Course Code: CE 3161 Course Title: Engineering Hydraulics Course Type: Theoretical. Course Content: Introduction: open channel flow definition, its classification, velocity and pressure distributions; Energy principles and its application: energy equation, specific energy, critical flow, transition problems, and controls; Momentum principles and its application: momentum equation, specific momentum, hydraulic jump and stilling basins; Uniform flow and its computation; Steady-Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) and its computation; Design of channels; Flow measurements with and without structures in open channel. Impact of water jet; Principles of hydraulic machines. Pumps: turbine, submergible and others. Lec 01
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Course Code: CE 3161
Course Title: Engineering Hydraulics
Course Type: Theoretical.
Course Content:
Introduction: open channel flow definition, its classification, velocity and
pressure distributions; Energy principles and its application: energy
equation, specific energy, critical flow, transition problems, and controls;
Momentum principles and its application: momentum equation, specific
momentum, hydraulic jump and stilling basins; Uniform flow and its
computation; Steady-Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) and its computation;
Design of channels; Flow measurements with and without structures in
open channel. Impact of water jet; Principles of hydraulic machines.
Pumps: turbine, submergible and others.
Lec 01
Reference Books:
i. V.T. Chow, 1959, Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.,
New York.
ii. F. M. Henderson, 1966, Open Channel Flow, Macmillan Co.,
New York.
iii. R.H. French, 1986, Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill
Book Co. Inc., New York.
iv. L. C. Van Rijn, 1990, Principles of fluid flow and surface
waves in rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans, Aqua Publications, Amsterdam.
v. M. H. Chaudhry, 1993, Open Channel Flow, Prentice Hall of
India Private Ltd., New Delhi.
vi. K. G. Ranga Raju, 1993, Flow through Open Channels, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
vii. K. Subramanya, 1997, Flow in Open Channels, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Course Outcomes (COs):
After completion of this course, the student can able to-
CO-1. Analyze and solve the GVF profiles, and determine the flow profiles.
CO-2. Apply the specific energy and critical flow concept in flow
measurement and evaluate the channel configuration.
CO-3. Apply the uniform flow concept and design the open channel.
CO-4. Explain the working principle of different types of pumps and turbines,
and apply the concept for solving relevant problems.
CO-5. Define open channel flow and explain its different types.
Program Outcomes (POs):
PO-1. Engineering Knowledge.
PO-2. Problem analysis.
PO-3. Design/development of Solution.
Instructor
Professor Dr. Md. Shahajahan Ali
and
Professor Dr. Md. Jahir Uddin
SL
No.
COs Corresponding POs Learning Domain Level Delivery
methods and
activities
Assessment
tools
1. CO-1 PO-2; PO-3 Analysis; Evaluation Oral lectures&
lecture on
black board
Assignment
2. CO-2 PO-2; PO-3 Application; Analysis Oral lectures&
lecture on
black board
Assignment
3. CO-3 PO-1; PO-3 Application; Evaluation Oral lectures&
lecture on
black board
Final exam,
class test,
assignment.
4. CO-4 PO-1 Knowledge; Application Oral lectures&
lecture on
black board
Final exam,
assignment.
5. CO-5 PO-1 Knowledge Oral lectures&
lecture on
black board
Final exam,
class test,
assignment.
Statement of COs:
Week Instructor-1 Corresponding
COs
Instructor-2 Corresponding
COs
1 Introduction, open channel flow
definition, open channels.
CO-5 Uniform flow: definition,
velocity distributions.
CO-3
2 Classification of open channel
flow.
CO-5 Uniform flow formulas. CO-3
3 Velocity and pressure
distributions.
CO-2 Computation of uniform flow. CO-3
4 Steady 1D flow, energy principles,
and specific energy.
CO-2 Steady-gradually varied flow
(GVF).
CO-1
5 Specific energy and critical flow. CO-2 GVF: Flow profiles. CO-1
6 Transition problems and controls. CO-1 Computation of GVF. CO-1
7 Transition problems and controls. CO-1 Computation of GVF. CO-1
MID TERM BREAK
8 Momentum principles and its
applications
CO-3 Rapidly varied flow: Hydraulic
jump.
CO-3
9 Flow measurements with and
without structures in open
channel.
CO-2 Hydraulic jump and stilling
basins.
CO-1
10 Impact of water jet. CO-5 Hydraulic jump and stilling
basins.
CO-2
11 Impact of water jet; principles of
hydraulic machines.
CO-1 Design of channels. CO-2
12 Pumps and turbines, working
principles.
CO-4 Design of channels. CO-2
13 Performance of pumps and
turbines.
CO-4 Design of channels. CO-2
TEACHING PLAN OF CE 3161
Basic Concepts of Open Channel Flow
Introduction
• flow of water in a conduit: open channel flow or pipe flow.
• pipe flow: flowing water is completely enclosed by solid boundary and flow occurs
under pressure.
