Course Handbook

Course Handbook, 2003-2004 This handbook provides an overview of the teaching arrangements for all the undergraduate courses in the Department. It is intended for use by members of staff in the Department and by Directors of Studies in Colleges. Undergraduates pursuing courses in the Department receive booklets giving more particular information for their year. Contact Details If you have any queries about the Department’s teaching, please do not hesitate to contact: Chair, Teaching Committee Prof. A L Greer [email protected]

or Director of Undergraduate Teaching Dr T J Matthams [email protected] For queries on any particular year (e.g., Part IA) it is best to contact the Head of Year: Year 1 Part IA Dr C Rae [email protected] Year 2 Part IB Dr J A Elliott [email protected] Year 3 Part II Dr M G Blamire [email protected] Year 4 Part III Dr E R Wallach [email protected] Website The Department website also provides information (usually in more detail than in this handbook) on all the undergraduate courses in Materials Science & Metallurgy:

http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/Teaching/ Safety in the Laboratory It is essential to be aware of safety matters, as presented in the pink Safety Book of the Department. Copies of this book may be obtained from the Class Technician in room 301. The Department emphasises that a positive attitude to the safety of experimental work is essential, both for personal well-being and for the safety of others. In practical classes and research projects, students will be advised of specific dangers. The use of fume cupboards, and the wearing of goggles for eye protection, and of lab-coats and gloves may be required. In addition, it is important always to be aware of mechanical, electrical and chemical hazards. Students should notify the Head of Class (or other member of staff in charge of the activity) of any observed dangers (actual or potential). Smoking, eating and drinking are forbidden in any laboratory. First Aid boxes are available in or near the laboratories and the procedure for obtaining assistance in an emergency is listed in each box. On no account may any equipment be removed from a box except for the treatment of injury. Any query concerning safety within the Department should be addressed to the Head of Class in the first instance, or the class technician. The Departmental Safety Officer, Dr J A Little ([email protected]), may also be consulted. Continuous alarm bell — leave building by nearest available exit and assemble in Free School

Lane. Emergency in working hours — call 34300 at other times — call 31818

mailto:[email protected]






Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Course Handbook 2003-2004 ii

MATERIALS SCIENCE COURSES

Part IA Materials & Mineral Sciences

+ two other sciences (likely choices are Chemistry, Geology and Physics, though no combination is excluded) + Mathematics

Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy

+ two other subjects, for which likely choices are: Chemistry (A and/or B) Geological Sciences (A and/or B) Mineral Sciences Physics Advanced Physics (when also reading Physics)

Part II Materials Science & Metallurgy

Part IIB Part IIA

Graduation with B.A.

Part III Materials Science & Metallurgy

Graduation with B.A. + M.Sci.

M.PHIL. IN MODELLING OF MATERIALS

(normally for those who did not pursue undergraduate studies in the Department)

Postgraduate Research in Materials Science & Metallurgy

Graduation with Ph.D.

Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Course Handbook 2003-2004 iii

Academic Staff and Others Directly involved in Teaching

NAMES INITIALS E-MAIL Barber, Dr Z.H ZHB [email protected]

Best, Dr S M SMB [email protected]

Bhadeshia, Prof. H K D H HKDB [email protected]

Blamire, Dr M G MGB [email protected]

Bonfield, Prof. W WB [email protected]

Bristowe, Dr P D PDB [email protected]

Burstein, Dr G T GTB [email protected]

Cameron, Dr R E REC [email protected]

Clarke, Mr F A FAC [email protected]

Clegg, Dr W J WJC [email protected]

Clyne, Prof. T W TWC [email protected]

Driscoll, Dr J L JLD [email protected]

Elliott, Dr J A JAE [email protected]

Evetts, Prof. J E JEE [email protected]

Fray, Prof. D J DJF [email protected]

Glowacki, Dr B A BAG [email protected]

Greer, Prof. A L ALG [email protected]

Humphreys, Prof. C J CJH [email protected]

Knowles, Dr K M KMK [email protected]

Kumar, Dr R V RVK [email protected]

Leake, Dr J A JALe [email protected]

Little, Dr J A JALi [email protected]

Lloyd Dr S J SJL [email protected]

Mathur Dr N D NDM [email protected]

Matthams, Dr T J TJM [email protected]

Midgley, Dr P A PAM [email protected]

Monteith, Miss C A CAM [email protected]

Rae, Dr C CR [email protected]

Tin Dr S ST [email protected]

Wallach Dr E R ERW [email protected]

Windle, Prof. A.H. AHW [email protected]

Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Course Handbook 2003-2004 iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS Contact Details i Website i Safety in the Laboratory i Materials Science Courses ii Academic Staff and Others Directly involved in Teaching iii Table of Contents iv Part IA Materials & Mineral Sciences Aims of Course IA.1 Background Reading IA.1 Lectures IA.2 Practical Classes IA.2 Examination and Assessment IA.3 Important Dates IA.3 Lecture Course Synopses — Organisation of Atoms in Crystals IA.4 Order and Disorder IA.5 Materials and Devices IA.6 Microstructure IA.7 Mechanical Behaviour of Solids IA.8 Biomaterials IA.9 Materials under Extreme Conditions IA.10 Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy Aims of Course IB.1 Background Reading IB.1 Lectures IB.2 Practical Classes IB.2 Examination and Assessment IB.3 Important Dates IB.3 MIT Exchange IB.3 Lecture Course Synopses — Metals & Alloys IB.4 Environmental Behaviour of Materials IB.6 Polymers IB.8 Electrical & Magnetic Properties of Materials IB.10 Processing and Properties of Ceramics IB.12 Deformation of Solids IB.14

Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Course Handbook 2003-2004 v

Part II Materials Science & Metallurgy Aims of the Part IIA and Part IIB Courses II.1 MIT Exchange II.1 Staff in Charge of Part IIA and Part IIB Activities II.2 Outline of the Course II.2 Supervision Arrangements II.5 Examination and Assessment II.5 Important Dates II.6 Lecture Course Synopses — Phase Equilibria II.7 Selection of Materials II.7 Mathematical Methods II.8 Tensor Properties II.8 Physical Properties II.9 Crystallography II.10 Kinetics II.11 Chemical Stability II.12 Alloys II.12 Structure & Properties of Polymers II.13 Surfaces and Interfaces II.13 Plasticity and Deformation Processing II.14 Ceramics II.14 Polymer Processing II.15 Fracture, Fatigue & Deformation II.15 Composite Materials II.16 Heat & Mass Transfer II.17 Biomaterials II.17 List of Practicals II.18 Materials Examination Series II.18 Language Option II.18 Management Option II.20 Timetable II.22 Part III Materials Science & Metallurgy Aims of the Course III.1 Staff in Charge of Part III Activities III.1 Outline of the Course III.2 Supervision Arrangements III.3 Examination and Assessment III.3 Important Dates III.4

Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Course Handbook 2003-2004 vi

