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Report of International Sandalwood
Symposium 2012 in Hawaii - USA 21 - 24 September 2012
ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F) Improving the Enabling Conditions for
Sustainable Management of
Sandalwood Forest Resources in East Nusa Tenggara Province
Jakarta, November 2012
RRR EEE PPP OOO RRR TTT
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28 November 2012
With regard to the convening of the "International Sandalwood
Symposium 2012 in Hawaii " USA on 21-24 September 2012, we
respectfully submit the results of the meeting as follows:
1. Symposium was organized by The International Sandalwood
Foundation in cooperation with the United Plant Savers, USA. Both
organizations have relatively the same mission, namely to preserve
species whose population has drastically declined or endangered in
the Pacific and Asia through education, research and program of
sustained management of natural resources utilization. Invited
participants are very diverse ranging from governments, sandalwood
entrepreneurs, farmers / growers, researchers, academics,
individuals who are interested in sandalwood plant and
international organizations such as CITES, etc. from the United
States, Australia, France, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Fiji, Tonga
and other countries of the Pacific Islands. Indonesia’s
participation is represented by Yani Septiani from the Directorate
General of Forestry Business Development and ITTO Project PD 459/07
Rev.1
2. The purpose of the symposium is to discuss and share
information related to the development and preservation of
sandalwood in the whole world. Session presentations are divided
into (1) Session 1: Introduction, local and global Sandalwood
market and threats, (2) Session 2: Chemistry and Genetics, (3)
Session 3: Cultivation and propagation, (4) Session 4: Ecology and
Environment; (5) Session 5; Regional Use and Development, (6)
Session 6: Regulation and Sustainable management. I had the
opportunity for presentation at the 6th session titled "sandalwood
resource and its management in East Nusa Tenggara Province of
Indonesia". Detailed information about the Symposium is available
on the website http://www.sandalwoodfoundation.org/.
3. Most of the presenters explained the results of their studies
/ research and only a few convey concrete activities on the ground.
Indonesia delivered report of activities that have been and are
being conducted in order to support the development and
preservation of sandalwood in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Starting
from the improve-ment process in sandalwood management policy in
two target districts (East Sumba and South Central Timor),
community capacity building through training in the cultivation of
sandalwood and making of community sandalwood nursery in several
villages in four target districts (TTS, East Sumba, Flores and East
Alor). The present-ation received appreciation from all
participants because of the activities we are doing is real and
concrete as well as it involves local communities. There are
several organizations that are interested in the development of
sandalwood in NTT, some of them is Wescrop from Australia and
Aromatic Sandalwood. A few researchers from James Cook University
are also interested to share information on a training manual for
sandalwood cultivation that can be used for local communities. They
now have already a simple manual and will be translated to the
Indonesian language to enrich the training of sandalwood
cultivation in the province of NTT. A sandalwood consult-ant from
India is also interested in knowing the potential supply of
sandalwood from NTT, because the current world supply of sandalwood
is filled 90% by Indian sandal-wood, and 10% from Indonesia. Also,
a researcher on sandalwood plant diseases
http://www.sandalwoodfoundation.org/.
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from India are also very keen to share his research results
because the sandalwood species studied is the same species of
sandalwood growing in NTT which is Santalum album. And the current
sandalwood crop growing in TTS District is affected by a disease
which causes white patches on the leaves. This network has been
channeled to institutions in the NTT province to be followed
up.
4. Other important information to be shared are: (i) sandalwood
populations have declined because of over exploitation without any
effort to replant, this happens not only in Indonesia but also in
the whole world. Even in Hawaii, from the six species that exist
there, one species will be submitted to CITES as an endangered
plants (but not Santalum album). (ii) The research / study of NTT
sandalwood shows that its oil quality is the most superior in the
world (iii) Sandalwood researchers in the world do not yet know
that sandalwood distribution in Indonesia is not only in the NTT
province but it is also found naturally regenerating in Aceh (ITTO
Survey Team, sandalwood found in Pidie and Aceh Besar Districts)
(iv) regulation for sandalwood regulation is actually not only in
Indonesia but in Australia as well, the government had issued
special rules relating these sandalwood. One of the representatives
of the Government of Australia (FPC-Forest Products Commission)
conveyed relevant information on Sandalwood in Australia. The rules
issued encourage communities to grow sandalwood on infertile land
and other rules related to control and maintaining sustainability.
While the small countries in the Pacific Islands such as Tonga and
Fiji are still struggling with the rules that are less effective
and have not been pro community. All presentation materials will be
bound in a book of proceedings and circulated to all participants.
So ends this report for further directives.
Jakarta, 26 November 2012 Yani Septiani
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APPENDIX 1.
