Course Outline of Research Methodology in Social Science-02.02.11

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Prof. Dr. U.A.B. Razia Akter BanuM. Abdul Aziz

Ms. Rowshan Zannat

Bangladesh Institute of Islamic Thought (BIIT)Dhaka, Bangladesh

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Book Synopsis

Aims & Objectives

End result

Course Content & Structuring Chapter

Chapter One: Introduction

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content:

1. Introduction1.1 Meaning of research1.2 Motive or objective of research1.3 Types of research

1.3.1 Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research ( Based on nature of information)1.3.2 Applied vs. fundamental Research (Based on aims on learning result)1.3.3 Descriptive vs. Analytical Research ( Based on Control of Resources)1.3.4 Conceptual vs. Empirical Research (Based on control over variables)1.3.5 Experimental Research vs. Non Experimental Research1.3.6 Operational Research vs. Market Research (Based on Environment)1.3.7 Library Research vs. Field Research 1.3.8 One Time Research vs. Longitudinal Research (Based on Time)1.3.9 Social Research vs. Natural Research

(Ethno Biography, Historical, psychological, statistical)1.3.10 Conclusion Oriented Research vs. Decision Oriented Research1.3.11 Action Research vs. Theoretical Research

1.4 Criteria of good Research

Chapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

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Chapter Two : Research Methodology

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content

2. Research Methodology.2.1 Research Approaches2.2 Methods and technique used2.3 Research Process- Defining Problem- Review Literature- Formulating Hypothesis- Designing Research- Collection of Data- Process of Data- Analyzing Data

- Test Hypothesis- Interpret the findings

Chapter QuestionsChapter Key wordsGlossaryIndex

Chapter Three: Research Design

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content: Research Design

3. I3.1 What does research design mean?3.2 Need for Research Design3.3 Feature of good Research Design3.4 Important feature to research design3.5 Types of Research Design

Chapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

Chapter Four: Sample Design

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Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content: Sample Design

4. Sample Design4.1 Population vs. Sample4.2 Census vs. Sampling4.3 Sampling Frame4.4 Unit of Analysis4.5 Sample Size Selection4.6 Type of sampling

4.6.1 Probability Sampling- Simple Random Sample- Stratified Sampling- Systematic Sample- Cluster Sample- Quota Sampling- Simple Random Sampling- Snow ball Sampling- Area Sampling- Multistage Sampling

4.6.2 Non-Probability Sampling / Purposive Sampling

Chapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

Chapter Five: Data Collection Techniques

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content: Data Collection Techniques

5. Interview- Personal Interview- Telephone Interview- Group Interview- In-depth Interview- Preparing Questionnaire- Type of questionnaire- Field Group Discussion- Participant Observation- PRA

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Chapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

Chapter Six : Processing and Presentation of Data

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content: Processing and Presentation of Data

6. Processing and Presentation of Data6.1 Data6.2 Sources of Data

o Primaryo Secondary

6.3 Process of Data6.4 Classification6.5 Rule for Classification6.6 Presentation of Data

6.6.1Presentation of Quantitative Datao Text Presentationo Tabular Presentationo Graphical Presentation of Statistical Data

6.6.2 Presentation of Qualitative DataChapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

Chapter Seven: Technique and Style of Writing Report

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content:7. Technique and Style of Writing ReportChapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossary

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Index

Chapter Eight: Rules of Noting

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content:

8. Rules of Noting- The Method of Noting- Summary- Paragraph- Quotations- Plagiarism

Chapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

Chapter Nine : Writing Foot Note & Bibliography

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content:

9. Writing Foot Note & BibliographyChapter QuestionsKey Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

Chapter Ten: Islam in Research

Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter SummaryChapter content:

10. Ethics in Research-- Overt and Covert Research- Code of Ethics in Research

- Is Research Islamic?

Chapter Questions

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Key Words of the ChapterGlossaryIndex

Book Synopsis:

This course deals with the introduction to Research Methodology in Social Science. This course prepares students for their final dissertations, taking students through the process of designing simple research projects in sociology.

Aims &Objectives:

The Objectives of this course are to:

1. introduce students to the basic concepts of research in social science.