Course Synopses — Core Lectures on Advanced Techniques — Thermal Analysis III.5 Electron Microscopy and Analysis III.5 X-Ray & Neutron Techniques III.6 Modules — Electrons & Photons in Solids III.7 Solidification & Powder Processing III.7 Extraction & Recycling III.8 Ferroelectrics III.8 High-Temperature Materials III.9 Polymeric Materials III.9 Electronic Ceramics III.10 Glasses & Nanomaterials III.11 Ionic Materials III.12 Materials Aspects of Microdevices III.13 Biomaterials III.13 Thin Films III.14 Magnetic & Superconducting Materials III.15 Joining III.16 Corrosion and Protection III.16 Materials Modelling III.18 Teamwork Research Projects III.20 Individual Research Projects III.20 Language Option III.20 Management Option III.20 Timetable III.22 Postgraduate Studies M.Phil. Course on Modelling of Materials PG.1 Research PG.2

Part IA Materials & Mineral Sciences — this course is run jointly with the Department of Earth Sciences. Head of Year: Dr C. Rae Comments are welcome and should be sent to: [email protected] Aims of Course The course is designed to provide a balanced introduction to the solid state as a whole and is of direct value to a very wide range of students, most of whom will go on to study Part II courses in Materials Science & Metallurgy, Mineral Sciences, Physics, Chemistry, Geological Sciences or Chemical Engineering, The study of natural and man-made materials is of vital importance to advanced societies, and is an area of active research. It is also interdisciplinary, involving all the physical sciences. The course introduces the fundamental concepts of the subject. In essence it is about the arrangement of atoms within solids and how these arrangements give rise to useful and interesting properties. Consequently it is concerned with crystalline and non-crystalline materials, the symmetry and defects of crystal structures, their chemical stability, physical properties, mechanical properties and changes in structure. Understanding of these fundamentals is complemented by extensive illustration of their implications in practice, ranging from structural materials to electronic devices to biomedical applications Students taking this Part IA course will find it an ideal preparation for Part IB courses in Materials Science & Metallurgy (MSM), and in Mineral Sciences (MS). These courses lead on to third and fourth year courses in MSM and in MS. The Part IA MMS course and the Part IB MSM and MS courses are also ideal preparation for students wishing to specialise in Physics, Chemistry or Geological Sciences in later years. Recommended Texts General texts covering a large proportion of the course: Introduction to Mineral Sciences, A Putnis (CUP, 1992), ISBN: 0521429471 Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, WD Callister Jr. (John Wiley, 2000, 5th ed.) ISBN: 0471352438 Background reading: Navigating the Materials World, C Baillie & L Vanasupa (Academic Press, 2003), ISBN: 0120735512 New Science of Strong Materials, JE Gordon (Penguin, 1991), ISBN: 0140135979 Electronic Materials, N Braithwaite & G Weaver (Butterworth, 1990), ISBN: 0408028408 Materials and Design, MF Ashby & K Johnson (Butterworth, 2002) ISBN: 0750655542

Year 1 Part IA Materials & Mineral Sciences IA.2

Lectures Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 12 noon, in the Physiology lecture theatre (Downing Site) Michaelmas Term: Course A: Organisation of Atoms in Crystals (8 lect.):Prof. M A Carpenter Course B: Order and Disorder (8 lectures): Dr S A T Redfern Course C: Materials and Devices (8 lectures): Dr P D Bristowe Lent Term: Course D: Microstructure (12 lectures): Dr Z H Barber Course E: Mechanical Behaviour of Solids (12 lectures): Prof. T W Clyne Easter Term: Course F: Biomaterials (6 lectures): Prof. A L Greer Course G: Materials under Extreme Conditions (6 lectures): Dr M T Dove Practical Classes The lectures are supplemented by 2 two-hour practicals each week. These take the form of hands-on experiments and examples classes. One practical each week is at a time to be selected from: Thursday 11–1 Friday 10–12 Friday 2–4 Monday 10–12 The other practical each week is at a time to be selected from: Monday 2–4 Tuesday 11–1 Wednesday 10–12 Wednesday 2–4 Each practical runs simultaneously in the two departments responsible for the course. One of the selected practicals must be taken in the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, the other in the Department of Earth Sciences: in the Dept. of Materials Science & Metallurgy, laboratory 201 in the Dept. of Earth Sciences, South Wing, laboratories 105 and 107. Registration for practicals — at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Tuesday 7th October, 9.30–12.30 and 2.30–4.30. In selecting practical periods, students are advised to leave either Tuesday 11–1 or Thursday 11–1 available for the Computing Course for Physical Scientists.


Examination and Assessment The Part IA Materials & Mineral Sciences written examination consists of one three-hour paper. The paper has ten equal-credit questions, of which five must be attempted, two from Section A on the Michaelmas Term’s work, two from Section B on the Lent Term’s work and one from Section C on the Easter Term’s work. The written examination carries 80% of the total credit for the course. The remaining 20% is allocated to the 4 assessed practicals (1 in the Michaelmas Term and 2 in the Lent Term including a mini project, and 1 in Easter Term). Important Dates Tuesday 7th October 2003 start of Michaelmas Full Term Tuesday 7th October 2003 9.30–12.30 registration (at Dept. of Materials Science and Metallurgy) for 2.30–4.30 practicals Thursday 9th October 2003 11–1 first practical (Dept. of Materials Science & Metallurgy and Dept. of Earth Sciences) Friday 10th October 2003 12–1 first lecture (Physiology lecture theatre) Wednesday 3rd December 2003 12–1 final lecture of the Michaelmas Term Friday 5th December 2003 end of Michaelmas Full Term Tuesday 13th January 2004 start of Lent Full Term Friday 12th March 2004 end of Lent Full Term Tuesday 20th April 2004 start of Easter Full Term Wednesday 19th May 2004 end of lectures Friday 4th June 2004 1.30–4.30 expected time for written examination Friday 11th June 2004 end of Easter Full Term


ORGANISATION OF ATOMS IN CRYSTALS

8 lectures Course A Prof. M. A. Carpenter

Length scales in solids: Phases and structures — Course outline and introduction. Length scales in solids. Microstructure and phases. Historical perspective. Empirical observations point to underlying structure of solids. What makes crystals special? Periodicity of atom distributions (symmetry). What is a crystal structure? — Concepts of translational symmetry: lattice and unit cell in two dimensions. Define lattice, motif, unit cell and lattice vectors, and hence the ideal crystal structure. Close-packed structures — Stack close-packed layers to produce three-dimensional structures, hexagonal and cubic close-packing. Structure plans. Some essential crystallographic tools: lattice vectors, lattice planes, Miller indices — The need to be able to define different lattice planes: surfaces, deformation, diffraction. Lattice vectors, lattice planes and Miller indices. Diffraction of X-rays by crystals: Bragg's law — Condition for constructive interference. Bragg's law. Geometry of diffraction: single crystal diffractometers, diffraction from a powder. Generation of X-rays. Absorption and filtering. Geometry of X-ray powder diffraction — Powder diffractometer. Calculation of interplanar spacings. Multiplicity. Systematic absences due to non-primitive lattices. Indexing X-ray powder diffraction patterns — Indexing methods. Determination of accurate lattice parameter. Factors determining intensity: atomic scattering factor, phase angle of scattering by atoms in unit cell. Intensities of Bragg reflections in X-ray powder diffraction patterns — Phase angle in one dimension, phase angle in three dimensions. Scattering amplitudes, intensity, multiplicity, structure factor. Model calculation for NaCl. Symmetry and the 7 crystal systems.