SUMMARY
Proyek RED- PD 007/09 Rev.2 (F) “Enhanching Carbon Stock to
Reduce Emission from Deforestation and Degradation through SFM
initiatives in
Indonesia”
Reducing emission from deforestation and degradation in
developing country becomes a
national, regional and international issue. The need for SFM to
be part of any scheme to
reduce deforestation and degradation in the tropics is becoming
crucial and important. It is
recognized that SFM will not completely eliminate deforestation
problems but SFM will
improve forest management and bring economically feasible,
ecologically sustainable
and socially acceptable management practices. However
information on SFM initiatives in
enhancing forest based carbon stock, carbon sequestration, and
carbon storage in green
products in order to reduce GHG CO2 emission has not yet reached
the majority of
stakeholders/parties globally and particularly in Indonesia.
In light of the importance of tackling the issues above, the
project will promote the SFM as
an important option for forest based climate change mitigation
to reduce emission from
and by tropical forest. As first step priority, the proposed
project will focus only on initiating
multi-stakeholder processes in developing national strategy to
maintain and increase
forest carbon stock through SFM implementation.The expected
outputs of the project are:
(1) Information concerning SFM forest based carbon, C stock, CO2
sequestration, and
green products is available; (2) Supporting infrastructure and
mechanism to bring
additional incentives in implementing SFM as important option in
reducing emission from
deforestation and forest degradation assessed ; (3) Outreach
activities to promote public
awareness among relevant stakeholders on SFM initiatives in
enhancing forest based
carbon stock, sequestration, and carbon storage in green
products in order to reduce GHG
CO2 developed.
After project completion it is expected that strategy will be
institutionalized and adopted by
various levels to be the program and action in reducing emission
from deforestation and
degradation. The successful implementation of the project will
generate awareness among
local people and other related stakeholders to participate in
managing forestland in a
sustainable way. Local government, communities and private
sector will get incentives from
the ongoing effort in implementing conservation and forest
management in reducing
emission from deforestation and degradation.
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APPENDIX 2.
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1
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 1
SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA
PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Cooperatton between Indonesia Government (Ministry of Forestry
and Local Government of East Nusa Tenggara) and ITTO
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 2
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2
Kupang
TTS
TTU
Belu
AlorLembata
SikkaEnde
Ngada
Flores Timur
ManggaraiManggarai Barat
Sumba Barat
Sumba Timur
Kota Kupang
Rote Ndao
Sandalwood (local name Sandalwood (local name CENDANA CENDANA )
in ENT) in ENT
Sandalwood plays important roles to livelihood of people in ENT
province both economically and culturally
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3
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 5
The history and nature of sandalwood in East Nusa Tenggara
province
The history of Sandalwood (Santalum album L. the local name is
Cendana) in East Nusa Tenggara province closely parallels with the
history of the province itself.
The wood has been commercially traded by Chinese traders to
Malaya and India since the 10th century
During the 15th century, sandalwood from this area has attracted
western traders
Traders distributed the wood to other parts of the world,
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 6
Sandalwood use in East Nusa Tenggara province
It harvested mainly from natural stands and -main product-
sandalwood oil, which is exported to be used in perfume and in the
cosmetics industries to USA, Singapore and European countries
(Santalum album L.)
The wood also is being used, and deliver to neigbouring islands
(such as Bali), for woodcarving and various forms of handicrafts
such as fans, pens, beads, rosaries, accessories and handbags.
The wood is also used to make joss sticks for ritual purposes
and marketed domestically or exported mainly to Taiwan
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4
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 7
Sandalwood contribution for local government income
Sandalwood plays an important role as one of the main sources of
local government for long time
From 1986/1987 to 1991/1992, sandalwood contributed about 2.5
billion rupiah annually or about 40% of the total local Gov revenue
(91/92 to 97/98 contributed 12-37 %)
After this period this contribution declined. The resource is
being rapidly depleted due to mainly weak of policy, economic and
local institutional framework for sustainable management of
Sandalwood resources
However, sandalwood is still considered an important asset by
the local government.
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 8
Population of Sandalwood is decreasing
Unsustainable wood harvesting (Over cutting), wild grazing and
land conversion to support agriculture activities has caused
sandalwood population in ENT province continuously decreasing.
Efforts on sandalwood plantations are limited In the mean time,
demand on sandalwood oil industries remains high to fulfill both
domestic and export markets.
These conditions have been continuing since long time and may
direct to sandalwood extinction in the region.
Previous studies have identified the root problems :sandalwood
management
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5
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 9
The studies concluded that low participation of local people on
sustaining or cultivating sandalwood resources was caused by
previous in effective local government policies that neglecting
local people’s rights.
Low economical benefits and unclear rights on sandalwood
management have constrained local people participation in
sandalwood cultivation activities.
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 10
Policy and impact
Historically, sandalwood has been appropriated by the ruling
class, under traditional law. All sandalwood trees - no matter on
whose land they grow - were owned by the king (“Radja”) to control
the sandalwood in this area.