• open channel flow: flowing water is not completely enclosed by solid boundary and flow
occurs with a free surface.
• A free surface: is subjected to atmospheric pressure.
• Open channel flow is also known as the free surface flow.
• Open channel flow occurs under the action of gravity and at atmospheric pressure.
• The component of the gravity force or the weight of water a along the bottom slope
acts as the driving or propulsive of motivating force.
Flow in an underground sewerpipe flow and open channel flow
• In this lecture note, unless otherwise stated, we will follow the SI systems of units.
• We will also follow a Cartesian coordinate system in which the x-axis is along the
channel bottom. the z-axis is vertically upward and the y-axis is the lateral direction
(Fig. below).
• The mean direction of flow is taken to be parallel to the channel bottom and along the
x-axis.
Coordinate system
Coordinate system
KINDS OF OPEN CHANNEL
(a) Natural and Artificial Channels
Natural open channels include all channels that exist naturally on the earth, e.g. rivers and
tidal estuaries. They are generally very irregular in shape.
Artificial open channels are the channels developed by men, e.g. irrigation canals, laboratory
flumes, spillway chutes, drops, culverts, roadside gutters etc. They are usually designed with
regular geometric shapes.
(b) Prismatic and Non-prismatic Channels
A channel with unvarying cross-section and constant bottom slope is called a prismatic
channel; otherwise it is non-prismatic. The artificial channels are usually prismatic and the natural
channels are generally non-prismatic
(c) Rigid and Mobile Boundary Channels
A channel with immovable bed and sides is known as a rigid boundary channel, e.g. lined
canals and sewers. If the channel boundary is composed of loose sedimentary particles moving
under the action of flowing water, the channel is called a mobile boundary channel. An alluvial
channel is a mobile boundary channel transporting the same type of material as that comprising
the channel perimeter.
d) Small and Large slope Channels
An open channel having a bottom slope greater than 1 in 10 is called a channel of large
slope; otherwise it is a channel of small slope (Chow, 1959). The slopes of ordinary channels,
natural artificial, are far less than 1 in 10. However; some artificial channels like drops and chutes
have slopes far more than 1 in 10.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY AND SECTION ELEMENTS
(a) Prismatic Channels:
The rectangle, trapezoid, triangle, parabola and circle are the most commonly used
shapes of prismatic or regular or uniform channels.
The cross-section of a channel taken normal to the direction of flow is called a
channel section
A vertical channel section is the vertical section passing through the bottom or lowest
point of a channel section.
Channel section(section 1-1 )
Vertical channel section(section 1-2)
cross-sectional area =A
wetted perimeter= P and
top width =B
Vertical depth=h
GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF A CHANNEL SECTION
• Depth of flow h and depth of flow section d:
where is the angle made by the channel bottom with the horizontal.
• Stage: The stage is the elevation of the water surface with respect to a horizontal datum and may be positive or negative.
• Flow area A: The flow area is the cross-sectional area of the flow normal to the direction of flow.
• Wetted perimeter P: The wetted perimeter is the length of the interface between water and channel boundary.
• Top width B: The top width is the width of a channel section at the water surface. Hydraulic radius R: The hydraulic radius is the ratio of the flow area to wetted perimeter, i.e.
R=A/P
• Hydraulic depth D: The hydraulic depth is the ratio of the flow area to the top width, i.e.D = A/ B
θhd cos
GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF SOME CHANNEL SECTIONS
Rectangle:
A = bh,
P = b + 2h,
B= b
Trapezoid:
A = (b + sh) h,
hsbP 212
B = b + 2sh
Triangle: A = sh2
hsP 212
B = 2sh
c
hBhA
3
4
3
2 2/3
224
14
ln4
41
2 B
h
B
h
h
B
B
hBP
)1/40(3
8 2
BhwhenB
hB
c
h
h
AB
2/12
2
3
Parabola (perimeter equation z = cy2):
2/2/cos1 odh
)/21(cos2 0
1 dh
)2/sin(
2/
8/)sin(
0
0
2
0
dB
dP
dA
Circle:
TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
y=water depth
Steady non-uniform flow in a channel
Classification of Open-Channel Flows
Effect of Gravity
gD
UFr
Then, when
i) gDUFr ,1 , the flow is critical,
ii) gDUFr ,1 , the flow is subcritical, and
iii) gDUFr ,1 , the flow is supercritical
c
UFr
Obviously, then
i) for subcritical flow, Fr<1 and U<c,
ii) for critical flow, Fr = 1 and U = c, and
iii) for supercritical flow, Fr > 1 and U > c.
Fr < 1, U < c
(a) Subcritical flow
Fr > 1, U > c
(b) Supercritical flow
Fr = 1, U = c
(c) Critical flow
Propagation of wave in subcritical, supercritical and critical flows
In wave mechanics, the speed of propagation of a small amplitude wave is called the celerity, c
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