ORDER AND DISORDER 8 lectures Course B Dr S. A. T. Redfern

Diffraction from disordered solid — how does glass diffraction pattern compare with crystal? Short vs. long-range order. Short range structure of SiO2 from radial distribution function. Glass vs. Crystal — Concept of metastability and kinetics. Consequences for physical properties (isotropy and anisotropy). Glassy polymers and crystalline polymers — macromolecular order and disorder. Random walks along a chain. Rubber. Glass-rubber transition. Liquid crystals — orientational order, translational disorder. Packing macromolecules. Quasicrystals. Transition to crystal. Redefine what a crystal is. A return to packing spheres — filling interstices in close packed arrays. Wurtzite and sphalerite. Polar symmetry and centrosymmetry. Ionic radii, radius ratio — Rocksalt, fluorite. Symmetry of a cube. Perovskite structure — Derivation of radius ratio rules and tolerance factor. Structural distortion to accommodate variability. Breaking of cubic symmetry in perovskites — physical consequences. Crystal systems.


MATERIALS AND DEVICES 8 lectures Course C Dr P. D. Bristowe

Dielectric properties of materials — Course outline. The structure / properties relationship. Charge displacement and polarisation. Capacitance, electric dipoles and dielectric constants. Polarisation mechanisms. Effect of material structure on polarisation and dielectric constants. Properties of ferroelectric materials — Spontaneous polarisation and hysteresis. Classes of ferroelectrics: salts, polymers and perovskites. Effect of crystal symmetry. Structural phase transitions and the Curie temperature. Dipole ordering and domains. Properties of domain boundaries. Reversible polarisation and devices — Domain wall motion in an applied field. Explanation of ferroelectric hysteresis. Effect of temperature on hysteresis. Basis for ferroelectric memories. Properties of pyroelectric and piezoelectric materials — Temperature-dependent polarisation and pyroelectric materials. Stress dependent polarisation and piezoelectric materials. Crystal symmetry conditions for pyroelectric and piezoelectric behaviour. Relationship to ferroelectric behaviour. Transducers and applications of pyroelectric and piezoelectric materials. Conduction in ionic materials — Ions as charge carriers in materials. Effect of crystal structure and the role of lattice defects. Driving forces for charge transport: concentration gradients and potential gradients. Fick’s 1st law of diffusion and Ohm’s law for conduction. The relationship between diffusivity and conductivity: the Nernst-Einstein equation. Fast ion conductors — Crystal structure requirements for fast ion conduction. The properties of yitrium stabilised zirconia. Phase diagram of YSZ and the effect of composition on conductivity. The structure and properties of other fast ion conductors: β-alumina, α-AgI and δ-Bi2O3. Electrolytic conduction — Properties of an electrochemical cell. The open circuit voltage under non-standard conditions. The Nernst equation and the concentration cell. The oxygen concentration cell using YSZ as the electrolyte. The oxygen sensor for combustion control in vehicles. Further applications of solid electrolytes — Principles of the solid oxide fuel cell. Choice of electrolyte and electrodes. The Westinghouse tubular design. Solid electrolytes used in storage batteries. Advantages of solid-state batteries. Examples of the Na/S and Na/NiCl2 β-alumina batteries.


MICROSTRUCTURE 12 lectures Course D Dr Z. H. Barber

Microstructure — Link between structure and materials properties. Grains, phase distributions, examples of naturally occurring and man-made microstructures. How and why are different microstructures formed? Methods for observing microstructure: light microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Limit of resolution, Abbé theory, SEM, TEM, including diffraction contrast. Thermodynamics & phase diagrams — Importance of thermodynamics, examples of phase diagrams. Key thermodynamic functions: heat & work; internal energy; enthalpy; entropy (configurational and thermal disorder), free energy, G. Definition of equilibrium. Equilibrium — How does G vary? G vs. T. Two phases in equilibrium. First order transformation, ∆G = 0, discontinuous changes in enthalpy and entropy. Binary phase diagram: two phase / single phase regions. Thermodynamics of solutions: H, S, and G(mix); mixing / immiscibility (phase segregation). Coexistent phases — Equilibrium in a 2-phase region. Construction of a solvus curve – link between G curves and phase diagram. Common tangent and lever rule. Complete solubility in liquid and solid phases. Dendritic growth and coring. Phase diagrams — Incomplete solid solubility; the eutectic system; free energy curves. Eutectic solidification. Construction of phase diagrams from experimental data, cooling curves. Eutectoid. More complex phase diagrams: intermediate compounds; metals / ceramics. Sharpness of free energy curves & extent of solubility limits. Ternary phase diagrams. Microstructure & kinetics — How phase diagrams link to microstructure. Is equilibrium achieved? Zone refining, segregation coefficient (maintaining equilibrium). Importance of kinetics: diffusion. Driving force for transformations. Examples of non-equilibrium structures. Nucleation — Homogeneous nucleation, effect of strain. Nucleation rate. Heterogeneous nucleation. Influence of nucleation upon final microstructure; control of nucleation. Interfaces & phase transformations — Growth of a new phase: coherent vs incoherent interfaces; strain energy, precipitate shape; Widmanstätten, meteorites. Faceted / non-faceted interfaces; conditions for single-crystal growth. Displacive / shear transformations; martensitic transformations, twinning, shape-memory metal. Transformation rates — Rate of growth of a new phase, C- / TTT curves: liquid / solid transformations, glass formation & solid/ solid transformations. Formation of non-equilibrium phases: martensite, bainite; quenching and subsequent precipitation (e.g. Al/Cu). Metastable phases & materials fabrication — Crystalline vs. non-crystalline structures. Metallic glasses; nanomaterials; how to achieve high quench rates (melt spinning, vapour deposition). Formation & sintering of ceramics, pressure and diffusional assisted growth. Case studies — What microstructure tells us about formation / cooling rates. Control of processing to control microstructure and hence properties.


MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS

12 lectures Course E Prof. T. W. Clyne

Elastic deformation — Definitions of stress, strain and stiffness. Energy-displacement curves for inter-atomic bonds. Consequences for thermal expansion and for stiffness, as a function of temperature. Calculation of young's modulus. Comparison with experiment for various types of material. Stiffness of rubber — Explanation of the very low stiffness of rubber. Molecular structure of polymers and rubbers. Role of thermodynamics. Concept of the entropy spring. Derivation of rubber elasticity equations. Effect of temperature on the stiffness of rubber. Basics of dislocations — Predicted strength of a perfect crystal. Comparison with experiment. Dislocation glide as an explanation of the low yield stresses of metals. Pictorial representations of dislocation glide. Edge and screw dislocations. Crystallography of dislocations. The Burgers vector and slip systems. Plastic deformation by dislocation glide — Dislocation width and ease of dislocation glide. Dislocation densities and mobilities in metals, semiconductors and ceramics. Elastic strain Energy stored in a dislocation. Plastic deformation of a single crystal. Use of OILS rule to establish operative slip system. Reorientation effects. Dislocation interactions — Attraction and repulsion between dislocations. Dislocation climb. Annihilation and rearrangement of dislocations. Dislocation inter-sectioning. Creation of jogs. Generation of new dislocations. Explanation of work hardening. Effects of alloying and microstructure — Effects of solute atoms. Solid solution strengthening. Cottrell atmosphere formation with interstitial solutes. Possibility of solute atom diffusion. Portevin-le chatelier effect. Precipitates as obstacles to dislocations. Guinier-preston zones. Orowan bowing and by-passing of Coarse precipitates. Prediction of Yield stress from Precipitate spacing. Age hardening. Dislocations in polycrystals. Constraint effects. Pile-ups at Grain boundaries. Hall-petch relationship. Other mechanisms of plastic deformation — Twinning as a Deformation mode, particularly at High strain rate and with Few slip systems. Neumann bands and “Tin Cry”. Deformation-induced shear transformations. Martensitic transformations. The Super-elastic and Shape memory effects. Fracture mechanics, brittle fracture — The Energy-based approach to Fracture. Brittle fracture & the Griffith criterion. Strain Energy release rates and Fracture energies. The concept of a Critical flaw size. "Toughening" by Flaw size control. Fracture mechanics, ductile fracture — Fracture of Ductile solids. Contributions to the Fracture energy. Design of Tough materials. Role of Microstructure in controlling toughness. Composite materials — Composite materials. Possible benefits from Combining constituents. Concept of Load partitioning. Equal stress and Equal strain limits. Toughness benefits. Fibre pull-out. Composite materials in use. Development of strong materials — Meaning of strength. Concept of balancing toughness and hardness. Common engineering materials. Selection of materials. Use of property maps. Mechanical demands in High technology terrestrial and Aerospace applications - Current and Future developments.


BIOMATERIALS 6 lectures Course F Prof. A. L. Greer

Introduction to the materials found in living systems — Structural proteins (silk, collagen, elastin), minerals. The basic features of the cell. Relevance of biomaterials – understanding living systems, medicine, biomimetic development of materials. The composite nature of biomaterials — implications for stiffness, strength and toughness. Viscoelasticity — energy storage, importance for damage limitation. Wood — structure and properties. Other cellular solids, solid foams and froths. Mechanical failure. Active materials — muscle and exploitation of turgidity in cells. Control of phase transformations in living systems — Promotion of ice nucleation to facilitate or inhibit frost damage to plants. Inhibition of ice growth to permit survival of antarctic fish. Loss of control, pathological nucleation — kidney stones, BSE. Biomineralization — examples of biominerals and their functions: shells, bone, teeth, magnetic bacteria, storage. Biomineralization — Template-directed materials synthesis, nucleation and growth control. Bone — hierarchy of structure, collagen and hydroxyapatite, cortical and cancellous. Bone as a dynamic material — osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bone replacement — case of the hip joint, desired strength and stiffness. Possible materials for joint prostheses. Bone analogues — design and applications. Biomimetics and smart materials. Future of tissue engineering.


MATERIALS UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS 6 lectures Course G Dr M. T. Dove

Introduction to extreme conditions — Nature has some surprises. Examples at low temperature, mostly electron ordering. Contrast with high temperature, tending to disorder – melting, and alloy disordering. Balance between ordering and energy — encapsulated in concept of free energy (brief revision). High-temperature disordered crystalline phases, showing effects of thermal motion. Materials that shrink on heating. High-pressure effects — favouring low-volume phases. How to perform high-pressure experiments and get information out of them. Calculations to augment experiments, and even to predict new phases. Pressure/temperature phase diagrams — Clapeyron equation. Phase boundaries. Examples of silica and carbon phase diagrams. Inner Earth — the Mantle, and the structure of the core. Experiments on ices and insights into the structure of the outer planets. Creep — example of extreme response to stress (in addition to fracture!). Application to design materials, with example of turbine blades operating under extreme conditions. Ice and water — phases of ice and solid/liquid phase boundary, volume anomaly, melting under slight pressure. Creep of ice with connection to glaciers.

Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy Head of Year: Dr J. A. Elliott Comments are welcome and should be sent to: [email protected] Aims of Course The aim of the second-year course Materials Science & Metallurgy is to develop a deeper understanding of why materials behave as they do — in particular how the material’s properties relate to its microstructure. There are some sixty lectures and twenty related practicals. In addition each student has to carry out an investigation of a manufactured article to identify the materials and methods used in its production and to assess the reasons why those materials were chosen. The course follows on from Materials & Mineral Sciences in Part IA and combines well with other subjects in Part IB so that is can be taken by students who know that they want to become materials scientists or metallurgists as well as by those who are still unsure about their final specialisation. Part IA Materials and Mineral Sciences (MMS) is a pre-requisite for students wishing to study for the Part IB course in Materials Science & Metallurgy. Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy is usually combined with Chemistry, Physics, Mineral Sciences or Mathematics within the Natural Science Tripos; however many other combinations are possible. This course leads on to third and fourth year courses in Materials Science and Metallurgy. Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy is also ideal preparation for students wishing to specialise in Physics, Chemistry or Geology in later years. Background Reading 1.* C. Newey & G. Weaver, Materials Principles & Practice, Butterworths (for Courses A, C,

F). 2. G.Weidmann, P. Lewis, N. Reid, Structural Materials, Butterworths (for Courses A, D, F). 3. N. Braithwaite, G. Weaver, Electronic Materials, Butterworths, (for Course E). 4. J.M. West, Basic Oxidation and Corrosion, Ellis-Horwood (for Course B). 5.* D.A. Porter, and K.E. Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Van

Nostrand, 2nd edition (for Course A). 6.* L.H. Van Vlack, Materials for Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 1st edition (for Courses A, C,

D).

*These books are those most strongly recommended for purchase. Lectures

Year 2 Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy IB.2

Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 10am, in the Babbage lecture theatre (New Museums Site) Michaelmas Term: Course A: Metals and Alloys (12 lectures) Course B: Environmental Behaviour of Materials (12 lectures) Lent Term: Course C: Polymers (9 lectures)

Course D: Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Materials (9 lectures) Course E: Processing and Properties of Ceramics (6 lectures) Easter Term: Course F: Deformation of Solids (10 lectures) Practical Classes The lectures are supplemented by 1 two-hour practical each week, in laboratory 201, at a time to be selected from: Tuesday 2–4 Thursday 2–4 Friday 9–11 (scheduled only if there is sufficient demand) Registration for practicals — at the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Tuesday 7th October and Wednesday 8th October 2003, 9.30–12.30 and 2.30–4.30. Four of the twenty practicals are assessed. The other practicals should be written up briefly (1 page only plus graphs) and handed in for marking or discussed with the demonstrator running the practical; the marking of these does not count towards examination credit. A minimum of one hour per week is to be spent in the laboratory (in the periods 9–12.45 or 2–5 on any weekday), working on: Microscopy An important part of the teaching course is to understand the microstructure of materials. This is achieved through examination of materials by optical microscopy (and scanning electron microscopy). A number of prepared specimens are to be examined and results are to be discussed in supervisions. Please see the Metallography booklet. Examination of An Artefact During the Lent Term a small project is based on examination of a small manufactured article, often a simple component employing a range of different materials. By appropriate sectioning and microscopy and analysis, the materials used will be identified and the methods of fabrication determined. The project report is assessed; the project mark has twice the weight of a practical mark.