After independence of Indonesia (1945)The wood was controlled by
the government through a series of regulations covering all aspects
of its management. These regulations deal with property rights,
resource maintenance, harvesting, marketing and wood allocation.
designed to sustain the resource, as well as to maintain local
government income, in reality had the opposite effect.
Sandalwood authority was then regulated by local
government(Peraturan Daerah or PERDA)
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6
Regulations in managing sandalwood resource in ENT
Local Government regulation of sandalwood commodity had
discouraged local people to get involved in improving and
implementingsustainable sandalwood forest management system in the
past:
Regional Government Regulation or “Perda” No. 16/1986 and the
Ministry of Home Affairs Decree No. 522.63-433/1988; stated that
all naturally regenerated sandalwood (live trees, dead trees and
wood) belong to the local government. Any parties could plant
sandalwood trees on their own land, but their income share from the
harvested wood was only 15%.
Perda No. 2/1999 that abolished the Perda No. 16/1986. In the
spirit of decentralization, the authority of sandalwood management
was transferred from the provincial government to the district
government. The regulations is till neglect community rights and
thus discourage them from participating in the maintenance of
sandalwood natural regeneration.
Because of the alarming rate of decline in sandalwood, the local
government ordered a moratorium on the harvest of sandalwood from
1997 up to 2003. This regulation eliminated income contributions
the PAD (Local Gov Revenue) receives from the sale of
sandalwood.
5 ditricts in East Nusa Tenggara province has
iimprovedregulation regarding Sandalwood management.
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 12
ITTO Project PD 459/07 Rev.1
This situation has risen the stakeholders’ concerns ofthe future
sustainability of sandalwood. TheMinistry of Forestry, in
collaboration with theGovernment of ENT province, and by the
support ofthe International Tropical Timber Project
supportedproject (PD 459/07 Rev.1:“Improving the enabling
conditions for
sustainable manageent of sandalwood forestresources in east Nusa
Tenggara province,Indonesia” .
The project aimed at developing sustainablesandalwood resource
management throughstrengthening policies, economic incentives
andlocal institution capacity.
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7
VisiVisiononEast Nusa Tenggara to be a province of sandalwood
(cendana) at
2030
The ITTO project in line The ITTO project in line with Vision
and with Vision and MisionMision
Local Government of ENTLocal Government of ENT
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 14
Output of the ITTO-Indoneisan Government project
Output ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1
1. New effective Policies in district level for managing the
resources formulated and endorsed by executive
2. Appropriate economic incentive framework to support
sustainable sandalwood resources developed
3. Capacity of forestry staffs and communities leader in
Planning silviculture and utilization of sustainable sandalwood
resource improved
4. Raise public awareness on sustainable sandalwood
management
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8
Selecting of Districts Target
Selected the target districts with theconsideration : Sandalwood
natural distribution was still found in
Timor, Sumba , Flores and Alor island. Ineffective local
government policy in the past has
result in socio-physiological impact particularly for he
communities in Timor and Sumba island.
Sandalwood plantation by communities grow well in Alor
island
4 Target Districts are : Distric South Central Timor (TTS)
Distric Alor Distric Florest Timur District Sumba Timur
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 16
Project Strategy
Reviewing and Analyzing of regulationsmanaged sandalwood
resources
Selecting for districts as pilot areas Intensive communication
with local
government and also local communitiesto formulate/revise
“PERDA”
Improving the capacity of forestry staffand communities
Improving community awareness Supporting standing stock data
and
information system Distribution of the seedling and
establishing local community nursery
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9
17
Activities of the project
1. Study and analysis in policy framework of sandalwood
resources management in province and district levels
2. Study and analysis in economic incentive framework of
sandalwood resources management in TTS district
3. Inventory of sandalwood stands at TTS district4. Facilitation
of the process ( Development of public
dialogue/consultancy) to review draft local government
regulation (PERDA) and executive at provincial and district level
and also with DPRD (legislative)
5. Formulation of revised PERDA and academic draf (revised PERDA
TTS district No. 25/2001)
6. Facilitation of the development of Master Plan of Sandalwood
(FORDA)
7. Study Analysis of need assessment for improving human
resource capacity in managing sandalwood resources
8. Formulation of training module of sandalwood resources
planning, silviculture and utilization
9. Conducting training for communities leader in Alor
District
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 18
Study and analysis in policy framework of sandalwood resources
management and economic incentive
To support Local Government of ENT to implement priority program
and the Action Plan the development of sustainable sandalwood
managment
Study and analysis in policy framework of sandalwood resources
management and economic incentive (Kabupaten Flores Timur, Sumba
Timur, Timor Tengah Selatan dan Alor) by Team of National and
International Consultant and assisted by staffs in Provincial and
district level
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10
Inventory of the sandalwood trees in TTS district
Data of Inventory in 23 villages in TTS district
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11
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 21