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2. to enable students to develop literature review. 3. to develop understanding to identify research objectives. 4. to enable students to design a research. 5. introduce students to the concept of sampling. 6. to enable students to choose appropriate research method

with respect to research objectives. 7. provide basic training in the use of SPSS. 8. develop the practical skills to interpret and report simple

research study.

End Result:

Upon completion the course student will be able to:

1. write a research proposal.2. demonstrate their understanding of the basic principles and procedure of social science research methodology.3. decide an appropriate methods of research. 4. conduct a social science research maintaining the ethical issues.

Chapter One

Introduction

Chapter Learning Objectives:

The Objectives of the chapter is to-

1. Introduce the students with basic social science research.

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2. develop understanding of key issues involves in defining research objective

3. Introduce students with different types of Research.

1.1 Introduction

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic investigation to establish facts or solve any problem.

John W. Best and James V. Khan defined Research in the following way:

“The systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.”

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1996?) defines research as "studious inquiry or examination; esp.: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws".

The meaning can be understood from the Etymology also. The word Research derives from the French rechere, from

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rechercher, to search closely where ‘chercher’ means ‘to search’.(Wikipedia)

The Arabic term ‘yabhatu’ means searches, in the context of the Quranic verse(5:31) is indicative of the known methods of research.

Also the term ‘talab’ – ‘pursuit’ or ‘yearning for’, is more predominant in Islamic tradition than the term bahth- search. And this pursuit of knowledge has been obligatory since the beginning of the Islamic history.

1.2 Background of Research

When it is the matter of the history of research we found that it starts from the beginning of the creation. As the example of research was first shown in the Al-Quran through the story of the Prophet Adam’s sons Habil and Qabil. In an incident Qabil killed his brother Habil. Then he could not decide what to do with the decease.

Then Allah sent a crow who scratched the ground to show him to hide the dead body of his brother. He (the murderer) said: “Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother?” Then he became one of those who regretted. (Surah5:27-31)

Qabil then buried his brother. This was also the first burial of man. Thus man learned from the nature.

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Modern Research Methodology is a result of era long thinking process of human being. Since then curious human being tried to explore his/ her query. And to answer all his queries individual person starts to think about that matter and this process continues till s/he comes out with satisfactory result. Thus gradually research got a systematic way to solve problems. When man started to think logically then the era of logic began. It starts the base for scientific methodology for research. Greeks are the first who introduced logical investigation. Their way of thinking was called Syllogism.

To derive any logical decision from two established truth is called Syllogism. Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC) introduced the deductive method in systematic way. Socrates also used logical deduction.

After a decade Francis Bacon (1561-1626) introduced inductive method. It emphasized on observation. In 1859 Charles Darwin combined the Inductive and Deductive method. This method is called the Essence of Scientific Method. It is considered that at the last of 1930 research on Social Psychology and Education began. Earlier on 1896 Dewy established a Laboratory School at Chicago University of USA. It was thought to be the start of Educational Research.

But according to impartial historians Muslims are the guide for contemporary Research. And in every aspect of science like- physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, etc Muslim scientists had contribution. As Muslims are ordained by Almighty Allah (SWT) to do research and the previous Muslim scholars were abide by the revelation. Later on west scholars used the results and methodologies of Muslim scholars and now they have become pioneer in research. But they ignore the Revelation. That’s why the whole world is developing in material aspects but there is severe crisis in tranquility of

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human mind. So, methodological change in research field is now a crying need.

1.3 Motive or Objective of Research

Research is a legitimate Islamic activity. Allah (SWT) ordered several times in Al-Quran to study the nature.

The first word of Al-Quran is Iqra means read. The Quran orders man to read at a time when there was nothing yet to read, this means it is commanded to read the universe itself as the book of creation of which the Quran is the counterpart in letter or words. i.e. Man has to observe the universe and perceive the meaning and content. (Ruqaia Taha Jabir)

According to the Quran Islamic Society should be an independent society of majesty and grandeur, It should not be one subservient to and dependent on the unbelievers, as in verse of the Quran: ...and Allah does not grant the unbelievers any way (of domination) over the believers. (4:141)

In order to realize this goal set by the Quran, it is essential that the Islamic society should have cultural, political and economic independence; they should follow their own sociological theories. It is clear that one of the reasons of decline of Muslim societies in the recent centuries is that they left the study of those sciences to others which they themselves deserved to study most and made themselves dependent on others.

