov
Variation of capillary rise of water in the slightly leached chernozem soil of Dobrudzha region under the effect of long-term use of some soil tillage practicesP. Yankov
Influence of the variety and sowing rate on the green mass productivity of Sudan grass and Sorghum x Sudan grass hybridsTz. Kikindonov, S. Enchev, K. Slanev
Effect of the irrigation regime on the productivity of root celery by drip irrigation in the Plovdiv regionB. Harizanova-Petrova, A. Ovcharova
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Study of a zeolite–water experimental refrigeration module intended for animal raisingR. Georgiev, K. Peichev, A. Pavlov, K.Trendafilov, G. Dineva, I. Binev
Method for rapid determination of the percentage rate of grain losses by the combine harvester according to its parametersN. Delchev, K. Trendafilov
Phase–frequency characteristics of three types of milking clusters with a different volume and shape of the pulsation chamberB. Banev, K. Peychev, V. Vlashev, G. Dineva
Nondestructive (NIRS) determination of some technological traits of Bombyx mori L. cocoonsM. Panayotov, S. Atanassova, S. Petrova
Researching the resistance of bees fattened up with additive of extract of Tribulus terrestris L. during winteringI. Hristakov, I. Zhelyazkova, V. Hvarchilkov
Influence of liming with Ca(OH) on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in foliage of vine 2
varietiesK. Trendafilov, V. Valcheva, S. Todorova
Content and composition of the essential oil of Rosa alba L. during flower developmentA. Dobreva, M. Gerdzhikova
Effectiveness of application of the leaf–fertilizers Hortigrow in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum)V. Ivanov, I. Yanchev, T. Raycheva, K. Stoyanov
Agriculture and Environment
M. Lacheva
Agroclimatic conditions of existence of almond trees in Plovdiv region during the winter periodD. Ivanova, N. Shopova
Phytoplankton growth and chlorophyll – a content in the surface layer of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal waters in 2011D. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov
Ecological status of Varna Bay through the state of phytoplankton, macrozoobenthos and macrophytes during the autumn of 2011D. Petrova, E. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov, V. Vachkova, R. Bekova
Environmental studies of the macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal zone along the Bulgarian Black Sea coastE. Petrova, S. Stoykov
A study of macromycetes in Maglenishki Rid, Eastern Rhodopes Mts. II. Recent data of study
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Product Quality and Safety
Evaluation of pork meat quality and freshness using colorimetric and spectral methodsS. Atanassova, T. Stoyanchev, S. Ribarski
Reducing the hyperspectral feature spaces of ready-to-cook minced meat productsK. Kolev
Effect of cold storage terms on physico-chemical characteristics of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) meatS. Ribarski, A. Genchev, S. Atanasova
The flavonoid content in the white oil–bearing rose (Rosa alba L.)A Dobreva, M Gerdzhikova
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thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.
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