Training in 4 target District and Facilitation process in
improving and dissemination of local government regulation (PERDA
)
Training of sandalwood cultivation forcommunities group and
leaders in targetdistricts
Facilitation of PERDA improvement in TimorTengah Selatan and
Sumba Timur district.Working together with legislative andexecutive
in district level
Training of forestry staffs in district level inplanning and non
timber program development
Development of sandalwood nursery forcommunities group in target
villages
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 22
Other activities
Distribution of the information to motivate localcommunities in
planting of sandalwood through LocalTelevision (TVRI Kupang) with
Governor of NTT
Socialization of Sandalwood Master Plan in districtlevel (Alor,
Flores timur , TTS and Sumba timur)
Distribution of sandalwood seedling , cooperation withlocal NGO
to develop the demonstration plot in Kupang
Survey sandalwood potency in Aceh province Implementing
KBR-Kebun Bibit untuk Rakyat (Nursery
for communities) with Unit of Watershed Managementin Kupang
study tour to western Australia for the farmers to gainlesson
learn from sandalwood management
Study ecology of sandalwood in four target district
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12
Documentation in di TTS23
Improvement PERDA No. 25/2001 in TTS and PERDA No. 19/2000 in
ENT
Documentation in Sumba timur
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1
24
trainings of sandalwood cultivation in 4 target districts
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13
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 25
Training for institution and forestry staff in planning and non
timber program development including Sandalwood
Tanaman cendana di desa Batee Kabuoaten Pidie
26
Sandalwood surveyin Aceh province
Kayu gubal cendana yang dikumpulkan masyarakat desa di Kabupaten
Pidie
Ekspose potensi Cendana di kantor BP2HPAceh
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14
27
Support private sector to participate in developing and
conservation of Sandalwood
28
Facilitate implementation of TILAS (indonesian legal wood
system)
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15
SEN CENDANA SU.. BUAT SEN CENDANA SU.. BUAT KOTONG PUNG MASA
DEPANKOTONG PUNG MASA DEPAN
Sandalwood plays important roles to livelihood of people in ENT
province both economically and culturally
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 30
Publication
Dissemination of the project information in website and other
media
http://www.dephut.go.id Antara Newspaper Website
http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1257133474/dephut-dan-itto-kerjasama-
kembangkan-cendana-di-ntt
Media Indonesia Website
http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2009/05/05/74091/89/14/Jepang-Bantu-Masyarakat-di-Pulau-Timor
Koran TempoKompasMajalah MIKIMajalah Tempo edisi InggrisKoran
Lokal NTTLeafletStanding BannerBuku
Participation in Exhibition
http://www.dephut.go.idhttp://www.antaranews.com/berita/1257133474/dephhttp://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2009/05/05/74
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16
PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 31
TERIMA KASIH
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sandalwood resource and its management in East Nusa Tenggara
province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
in
Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 1
SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA
PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Yani Septiani1 and Titiek Setyawati2
Directorate General of Forest Utilization, Ministry of Forestry
Indonesia and ITTO Project PD 459/07 Rev 1.
Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is an important natural asset
for the East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Province. The wood has a pleasant
odor and is used for various products such as handicrafts,
woodcarvings, joss sticks, and oil for the perfume and cosmetics
industries. Sandalwood has contributed significantly to the
regional economy. Over the last two decades in the ENT province,
the sandalwood population has been decreasing at an alarming rate
due to over cutting, wild grazing, and land conversion to support
certain agricultural activities. The Indonesian government has
shown concern for the future of sandalwood and has begun working
collaboratively with the government of the ENT province with
support from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
to implement a study on sandalwood through an ITTO funded project
PD 459/07 (F) Rev. 1, “Improving The Enabling Conditions For
Sustainable Management of Sandalwood Forest Resources In East Nusa
Tenggara (ENT) Indonesia”. The project aims at developing
sustainable sandalwood resource management by strengthening
policies, economic incentives, and the capacity of local
institutions. This paper presents the results of the study on the
sandalwood population including management strategies in the ENT
province. Information and opinions of stakeholders were collected
from four provincial districts: Alor, East Flores, East Sumba, and
Timor Tengah Selatan (South Central Timor). Direct observations,
interviews, and group discussions with local stakeholders were
completed at the study sites. The study reveals that little
improvement on policies to foster more sustainable management of
sandalwood resources has taken place in the region during the last
decade. Low economic benefits and unclear rights over sandalwood
have constrained the local people’s participation in sandalwood
cultivation. A number of strategies were recommended for sustaining
sandalwood resources. Firstly, existing regulation should be
revised so as to give the local people independence in cultivating
the sandalwood and in marketing its products. Secondly, government
policies and practices should be supportive of the local people’s
efforts and should be applied fairly. And lastly, trust should be
built at the local community level and among the stakeholders.