Examination and Assessment The Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy written examination consists of two three-hour papers. Each paper has ten equal-credit questions, of which five must be attempted, two from Section A on the Michaelmas Term’s work, two from Section B on the Lent Term’s work and one from Section C on the Easter Term’s work. The written examinations carry 80% of the total credit for the course. The remaining 20% comes from the marks for the four assessed practicals and the artefact project. Important Dates Tuesday 7th October 2003 start of Michaelmas Full Term Tuesday 7th October 2003 9.30–12.30 registration (at Dept. of Materials Science & 2.30–4.30 Metallurgy) for practicals Wednesday 8th October 2003 9.30–12.30 registration continues 2.30–4.30 Thursday 9th October 2003 10–11 first lecture (Babbage lecture theatre) Thursday 9th October 2003 2–4 first practical Tuesday 2nd December 2003 10–11 final lecture of the Michaelmas Term Friday 5th December 2003 end of Michaelmas Full Term Tuesday 13th January 2004 start of Lent Full Term Friday 12th March 2004 end of Lent Full Term Tuesday 20th April 2004 start of Easter Full Term Thursday 20th May 2004 last lecture Monday 24th May 2004 9–12 expected time for written examination, paper 1 Saturday 29th May 2004 1.30–4.30 expected time for written examination, paper 2 Friday 11th June 2004 end of Easter Full Term MIT Exchange Students intending to take the four-year course in Materials Science & Metallurgy will be invited in their second year to apply for selection as exchange students to study Materials Science & Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This exchange, which also brings MIT students to Cambridge, is under the auspices of the Cambridge-MIT Institute (CMI). Those interested in spending their third year (Part IIB) at MIT should discuss this with the Director of Undergraduate Teaching (Dr T. J. Matthams).


METALS AND ALLOYS 12 lectures Course A Dr E. R. Wallach

The development of improved metallic minerals is a vital activity at the leading edge of science and technology. Metals offer unrivalled combinations of properties and reliability at a cost which is affordable. They are versatile because subtle changes in their microstructure can cause dramatic variations in their properties. For example, it is possible to buy commercial steel with a strength as low as 50 MPa or as high as 5500 MPa. The strongest commercial steel can therefore support the weight of about 5.5 × 109 apples on 1 m2 of steel. An understanding of the development of microstructure in metals, rooted in thermodynamics, crystallography and kinetic phenomena is essential for the materials scientist. Thus, 70% of all 800 million tonnes per annum of alloys used today were developed in the last ten years. Course A builds on the coverage of metals and alloys in Part IA. Whereas Part IA dealt with the thermodynamic aspects, we shall emphasize kinetics when treating diffusion, solidification and solid-state phenomena: Diffusion — Fundamentals of Diffusion. Diffusive flux and the diffusion equation. Diffusion distances. Mechanisms of diffusion. Interstitial, substitutional and vacancy diffusion. Activation energies and vacancy concentrations. Diffusivity data. Interdiffusion in alloys. Kirkendall effect.

Diffusion and Microstructure. Fast diffusion paths. Grain-boundary, free-surface and lattice diffusion. Thermodynamics of diffusion. Chemical potential and atomic mobility. Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Concept of zero, negative diffusivity and uphill diffusion. Solidification — Undercooling and driving force. Nucleation and crystal growth. Heat flow. Solute partitioning. Effect of convection. The Scheil equation.

Solidification Structure. Constitutional undercooling, cells and dendrites. Microsegregation profiles. Coring and non-equilibrium second phase. Grain structures, single crystals and polycrystals.

Solidification Processing. Casting. Porosity and hot tearing. Sand casting. Permanent mould casting. Centrifugal casting. Continuous casting. Rapid solidification processing, atomisation, melt-spinning. Solid-state diffusional transformations — Dislocations and Grain Boundaries. Cold-worked structures. Stored strain energies. Forces between dislocations. Recovery processes, glide and climb. Polygonisation. Grain boundaries — misorientation, structure and energy.

Evolution of Grain Structure. Nucleation of recrystallised grains, role of dislocation density. Particle-stimulated nucleation. Mobility of high-angle grain boundaries. Solute drag and Zener drag. Grain growth.


Precipitation. Solution treatment, quenching and ageing. Precipitate nucleation. Precipitation sequences. Diffusion-controlled growth. Nucleation sites. Role of vacancies. Precipitate-free zones, solute and vacancy depletion. Diffusionless solid-state transformations — Shear transformations. Twinning, the twin plane and twinning shear. Twinning as a deformation mode. Factors favouring deformation twinning. Strain-rate and crystal-symmetry effects. Boundary energies. Martensitic transformations. Examples in cobalt and Fe-C. The shape-memory effect. Some metallic materials — Ferrous Alloys. The Fe-C phase diagram. The eutectoid reaction. Fe-C martensite. TTT curves. Quenching and tempering of steels. Alloying effects and hardenability. The Jominy end-quench test. Widmanstätten ferrite and bainite. Secondary hardening in alloy steels.

TRIP steels. Dual-phase steels. Cast irons, grey, white and spheroidal graphitic. Light Alloys. Aluminium alloys, cast and wrought. Al-Li alloys. High-strength alloys. Titanium alloys.

High-Temperature Alloys. Nickel-based superalloys. Columnar and single-crystal turbine blades. Dispersion-strengthened alloys. Mechanically alloyed systems. Key Texts 1. A. Porter & K. E. Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 2nd edition,

Chapman & Hall, (1992). [Ln30] 2. R.W. K. Honeycombe and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, Steels, Microstructure & Properties, 2nd

edition, Arnold, (1995) Background Material 1. A. H. Cottrell, An Introduction to Metallurgy, The Institute of Materials, (1995) [A116] 2. R. E. Smallman, “Modern Physical Metallurgy”, Butterworths, 4th edition, (1985) [A144] 3. I.J. Polmear, Light Alloys — Metallurgy of the Light Metals, 3rd edition, Arnold, (1995) [Eb153] A number of metallographic samples associated with this course will be referred to in the question sheets and lectures. These are to be examined in laboratory 201.


ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS 12 lectures Course B Dr J. A. Little

Most materials in use by mankind are unstable relative to their environment. The useful lifetime of materials is very often limited by corrosion in the environment. The environment here refers to the environment in which the material is used, sometimes a natural one such as air or sea-water, sometimes man-made, such as found in a chemical plant. Corrosion science is therefore a subject of fundamental importance to materials science and materials engineering. Corrosion can cause failure of materials in service, which can be costly. It can also cause catastrophic failure. And beyond that, corrosion is a tremendous waste of materials and of the energy required to make them: thus corrosion control is a green subject. Although we deal mainly with metal corrosion in this course, we begin by looking at corrosion of other materials too, such as polymers and ceramics. Most materials are degraded more at higher temperatures. The course covers metal oxidation at high temperatures. For metals, it is almost always the presence of an oxide film of some sort that limits corrosion, so we introduce the remarkable phenomenon of passivity of metals, both in air and in aqueous environments. It is remarkable, because without this oxide film, most metals and alloys would be totally useless; yet the oxide film in some cases is as thin as 1 nm! The course describes how corrosion occurs, and why some metals passivate readily in some environments, but corrode in others. We will describe the phenomenon of metal corrosion and passivation in terms of the electrochemistry of the interface, stripping it to its simplest terms, and then building it up again. The thermodynamics of corrosion and other related phenomena will be explored. But since thermodynamics cannot describe the rate of the processes at all, we will also look in detail at the kinetics of the corrosion, oxidation and passivation. The course will bring together the thermodynamics, the electrochemistry and the kinetics of these subtle processes. We will also give a brief glimpse of some methods of corrosion control. The lecture course is integrated with relevant practicals. These employ simple methods and experimental observations, qualitative and quantitative, to demonstrate some of the principles of corrosion and oxidation. Interactions of materials with the environment — Oxidation of metals and polymers. Basic mechanisms of oxidation. Heat of reaction and combustion. Thermodynamics of materials stability. Energetics, electronics and electrodics. Non-oxidative corrosion. High temperature oxidation of metals. — Thermodynamic considerations. The free energy. Effects of temperature and pressure. The Ellingham diagram.


The rate of oxidation — Oxide films and their effects on kinetics. Defect structures. Rate laws. Parabolic and logarithmic rate equations. Diffusion. Electron conduction and ion conduction. Stresses in oxide films. Corrosion reactions — Nature of metal corrosion reactions. Electrochemical reactions. Anodes and cathodes. Separation of sites. The driving force. The equivalence of free energy and potential. The electrode potential at equilibrium. Nature and meaning of the electrode potential. Measurement and calculation of electrode potentials. Standard electrode potentials. Reference electrodes. Effects of environment composition. Activities in the environment and metal phases. Standard states. The Nernst equation. Mapping the equilibrium potentials to establish non-equilibrium domains of reaction. Nature of the electrified interface: an introduction to double layer theory. Corrosion reactions as non-equilibrium electrode processes — Faraday’s law of electrolysis. The departure from equilibrium. Current and current density. Overpotentials and polarisation. Electrochemical kinetics. The Tafel equation relating current density to potential. The exchange current density. The hydrogen electrode reaction. The oxygen electrode reaction. Metal dissolution. Concentration polarisation. Simple electroplating. Corrosion rate and corrosion potential. Determination of corrosion rate. Passivation. Protective and non-protective oxides. The polarisation curve. The electric field. Corrosion control — Alloy design. Changing the potential. Cathodic protection. Some aspects of corrosion engineering. Using corrosion processes. Key Texts 1. N. Birks and G.H. Meier, Introduction to High Temperature Oxidation of Metals, Edward

Arnold. [Qb 28b] 2. J.M. West, Basic Oxidation and Corrosion, Ellis-Horwood. [Qa 84] Background material Relevant sections from: 1. R.G. Compton and G.H.W. Saunders, Electrode Potentials, Oxford Science Publications. 2. L.L. Shreir, R.A. Jarman and G.T. Burstein, Corrosion, third edition, Butterworth-

Heinemann. [Qa64] 3. J. O’M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Vol.2, Plenum Press.

[Pm57] 4. K.R.Thretheway and Chamberlain, Corrosion for Students of Science and Engineering,

Longman. [Qa110]


POLYMERS

9 lectures Course C Dr R. E. Cameron

Organic polymers are materials which we take for granted since they are so widely used in applications ranging from packaging to car components, from textiles for clothing to CDs and video tapes, but they have a relatively short history and a fascinatingly diverse range of properties. This course explores the relationship between the molecular architecture of polymers; the organisation and conformation of the molecular chains; their behaviour; and the production of plastics artefacts. These aspects are discussed in lectures on polymer structure, synthesis, properties and forming processes, and are drawn together in two case studies: the soft drinks bottle and the compact disc. Introduction — What are polymers? Some common examples, market, comparative costs, applications. Some definitions. Typical backbones, sidegroups, branching, crosslinking. Thermoplastics and thermosets.

Polymer chains — Molecular architecture. Structural isomerism, configurational isomerism. Tacticity. Copolymers.

How are polymers made? — Examples of polymerisation reactions. Chain growth (by addition): initiation, propagation, termination. Functionality. Step growth. Statistics of step growth. Molecular mass: definitions and measurement. Crosslinking: heavily crosslinked thermosets and vulcanisation of rubbers.

Amorphous polymers — Chain conformations, chain torsion, thermodynamics of chains. The glass transition: influence of structure, determination of Tg, effect of time scale. Rubber elasticity. Chain alignment and birefringence. Semicrystalline polymers — Factors influencing crystallisation, crystal structures, spherulites. Measurement of crystallinity, X-ray diffraction. Influence of structure on melting point. Polymer fibres.

Polymers in use — Structural influences on properties. Copolymers and blends. Stiffness and yielding.

Forming of thermoplastics — Extrusion, film forming, injection moulding.

Case studies in polymer selection and processing — Compact disc. Soft-drinks bottle.


Key Texts

1. C. Newey and G. Weaver, Materials principles and practice, Butterworths, 1990 [AB125] 2. G. Weidmann, P. Lewis and N. Reid (eds.), Structural materials, Butterworths, 1990

[AB126]

Background Reading 1. N.G. McCrum, C.P. Buckley and C.B. Bucknall, Principles of polymer engineering, 2nd

edition., Oxford Univ. Press, 1997. [AN6d.53] 2. N.J. Mills, Plastics: microstructure, properties and applications, 2nd ed., Arnold, 1993.

[AN6c.100] 3. F. Rodriguez, Principles of polymer systems, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1982. [AN6a.30,

AN6a.21a]


ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

9 lectures Course D Dr P. A. Midgley

Electric motors, integrated circuits and floppy disks are just a few of the many modern technological products which exploit materials for their useful electrical and magnetic properties. In this course, we discuss the scientific principles underlying these properties, together with the issues involved in designing and producing materials for specific electrical and magnetic applications. Electrical Properties – Fundamentals — Survey of the electrical conductivity of materials. Electrons as charge carriers - the classical particle approach. Ohm's law, conductivity and mobility. Measurement of charge carrier density - the Hall effect. Sign and magnitude of the Hall coefficient.