As with any science, the objectives of social science research are to describe, predict, explain, and control social phenomena. But, as a Muslim researcher, we should link all these objectives with the objective of receiving hidayah. Description, prediction, and explanation should lead us to accept hidayah whereas control should allow us to help other people receive hidayah. (Alaize)

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The Holy Quran invites mankind to study the system and scheme of creation, the wonders of nature and the causes and effects of all things that exist, the conditions of living organisms, and in short all signs of God discernable in the external universe and the inner depths of the human soul. The Quran enjoins thought and meditation about all aspects of creation and requires human beings to apply their reason and perceptual faculties for the discovery of the secrets of nature. Few of these verses we shall quote here: What have they not beheld heaven above them, how We have built it, and decked it out fair, and it has no cracks? And the earth-We stretched it forth, and cast on it firm mountains and We caused to grow therein of every joyous kind for an insight and a reminder to every penitent servant.(50:7)

What do they not consider how the camel was created, how heaven was lifted up, how the mountains were hoisted, how the earth was outstretched?(88:18-21)

Say: Journey in the land, then find out how He originated creation; then God causes the second growth; God is powerful over everything. (29:20)In the earth are signs for those having sure faith; and in yourselves; what, do you not see?(51:20-21)

Surely in the creation of the heavens and the earth and in the alternation of the night and day there are signs for men possessed of minds who remember God, standing and sitting and on their side, and reflect upon the creation of the heavens and the earth: `O Lord, Thou hast not created this out of falsehood. Glory be to Thee! Guard us against the chastisement of the Fire..'(3:190-191)

Surely in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of night and day and the ship that runs in the sea with profit to men, and the water God sends down from heaven therewith reviving the earth after it is dead and His scattering abroad in it all manner of crawling thing, and the turning about of the winds and clouds compelled between heaven and earth--surely there are signs for a people having understanding. (2:164)

As can be seen from the foregoing verses, God refers to all existing things in the universe as the "signs" of their Creator, and the system of the universe as the imprint of an omniscient designer and programmer. The study of the universe and what exists in it is considered one of the most important means for knowledge of God and recognition of the majesty of its Creator.

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If we conduct a scientific research in any applied social science discipline with the aim solving human problem, it can be considered as da`wah, and thus fulfilling the mission of khilafah. (Alaize)

Obviously, it is not for everyone to be able to read the "book" of the universe. The Quran considers only men of knowledge to be capable of benefiting from the book of nature as can be seen from the following verse: Hast thou not seen how that God sends down out of heaven water, and there-with We bring forth fruits of diverse hues? And in the mountains are streaks White and red, of diverse hues, and pitchy black; men too, and beasts and cattle-,diverse are their hues. Even so only those of His servants fear God who have knowledge; surely God is Almighty, All-forgiving. (35:27-8)

In fact, this station of being God's viceroy or deputy upon the earth has been bestowed upon man as a result of his capacity for acquisition of knowledge as borne out by this verse: He taught Adam all the names then presented them to the angels; then He said: `Tell me the names of those if you are right.' (2:31)

Unfortunately Muslims have since long tended to overlook such verses of the Quran as quoted above, while this matter was appreciated by non-Muslims who afterwards monopolized the scientific tradition.

1.4 Types of Research

There are different types of Research depending upon the objectives of Research. Here nothing is like water-tight compartment. Researcher has the right to choose any one or may combined different types of Research depending on the objectives of the Research. It is a broad concept and has been presented here briefly.

Inductive vs. Deductive Research:

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To derive any general conclusion/decision from collected data is called Inductive Method.

As example, on many occasions, particular incidents are narrated in the Quran in order to establish a general principle. In Al-Quran stories of Aad and Samud have been revealed as example then in a general conclusion of Allah’s punishment. ‘And how [severe] were My punishment and warning’. [Al-Qamar: 16]

On the other hand Deductive Method is to generalize the established truth or theory.

As example, it can be generalize from a Hadith. The Prophet (pbuh) reminded the Muslims that seeking knowledge is obligatory upon them, both males and females. If ‘X’ is a person then it is obligatory upon ‘X’ to seeking knowledge.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:There are two types of Research depending on the properties of the subject matter and on the objective of the research.