Although the project’s activities focused primarily on the
regulatory framework, other measures relating to the regulatory
framework were taken to ensure the sustainable management of forest
resources. In particular, technical packages covering all aspects
of Sandalwood silviculture including seed collection, seedling
production, planting (particularly host selection and management),
and post planting operations were developed and disseminated to the
local communities.
Keywords: Sandalwood, Santalum album, policy analyses, people
participation, Sandalwood
1 Project Coordinator ITTO Project PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F)
“Improving The Enabling Conditions For Sustainable Management of
Sandalwood Forest Resources In East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Indonesia”.
DG of Forest Utilization Ministry of Forestry. Manggala Wanabhakti
Building Block 4, 7 th floor Wing B No. 715 Jl. Jend Gatot Subroto
Senayan Jakarta 10270 , [email protected] 2 Senior
Researcher at Research Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation,
Ministry of Forestry, [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
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sandalwood resource and its management in East Nusa Tenggara
province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
in
Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 2
SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA
PROVINCE, INDONESIA
1. Background Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is an important
natural asset for the East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Province. The wood
has a pleasant odor and is used for various products such as
handicrafts, woodcarvings, joss sticks, and oil for the perfume and
cosmetics industries. Due to its specific characteristics,
sandalwood has attracted many visitors and has been commercially
traded since the 10th century (Husain, 1983). It has also
contributed significantly to the regional economy. From 1986 to
1992, sandalwood contributed to the regional income at an average
of Rp 2.5 billion per year, or about 40% of the total ENT
provincial income (Suara Pembaharuan in Rohadi et al, 2000). Over
the last two decades in the ENT province, the sandalwood population
has been decreasing at an alarming rate. From 1970 to 1998, the
annual legal production of sandalwood fluctuated between 87 and 995
tons, with an annual average of about 600 tons (Rohadi et al,
2004). Troubled by the threat of the extinction of the sandalwood
population, the provincial government banned sandalwood harvesting
in 1997 with the ENT Governor Instruction No. 12/1997. It was
expected that this moratorium and the ensuing rehabilitation
efforts would bring about a recovery of the sandalwood population
in the province, but this recovery so far has not materialized.
Many studies have identified that an effective policy would address
the sustainability of the sandalwood resource (rohadi et.all,
2000). The local people gain little from sustaining sandalwood
resources, and unclear rights over sandalwood production have even
burdened them. Concerned about the future sustainability of
sandalwood, the Ministry of Forestry, in collaboration with the
Government of the ENT province and with the support of the
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), has taken
concrete action through project PD 459/07 (F) Rev. 1, “Improving
The Enabling Conditions For Sustainable Management of Sandalwood
Forest Resources In East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Indonesia”. The
project aims at developing sustainable sandalwood resource
management by strengthening policies, economic incentives, and the
capacity of local institutions. This approach is necessary to
increase the local people’s participation in maintaining sandalwood
resources. The project’s specific objectives were decided through a
series of public consultations completed by the Ministry of
Forestry from 2006 to 2009. The consultation process revealed that
the root problems in the maintenance of sandalwood resources were
poor policies, lack of economic incentives available for the people
engaged in sandalwood management, low awareness among the local
people, and low capacity of local institutions. This report
analyzes the results of the management strategies of sandalwood
resources in ENT province, based on the project’s field
activities.
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sandalwood resource and its management in East Nusa Tenggara
province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
in
Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 3
2. Policies on sandalwood management Sandalwood plays an
important role in the livelihood of the people in ENT province. The
long history of the economic and cultural importance of sandalwood
to people in ENT province is well known (see for the examples
McWilliam, 2001 and Rohadi et al, 2004).
Human intervention, however, has decreased sandalwood’s
capability to adapt. Over cutting, wild grazing, and land
conversion to support certain agricultural activities has been
causing the sandalwood population in ENT province to decrease.
Unsustainable wood harvesting by the digging up of sandalwood
stumps and roots has accelerated sandalwood’s extinction, as the
stumps and roots play an important role for sandalwood’s natural
regeneration. (Rohadi et al, 2004). Efforts on sandalwood
plantations are limited to government pilot projects with limited
areas. In the meantime, the demand for sandalwood from the
handicrafts and sandalwood oil industries remains high to fulfill
both domestic and export markets. These conditions have persisted
for quite some time and may continue to accelerate the extinction
of sandalwood in the region.