Electrons as charge carriers - the quantum wave approach. Properties of quantum mechanical free electrons. The Fermi level, density of states and Fermi-Dirac distribution function.

Electrons in a crystal: the concept of energy bands. Simplified energy bands for insulators, metals and semiconductors. The valence and conduction bands. The conductivity of metals in the quantum mechanical approach. Electrical Properties – Metals and Alloys — Experimental results and their interpretation. Electron scattering processes in pure metals. The effect of temperature and crystal defects. Matthiessen's rule. Electron scattering processes in alloys. The effect of solute concentration: variation of lattice parameter, valence and electron concentration. The effect of alloying, strengthening and processing on the conductivity of copper and its alloys.

Selecting metals for practical conductors and resistors: transmission lines, heating elements and metallisation on integrated circuits. Electrical Properties – Semiconductors — Bands and carriers. Direct and indirect band gap. The effective mass of an electron. The concept of holes. The conductivity of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Donors and acceptors. The semiconductor equation. Temperature dependence of the number of carriers and the Fermi energy.

Semiconductor devices: rectifying and ohmic contacts. Schematic band diagrams for the p-n junction and metal-semiconductor contacts. Semiconductor device fabrication: summary of processing steps. Example of a p-n-p transistor. The economics of device fabrication. Magnetic Properties – Fundamentals — Macroscopic approach to magnetism: definition of magnetic field, magnetisation, flux density, relative permeability and susceptibility. Units. Microscopic approach to magnetism: magnetic dipoles and moments. Effect of electron orbits and electron spin. Exchange interaction. Bohr magneton.

Interaction between magnetic dipoles and a magnetic field: diamagnetism, paramagnetism,


ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism. Examples. The Curie temperature. Magnetic anisotropy. Magnetic Properties – Domains and the Hysteresis Loop — The formation of magnetic domains in ferromagnetic materials: energy, structure, size and boundaries (Bloch walls).

Properties of domains in a magnetic field: remanence, coercivity and hysteresis. Magnetostriction. Examples of some magnitudes. Effect of microstructure: domain wall pinning. Magnetic Properties – Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials — Definition of soft and hard magnetic materials in terms of their hysteresis loops.

Soft magnets: materials for electrical applications (electromagnets, electric motors, transformers, generators). Characteristics of soft magnets. Measured properties of some important soft magnets. Energy losses. Examples: iron-silicon, metallic glasses and ferrites.

Hard magnets: materials for permanent magnets. Characteristics of hard magnets. Measured properties of some important hard magnets. A figure of merit: the maximum energy product. Examples: Alnico alloys, ferrites and rare earth alloys.

The principles of magnetic recording. The magnetic properties of materials used for tapes, credit cards and hard disks. Key Texts 1. N. Braithwaite and G. Weaver (eds), Electronic Materials, (OUP/Butterworth 1990). [AB

123] Chapters 1 – 3. 2. L. Solymar and D. Walsh, Lectures on the Electrical Properties of Materials, (OUP 1988)

[LcA 99] Chapters 1 -2, 6 -9 and 11. 3. D. Jiles, Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, (Chapman and Hall 1995).

[LcH 76] Chapters 1 - 2, 4 - 7, 12 – 14.


PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS 6 lectures Course E Dr S. M. Best

“Traditional” ceramics such pottery and bricks and often characterised by their properties: they are hard, brittle, refractory and chemically resistant. While there is a continued need in industry for improved understanding and optimisation of these materials, more recently a number of new technologically important ceramic materials have been developed. The production and properties of new, “advanced ceramics” are being researched for use in a number of different types of applications and devices including: medical implants , thermal barrier coatings, superconductors, ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics and electrodes. For each type of application, knowledge of the interplay between processing and properties is essential. In this course, a brief review will be given of the production and processing of ceramics: both traditional and advanced. The remaining lectures will then concentrate on the characterisation, properties and applications of new materials and will discuss the potential scope for the next generation of ceramic materials. Introduction to ceramic materials — Classification; nature of chemical bonding in ceramics; consequences of the atomic structure of ceramics, typical properties; synthesis and processing of ceramics; Ceramic processing — Powder characterisation; green compact production, slip castings, sol-gel processing; surfaces and interfaces; sintering and densification; use of phase diagrams in synthesis and sintering: thermal spraying. Mechanical properties of ceramics — Fracture; the statistical nature of strength; microstructure / mechanical property relationships; methods of strength and toughness testing. Functional applications — Ionic solids — Defects in ionic solids and non-stoichiometry; ionic and electronic conduction; ceramic superconductors; solid electrolytes ceramic electrodes; electrochemical systems; catalysis; high temperature fuel cells; sensors. Piezoelectric devices — Requirements of an ignition device; crystallographic features of piezoelectric materials. Induced voltages and necessary applied stress levels; production of a piezoelectric ceramic; curie temperatures and poling. Thermal barrier coatings — Role of thermal barrier coatings on high temperature components; thermal conductivities and temperature drops; production methods; residual stresses and spallation resistance. Biomedical applications of ceramics — Ceramics for articulating applications; alumina and zirconia; bioactivity; bioactive ceramics, glasses and glass ceramics; calcium phosphates; hydroxyapatite.


Key Texts 1. G. Weidmann, P. Lewis and N. Reid, Structural Materials, Open University / Butterworth

(1990) AB 126 Ch. 4 and Ch. 8) 2. Kingery, Bowen, Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley (1976) AN2a13 3. L. H. Lack, Materials for Engineering, Addison Wesley (1982) [AB 92 Units 11, 12, 13 and

15 4. N. Braithwaite and G. Weaver, Electronic Materials, Open University / Butterworth (1990)

AB 123 Ch. 4) 5. L. Hench, J. Wilson, Introduction to Bioceramics, World Scientific 1993 6. R. Davidge, Mechanical Behaviour of Ceramics, Cambridge University Press (1979)

AN2a24


DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS

10 lectures Course F Dr W. J. Clegg

It is the resistance to shear stresses that makes solids so different from other forms of matter. Stresses can arise in many ways, on heating, on the application of electrical or magnetic fields as well as simply applying loads. The aim of this course is to study the fundamental processes by which solids deform and how these determine the overall behaviour of a material. The course begins with developing a basic understanding of plastic flow in a wide range of materials. It is shown how the nature of the obstacles to flow can dramatically affect the kinetics of dislocation motion and, in turn, how this is related to the crystal structure and interatomic forces. These ideas are compared with experimental observations. The final part of the course is concerned with the energetics of the breaking of bonds and how this is affected by the material properties and structure.

Does the lattice give a resistance to dislocation motion? Concept of the lattice resistance. Estimating its magnitude. Atom misalignments around a dislocation. Relation of misalignment to interatom potential. The work required to move a dislocation. Peierls stress. Effect of crystal structure and bonding. How do the predictions compare with observations?

c.c.p. metals, e.g. Cu, Ni, estimate of slip plane spacing and Burgers vector. The observation of partial dislocations. The energetics and structure of partial dislocations. Existence of other obstacles to glide: forest dislocations. Importance in materials with a low lattice resistance.