Quantitative Research is a systematic, empirical, objective investigation. Here gathered data also presented and interpreted quantitatively or numerically. As example, [Survey Research done by Dr. U. A. B. Razia Akhter Banu]

From cross-cultural perspective, bearing in mind the weaknesses of experimental method, it is unIslamic to use a theory developed based on experiments conducted in the West filled with various biases to explain Muslim behaviors or to solve Muslims social problems. From philosophical perspective,

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adopting the deterministic and positivistic view (which is the underlying assumption of experiment) while conducting an experiment may bias the researchers’ interpretations because human being, from an Islamic perspective, has free-will and is governed by both body and spirit. Even in the West, social science researchers disagree with this reductionistic and mechanistic view of human being. This leads to the “new paradigm,” “feminist,” or “qualitative” research movements (cf. Coolican, 2004; Hayes, 2000) to compensate the weaknesses of experimental and quantitative approach to study human behavior.(Alaize)

Creswell (1998) defines Qualitative Research as: “Qualitative Research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem, The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting.”

Example, Research study of Piaget on child psychology.

Fundamentals vs. Applied ResearchFundamental or Basic Research is about fundamental properties of objects. It may be experimental and theoretical work to acquire new knowledge only the purpose of advancement of knowledge. It is usually carried on in a laboratory or in a conditioned environment. It may later result in further research of an applied nature.

Purpose of Applied Research is to improve a product or a process, to solve practical problems or may lead to improved technology. It provides quicker results.

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The objective of basic or pure social science research should help us in understanding human behavior and mental processes and at the same time to receive hidayah – mission of `ibadah or social scientists as servants of Allah. Conversely, or complementarily, the objective of applied social science research should enable us to help solve human problems so that they will receive hidayah – mission of khilafah or social scientists as representatives of Allah in this world. (Alize)

Descriptive vs. Analytical Research

The distinction between descriptive and analytical research is based on the question it asks. Descriptive research attempts to determine, recording, describe, or identify what is, while analytical research attempts to establish why it is that way or how it came to be. The descriptive research uses description, classification, measurement, and comparison to describe what phenomena are. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. The analytical research usually concerns itself with cause-effect relationships.

Examples. Examining the fluctuations of U. S. international trade balance during 1974-1995 is an example of descriptive research; while explaining why and how U.S. trade balance move in a particular way over time is an example of analytical research. Another example: Starting from late 1986, the value of U.S. dollar value has steadily increased against the Japanese yen and German Mark. Examining the magnitude of this trend in the value of U.S. dollar is another example of descriptive research; while explaining how and why this surge in the value of the U.S.

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dollar is occurring. If one attempts to explain how and why this surge in the value of U.S. dollar is going to affect the U.S. economy, as well as the economies of Japan and Germany, this is another example of analytical research.

Experimental ResearchAl-Najati (1989) mentioned a hadith about a practice that can conceptually be called an experiment conducted during Prophet Muhammad (SAW) era. Talhah ibn Abdillah (RA) narrated that Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was passing by a date palm-plantation where he asked what the planters were doing. He was told that the planters were performing cross-fertilisation (independent variable) to increase the production of dates (dependent variable). When Prophet Muhammad gave his personal opinion that the activity was unbeneficial, they withdrew the treatment. Since the experimental result showed that the production of dates decreased, Prophet Muhammad commented by saying that “you know better your own worldly (non-religious) matter” (narrated by Muslim). Although it was not a highly controlled and systematic experiment by today’s standard (they were 7th century Arab Bedouin!), this hadith shows the importance of manipulation and measurement of variables which are the basic elements of modern experimental methods. And since most topics in social sciences (except the philosophical parts about human nature) are of worldly matters, surely we are encouraged to use experiment to study ourselves.(Aliaze)

Experimental methods are also not alien among early Muslim scholars during the Golden Era of Islam (Al-Balagh, 2005). Al-Biruni had conducted experiments on laws of gravity, momentum, and motion. Ibn Sina had conducted a lot of experiments in Bait al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom), a famous

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university in Baghdad. One of the most interesting experiments conducted during that time was done by Al-Razi. He tried to find out the most hygienic place in Baghdad to build a hospital by hanging chunks of meat in different places. The place where the meat decayed the least over a period of time was the place where the new hospital would be built. One might say that all the experiments mentioned above are in the realm of natural science rather than social science.(Aliaze)

Disciplinary, Subject-Matter, and Problem-Solving Research

By disciplinary research, we mean research "designed to improve a discipline" as Johnson(1986) defines it. It dwells on theories, relationships, and analytical procedures and techniques within the discipline. Examples: Educational research or social research.