Previous studies have identified several root problems in
sandalwood management (see among others Rohadi et all, 2000; Rohadi
et all, 2004; McWilliam, 2001; Marks, 2002; Forestry service
report; ITTO consultants report, 2010). These studies conclude that
previous government policies neglecting local people’s rights led
to the low participation of local people in the cultivation of
sandalwood. The local people gain little from managing sandalwood
resources, and unclear rights over sandalwood production have even
burdened them. Only rent seeker’s groups, who take sandalwood for
granted while ignoring the sustainability of its resources,
received the benefits from sandalwood cultivation.
Box 1. Summary of policies and regulations on sandalwood
management in ENT region prior to autonomy era (summarized from
Rohadi et al, 2000 with additional up-dated information):
a. The government owns all sandalwood that grows in the wild or
naturally (living plants, dead plants, and wood assortments).
People are allowed to grow sandalwood on their private land, but
most of the wood sales go to the government (PERDA No. 16/1986).
Sandalwood owners can claim part of the sandalwood sales up to 15%
after showing evidence of their land title’s status to the local
government (Governor Decree of ENT No 7/1993).
b. The Province Forestry Office carries out a sandalwood
inventory every 5 years and determines the allowable annual cut for
the next five years (PERDA No. 16/1986, Governor Decree of ENT No
7/1993 and Governor Letter No. 112/SKEP/HK/1995).
c. The regional government harvests and utilizes sandalwood,
determines the standard costs of all that is involved in the
utilization of sandalwood resources, and prepares the necessary
documents to process the harvest and transportation of sandalwood
(Governor Decree of ENT No 7 and No. 8/1993 and Governor Letter No.
113/SKEP/HK/1995).
d. The regional government determines the price of sandalwood
sales and allocates them to processing companies through an auction
system (Governor Decree of ENT No 7/1993, Governor Letter No.
260/SKEP/HK/1995, and Governor Letter No. 5/SKEP/HK/1996).
e. All people have the obligation to maintain and conserve
sandalwood. Illegal harvesting or wood stocking as well as damage
to the plants will be penalized. In order to monitor the
conservation of sandalwood resources, the Governor of ENT province
has established the Sandalwood Coordination Board comprising the
Bupati (Head of the District), Camat (Head of Sub-district), Kepala
Desa (Head of Village), military element and police (Angkatan
Bersenjata Republik Indonesia/ABRI, the army title during this era)
and other community leaders. The governor decree (i.e: Governor
Decree of ENT No 53/1992) decides the membership of this board.
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sandalwood resource and its management in East Nusa Tenggara
province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
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Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 4
f. The government has improved the profit-sharing system by
allocating up to 40 percent of the profits for sandalwood grown on
private lands to the local community (PERDA No. 2/1996). However,
this PERDA has not been effectively implemented due to the lack of
follow-up regulations.
g. Concerned about the continuing decline of sandalwood
resources, the regional government of ENT enacted a moratorium on
sandalwood harvesting and encouraged the community to cultivate
sandalwood (Governor Instruction No. 12/1997). Nevertheless, the
regional government exploited massive amounts of sandalwood in an
effort known as “Operasi Bersahabat” prior to the moratorium
enactment (see Rohadi et al, 2004).
h. Acting within its regional autonomy built into the national
government system, the Provincial Government of ENT finally revoked
the PERDA No. 16/1986 and further handed over sandalwood management
to district governments (PERDA NTT No. 2/1999).
Some revised policies have been enacted to provide for the local
people’s needs, but the people’s participation remains low.
Believing that Government Regulation No. 16/1986 was neglecting the
people’s rights, the provincial government revoked it and devolved
the authority over sandalwood regulation to the district
governments. Yet not all of the districts have taken the necessary
follow-up actions, thereby allowing the status quo on sandalwood
regulation to persist. Some districts have introduced new
regulations on sandalwood, though it seems the regulations have not
yet sufficiently accommodated the local people’s rights and
stimulated their participation. The analysis indicates that the new
approach of creating more conducive policies that provide better
economic incentives to local people is necessary to increase their
participation in sustaining sandalwood resources.
3. Approach and Strategy taken The approach taken by the project
team to improve the sustainable management of sandalwood resources
is: (i) to establish the conditions that enable sustainable
management of sandalwood resources in East Nusa Tenggara Province
and (2) to improve the capacity of local institutions through :
i. Analyzing the existence and implementation of regulations of
sandalwood property rights,
resource maintenance, harvesting, marketing, and wood
allocation. Then we will consult with the district leader,
community leaders, the private sector, the local representative
house, national experts, and other relevant stakeholders. This
consultation result as a guideline to continue to the step 2.
ii. Selecting four districts as pilot areas. In the spirit of
decentralization, the authority of
sandalwood management was transferred from the provincial
government to the district government. The four districts used in
this project (Alor, East Flores, South Central Timor, and East
Sumba) were selected based on their demographics and historical
sandalwood management practices so as to accurately represent the
conditions within ENT province.
iii. Establishing intensive communication with the local
government and the local
representative house to support the decision making process at
the district level. This will involve the local communities and
other stakeholders in formulating the economic
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sandalwood resource and its management in East Nusa Tenggara
province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
in
Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 5
means to mobilize financial support and build economic
incentives that promote sandalwood resources.
iv. Improving the capacity of the institutions responsible for
sandalwood resources, mainly
in the pilot districts. The local communities will be trained in
resource cultivation, intensive plantation, and sustainable
harvesting.
v. Supporting the availability of a standing stock data and
information system.
The national government has committed itself to work towards the
sustainable management of the country’s forest resources. At the
provincial level, national policies are interpreted through
provincial regulations (Perdas) and other legal instruments to give
direction to the districts for policy implementation. The Ministry
of Forestry aids the ENT provincial government (through the ITTO
project) in establishing a master plan for the development of
sandalwood over the next 20 years. The ENT provincial government
has stated that the establishment of sandalwood plantations is a
priority that requires immediate action from all district
governments and related stakeholders. Each district government is
required to allocate part of its local budget to maintain
sandalwood nurseries and plantations.
Some districts in the province have even enacted their own
District Perdas (e.g. TTS and Sumba Timur), while others have not
(e.g. Alor and Flores Timur). 4. Project intervention progress The
project PD 459/07 Rev. 1 supports concrete action for the
sustainable management of sandalwood resources in ENT. As its top
priorities, the project will focus on strengthening government
policy, economic incentives, and local institutional capacity.
These are important first steps in addressing many of the issues at
stake in the management of sandalwood. Local communities in the
province of ENT in general have a positive perception of sandalwood
cultivation. The people have a long, historical relationship with
sandalwood, and that serves as important capital to sustain it. The
participation of local people will easily be encouraged if there
are economic incentives to conserve sandalwood. High demand from
the market for a variety of sandalwood products and high market
prices both domestically and globally may be used as supporting
factors. Nevertheless, this economic situation must be supported by
regulations that eliminate high transaction costs.
The project is putting forward efforts to facilitate the
improvement of local government regulations, such as (PERDA) of TTS
district No. 25/2001 and PERDA No. 19/2000 in East Sumba District,
by submitting a final draft of these regulations to the legislative
body (DPRD) of TTS and East Sumba District. Work on the regulation
PERDA No. 19/200 in East Sumba District is still in progress. The
revision of the regulatory framework will:
Remove any elements that act as a disincentive for people to
engage in sandalwood production on their private land.
Introduce incentives (financial and technical) to encourage
people to engage in cultivating and managing sandalwood on their
private land.
Empower rural people to take control of their natural resources
and benefit from their sustainable management.
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in
Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 6
Some studies have been carried out to support improved
regulation, for example, (i) the assessment on the economic
incentive framework for sustainable sandalwood production in Timor
Tengah Selatan (TTS) District, and (ii) the sandalwood inventory in
23 villages in TTS district. The results from the inventory also
indicated the value of existing sandalwood resources in TTS
District and that the sandalwood genetic resources are sufficiently
available and well distributed throughout the district.
Additionally, (iii) an ecological study of sandalwood in the four
target districts and (iv) a study on the relationship between the
sandalwood population, its distribution, and other ecological
factors were executed. Sandalwood (Santalum album) is a plant
ecotype of West Timor whose interaction with climatic and soil
factors, certain ecological relationships, and other environmental
factors will determine its abundance and distribution. Another
important activity is the improvement of the technical capacity of
farmers to plant and manage sandalwood more effectively as well as
the reorientation of district governments’ operational focus from
policing and licensing to supporting the local community. Technical
support for communities included the development and dissemination
of technical packages covering all aspects of sandalwood
silviculture - seed collection, seedling production, planting
(particularly host selection and management), and post-planting
operations. This technical knowledge of sandalwood cultivation will
motivate communities to plant and tend sandalwood on their land and
facilitate their cultivation of sandalwood.
The other challenge in sustaining sandalwood resources is in
encouraging and building trust with the local community and with
stakeholders not merely in technical matters, such as the
procedures for building and maintaining plantations. The improved
regulations therefore strive to encourage and strengthen a sense of
belonging within the local communities. To this end, the project
also focuses on raising awareness among all key stakeholders
(communities, government officials in relevant agencies, and the
private sector) of the rights and responsibilities of communities
and others in managing sandalwood resources. A series of activities
have been carried out such as: (1) the distribution of the
information to motivate local communities in cultivating sandalwood
through local radio and television (TVRI Kupang), (2) the
socialization of the sandalwood master plan at the district level
(Alor, Flores timur, TTS, and Sumba timur), (3) the distribution of
sandalwood seedlings by the Forestry Service of ENT province, (4)
the establishment of the demonstration plot for sandalwood
plantation in Kupang in cooperation with local NGOs and private
companies, (5) a survey of sandalwood potential in Aceh province,
(6) the development of the KBR-Kebun Bibit untuk Rakyat (Nursery
for communities) program with Watershed Management in Kupang, and
(7) a study tour to western Australia for the farmers to learn
about sandalwood cultivation.