By subject-matter research, we mean research "on a subject of interest" within a discipline. Example: Research on Educational Psychology.

By problem-solving research, we mean research "designed to solve a specific problem for a specific decision maker". It is often multidisciplinary. Example: A multidisciplinary study of on the demand for new mass transit involving economics, sociology, and civil engineering. Or a multidisciplinary study of a new ‘Multimedia Teaching Tool’ involving educationist, psychologists, and an engineer.

Conceptual vs. Empirical

Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the

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other hand, empirical research relies an experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data based research, coming up with conclusions which arc capable of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of research, in such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such I research, die researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the experimenter’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.

Operational Research vs. Market Research

Operations research (also referred to as decision science, or management science) is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations. In contrast, many other science & engineering disciplines focus on technology giving secondary considerations to its use.

Employing techniques from other mathematical sciences --- such as mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, and mathematical optimization --- operations research arrives at optimal or near-optimal solutions to complex decision-making problems. Because of its emphasis on human-technology interaction and because of its focus on practical applications, operations research has overlap with other disciplines, notably industrial engineering and management science, and draws on psychology and organization science. Operations Research is often concerned with determining the maximum (of profit, performance, or yield) or minimum (of loss,

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risk, or cost) of some real-world objective. Originating in military efforts before World War II, its techniques have grown to concern problems in a variety of industries.

Operational research encompasses a wide range of problem-solving techniques and methods applied in the pursuit of improved decision-making and efficiency. [2]

Some of the tools used by operational researchers are statistics, optimization, probability theory, queuing theory, game theory, graph theory, decision analysis, mathematical modeling and simulation. Because of the computational nature of these fields, OR also has strong ties to computer science and analytics. Operational researchers faced with a new problem must determine which of these techniques are most appropriate given the nature of the system, the goals for improvement, and constraints on time and computing power. (Wikipedia)

Market research is any organized effort to gather information about markets or customers. It is a very important component of business strategy.[1] The term is commonly interchanged with marketing research; however, expert practitioners may wish to draw a distinction, in that marketing research is concerned specifically about marketing processes, while market research is concerned specifically with markets.[2]

Market Research is the key factor to get advantage over competitors. Market research provides important information to identify and analyze the market need, market size and competition.

Market research, as defined by the ICC/ESOMAR International Code on Market and Social Research, includes social and opinion research, [and] is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about individuals or organizations using statistical and analytical methods and techniques of the applied social sciences to gain insight or support decision making.

Market research is for discovering what people want, need, or believe. It can also involve discovering how they act. Once that research is completed, it can be used to determine how to market your product.

Questionnaires and focus group discussion surveys are some of the instruments for market research.

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Library or Internet Research vs. Field Research

These three research techniques actually complement each other. Library and Internet research provides critical background information that prepares the researcher for making observations, and conducting interviews and surveys in the field. All information can’t be found through library or internet then the field research is important.

First-hand observations will often be a key component in a research project. Researchers task is to take it all in, recording what s/he observes while being as unobtrusive as possible. Researcher need to take notes for future reference: interesting facts, telling details and sensory impressions (sights, sounds and smells), all help when it comes time to reconstruct the observations on paper.

Reference:1. Dr. Catherine Dawsan, “ Practical Research Method “, VBS Publisher’s Distributor Pvt. Ltd. Delhi,

20022. CR Kothari, “ Research Methodology, Methodology, Methods and Teachings, New, Age

International (P) Ltd, Delhi, 20043. Research for development and Practical Guide, Sage Publication Ltd. London, 20034. A Hand Book of Research for the Fellows of M.Phill and Ph.D. Programmes, Book Syndicate,

Dhaka, 1996 5. Gay, L.R. Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application, Prentice Hall, Inc.,

New Jercy, 1996.6. Best, John W., Research in Education, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prantice Hall.7. Jean Mcniff, Action Research: Principles and Practice,New York, USA ,1995.