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province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
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Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 7
IV. REFERENCES
Butarbutar, T. dan Faah, G. 2008. Perlunya perbaikan kebijakan
pengelolaan cendana di NTT menuju pengusahaan cendana yang lestari.
Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan Vol. 5 No. 2: 121 – 130.
Dinas Kehutanan Kabupaten Flores Timur. 2010. Data Potensi dan
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Dishut NTT pada tanggal 23 Januari 2010.
Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi NTT. 2010. Kebijakan Pengelolaan
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2010 di Kupang. Kerjasama antara ITTO, Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi
Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Direktorat Bina Pengembangan Hutan Alam –
Ditjen BPK, Departemen Kehutanan. Kupang.
Gilmour, D.A., (2011). Economic incentive framework for
sustainable Sandalwood production in Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS)
District, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Consutant ITTO PD 459/07
project report
Husain, A. M. M. 1983. The rehabilitation of Sandalwood and the
trade in Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. Regional Planning and
Preparation of Investment Oriented Projects in NTB – NTT.
Direktorat Tata Kota dan Tata Daerah, Direktorat Jenderal Cipta
Karya, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. Jakarta.
Kepala Balai Pengelolaan DAS Benain Noelmina. 2010. Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat Dalam Rangka Penanaman Cendana (Sandalwood Album L.).
Makalah disampaikan pada Rapat Konsultasi Pengembangan Cendana di
Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur pada tanggal 14 Januari 2010 di
Kupang. Kerjasama antara ITTO, Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Nusa
Tenggara Timur dan Direktorat Bina Pengembangan Hutan Alam – Ditjen
BPK, Departemen Kehutanan. Kupang.
Marks, S. V. 2002. NTT sandalwood: Roots of disaster. Bulletin
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McCulloch, A. K., Meinzen-Dick, R. and Hazell, P. 1998. Property
Rights, Collective Action and Technologies for Natural Resource
Management: A Conceptual Framework. SP-PRCA Working Paper No. 1.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington,
D.C.
McWilliam, A. 2001. Haumeni, not many: renewed plunder and
mismanagement in the Timorese Sandalwood Industry. Resource
Management in Asia-Pacific Working Paper No. 29. Resource
Management in Asia-Pacific Program, Division of Pacific and Asian
History, Research School for Pacific and Asian Studies, The
Australian National University. Canberra.
Oakerson, R. J. 1992. Analyzing the Commons: A Framework. In
Bromley, D. W. (Ed.). Making The Commons Work. Institute for
Contemporary Studies. San Fransisco, California.
Ormeling, F. J. 1955. The Timor problem: A geographical
interpretation of an under developed island. PhD. thesis,
University of Indonesia. J. B. Wolters, Djakarta and Groningen.
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province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
in
Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 8
Riwukaho, M., and Koenunu, C. 2010.Inventory survey of
Sandalwood in TTS district. 2010. Consultant report ITTO PD 459/07
rev.1.
Riwukaho, M., and Koenunu, C. 2011. Ecology study of Sandalwood
in TTS district. Consultant report of ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1.
2011
Rohadi, D., Maryani, R., Belcher, B., Ruiz Perez, M. and
Widyana, M, 2000. Can sandalwood in East Nusa Tenggara survive?
Lessons from the policy impact on resource sustainability.
Sandalwood Research Newsletter Issue 10. Department of Conservation
and Land Management, West Australia.
Rohadi, D., Maryani, R., Widyana, M. and Azhar, I. 2004. A case
study of production to consumption system of Sandalwood (Sandalwood
album) in South Central Timor, Indonesia. In: Kusters, K. and
Belcher, B. (Eds.). Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation
Volume 1-Asia. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor.
Pp. 187-205.
Rohadi, D. ,Setyawati, T., Maryani, R., Riwukaho, M., Boroh, P.,
Gilmour, D., Septiani, Y., and Lukas E.2011.Study of Sandalwood
management in ENT. Consultant report of ITTO PD 459/07 rev.1.
Suara Pembaruan, 13 Januari 2000. Tataniaga dan penggunaan kayu
Cendana sebagai bahan baku menunggu kebijakan.
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sandalwood resource and its management in East Nusa Tenggara
province Indonesia, presented in International Sandalwood symposium
in
Honolulu Hawaii 21-24 November 2012. Page 9
V. ANNEXES
1. Example of questionnaires used in the study to guide
interviews with key informants during rapid appraisal completed by
Team 1.
2. Some pictures of research activities.
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Documentation