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8. Raj, Hans, Theory and Practice in Social Research, Surjeet Publication, India, 1996.9. Yin, Robert K., Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications, India, 1994.10. Ragin, Charles C., The Comparative Method, University of California Press, England, 1987.11. Ragin, Charles C., What is a Case, Cambridge University Press, , USA, 1992.12. Hussain, Mohammad Yusof(ed), Towards Developing Integrating Research Method inhuman

Science, IIUM, Malaysia, 2006.13. Mikkelsen, Britha, Methods for Development Work and Research, Sage Publication, India, 1995.14. Research Methods(Annual Edition), McGraw-Hill,2002.

References:

1.Mohammad Muqim(ed),Research Methodology in Islamic Perspective,(1994) Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi, India.

2. "The Cultural-Symbolic Soul: An Islamically Inspired Research Concept for the Behavioral and Social Sciences." Dhaudi, Mahmoud. 9:2/153.

3.David L. Johnston, Creative Thinking: An Islamic Perspective (by Jamal Badi and Mustapha Tajidin), 23:1/133, AJISS.

4. “Islamic Science: The Making of a Formal Intellectual Discipline.” Hussain, Siraj. 10:3/305.

5. “The Islamization of Knowledge and some Methodological Issues in Paradigm Building: The general Case of Social Science with a Special Focus on Economics.” Arif, Muhammad.4:1/51

6. “Islamizatin of Knowledge: Methodology of Research in Political Science.” Rashid Moten, A. 7:2/161.

7. “Islamization of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences.” Al-Alwani, Taha. 6:2/227.

8. “Islamization of Sciences: Its Philosophy and Methodology.”Idris, Jaafar Sheikh. 4:2/201.

9. “Paradigm of Knowledge of the Modern Islamic Resurgence” Tayob, Abdulkader I. 12:2/155.

10. “The Quest for Islamic Methodology: The Islamization of Knowledge Project in Its Second Decade” Safi, Louay M. 10:1/23.

11. “The Quran and Modern Science: Observation on Methodology” Khalil, Imaduddin. 8:1/1.

12. “Reclaiming Tradition: An Essay on the condition of the Possibility of Islamic Knowledge” Kazami, Yedullah. 15:2/97.

13. “Reconstruction of Islamic Thought and Civilization: The case of Islamization of Knowledge” Ali, M. Mumtaz. 16:1/93.

14. “Reflection into the Spirit of the Islamic Corpus of Knowledge and the rise of New Science” Dhaoudi, Mahmoud. 10:2/153

15. “The Role of Subject (Mujtahid) in al Sharifi’s Methodology: A Humeneutic Approach” Pacaci, Mehmet. 14:3/1.

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16. “Science, Objectivity and Ethics in Research Methodology” Arif, Nasr.15:1/113.

17. “In Search of a Boundless Ocean and New Skies: Human Creativity Is a Matter of A’mal, Jihad and Ijtihad” Waghid, Yusuf. 13:3/353.

18. “Toward an Islamic Alternative in Thought and Knowledge” Al-ALwani, Taha Jabir. 6:1/1.

19. “Transformative Inquiry and Production of Islamic Knowledge” Al Zeera, Zahraa.. 18:2/1.

20. Hasan Langgulung, ”Research in Psychology: Toward an Ummatic Paradigm” Islamization of Knowledge, Series no.6.

21. “Science Research in Muslim Countries” Islamization of Attitude and Practices, M. A. K. Lodhi (ed), 1981.

22. “Incorporation of Islamic Values in the Administration of a Science Research Institute”Ibid

23. “Toward a Scientific Methodology in Contemporary Islamic Educational Research” The Education Conference Book

24. “Concept of Reconstruction-Methodology in Contemporary Muslim Thought” Toward Islamization of Disciplines

25. “Islamization of Knowledge: A Methodology” Imad al Din Khalil

Islamization of Attitudes and Practices in Science and Technology

26. Salisu A. ALiero, Actualization of Islamization of Knowledge: What Role for Islamic Research Libraries?  

27. Mohammad Hashim Kamali Islam, Rationality And Science

28. Reading The Signs: A Qur'anic Perspective On Thinking

29. writing.colostate.edu/guides/researchsources/fieldresearch

30. Ref:www.slideshare.net/.../introduction-to-research-methodology/presentation

31. Ref: www.csus.edu/indiv/y/yangy/145Ch1.htm

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