Slip in other materials. Diamond (also Si, GaAs), glide and shuffle planes; TiC, TiN; b.c.c. metals, e.g. Fe. Overall comparison with observations. How is dislocation motion possible below the Peierls stress? Observation that flow can take place below Peierls stress. Deformation as a thermally activated process. The rate of flow and the dislocation velocity. Magnitude of the activation energy. Effect of τ on the activation energy. Importance of the magnitude of the energy barrier. How important is temperature when other obstacles control dislocation motion?

Other obstacles to dislocation motion: forest dislocations. Comparison of magnitude of effect of forest dislocations and lattice resistance. Estimate of energy required to overcome forest dislocation obstacles. Comparison with observed behaviour in Fe and Ni. Effect of recovery on yield stress. Surface deformation: friction and wear

Causes of friction. Amonton’s Laws. Asperities. Surface forces and plastic flow. Fracture of contacts: wear. Factors influencing adhesive wear. Archard equation.


When will bonds break?

Early theories. Energetic criterion for cracking. Concept of the equilibrium crack length. Cracking in different loading conditions. Stable and unstable equilibria and the effect on crack growth. Can we have a more general criterion for cracking?

Division of terms into a driving force and a resistance. Concept of strain energy release rate. Equivalence with the stress intensity factor. Calculating the energy changes using K. Differences between G and K. What determines the resistance of a material to cracking?

Surface energy. Effect of irreversible processes. Incorporation of irreversible processes in a thermodynamic approach. Increasing R by plastic flow. The plastic (process) zone. How does toughening change the way a crack grows?

Increasing R by crack bridging. Example estimate of the magnitude of the toughening for bridging by elongated grains. Variation of fracture resistance as crack extends. R-curve behaviour. Key Texts 1. H.J. Frost and M.F. Ashby, Deformation Mechanism Maps, Pergamon Press, 1982. 2. B.R. Lawn, Fracture of Brittle Solids, Cambridge Solid State Science Series, 1998.

Part II Materials Science & Metallurgy Head of Year: Dr M G Blamire Comments are welcome and should be sent to: [email protected] Aims of the Part IIA and Part IIB courses Those taking a three-year course take Part IIA in their third year. Those taking a four-year course take Part IIB in their third year and Part III in their fourth year. The Part IIA and Part IIB courses are very similar, but with small differences in the assessed work. Part IIA — The three-year course is aimed at those wishing to obtain a first degree in Materials Science & Metallurgy, but not immediately seeking any further qualification in the subject, beyond the B.A. degree. The course is accredited by the Institute of Materials at the B.Eng. level; this gives some exemptions on the way to Chartered Engineer (C.Eng.) registration. Part IIB — The four-year course is aimed at those wishing to pursue Materials Science as a career. Those taking Part IIB appear on the same class-list as the graduating students taking Part IIA, but graduation is only after completion of the fourth year when both B.A. and M.Sci. degrees are awarded. The four-year course is accredited by the Institute of Materials at the M.Eng. level; this gives more exemptions on the way to Chartered Engineer (C.Eng.) registration. The Part II courses are distinguished from earlier years in the Natural Sciences Tripos by the inclusion of Management and Language options. Part IIA students must take the management course. Those following the four-year course must take the Management Course in either Part IIB or Part III in order to qualify for M.Eng. accreditation. MIT Exchange After successful application, a small number of students following the four-year course in Materials Science & Metallurgy may spend the Part IIB year studying Materials Science & Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Arrangements for this are under the Cambridge-MIT Institute (CMI) exchange scheme, which can provide grants to cover travel and other expenses. Successful completion of the year at MIT is recognised with an MIT transcript; no Cambridge degree-class is given, but there is the right to proceed to Part III Materials Science & Metallurgy in the fourth year, graduating with B.A. and M.Sci. degrees. Those interested in spending their third year (Part IIB) at MIT should discuss this with the Director of Undergraduate Teaching, Dr T J Matthams, during their Part IB year.

Year 3 Part II Materials Science & Metallurgy II.2

Staff-in-Charge for Part IIA and Part IIB Activities Head of Department Prof. D J Fray Deputy Head of Department Prof. A L Greer Chair, Teaching Committee Prof. A L Greer Director of Undergraduate Teaching Dr T J Matthams Safety Officer Dr J A Little Part IIA and IIB Head of Year Dr M G Blamire Timetable Dr T J Matthams Practicals Dr M G Blamire - Materials Examination Prof. A L Greer / Dr S J Lloyd Language Programme Prof. T W Clyne Management Prof. D J Fray Vacation Placement Scheme - European Prof. T W Clyne - UK Dr M G Blamire Industrial Visits & Speakers / Research Tour Dr E R Wallach Literature Survey Dr M G Blamire Design Project Dr J A Little Techniques Projects Dr Z H Barber Long Vacation Projects Dr E R Wallach/Dr M G Blamire Senior Teaching Laboratory Technician Mr F Clarke Teaching Office Secretary Miss Carol Ann Monteith Examiners Prof. W Bonfield(Senior)/ Dr M G Blamire/

Dr G T Burstein/Dr W J Clegg External Examiners Prof I P Jones (University of Birmingham)

Prof R J Young (University of Manchester) Outline of the Course Michaelmas Term Introductory Sessions : Week 1 and Week 2 Lectures Start : Thursday 9th Oct at 9 am

(Please note that all lectures will start on the hour in accordance with the timetable but are expected to finish 5 minutes to the next hour at the latest)

Lecture Courses : 81 Lectures + 9 Examples Classes


Course No of Lectures + Ex Classes Lecturer Mathematical Methods (C3) 6 1 TJM Crystallography (C6) 9 2 JALe Kinetics (C7) 9 1 or 2 ALG Chem. Stability (C8) 9 1 or 2 JALi Alloys (C9) 9 1 or 2 HKDB Tensor Properties (C4) 12 2 PAM Structure & Properties (C10) 9 1 or 2 AHW of Polymers Surfaces and Interfaces (C11) 6 1 JLD Ceramics (C13) 9 1 or 2 WJC Composite Materials (C16) 12 2 TWC Suggested Schedule for Supervisions Week 1 to Week 4 Supervisions in courses C3, C6, C10 and C11 Week 5 to Week 8 Supervisions in courses C4, C7, C8, C9 and C16 (+ spill over to Lent Term especially of the last few courses) Practicals Two from P1 to P7 + 2 Materials Examination Series (See Practicals Book) Students can choose any 2 weeks with two, three hour slots per week from the allotted days within the following deadlines: report 1 by 7th November 2003; report 2 by 5th December 2003; report 3 by 16th January 2004; report 4 by 12th February 2004. Industrial Speakers: 28th October at 11 am 1st December at 11 am Management/Language Details during Introductory Sessions, and see pp II.18 → II.21 Industrial Visit 3rd December Michaelmas Term Review: 26th/27th November (Individual appointments to be arranged.) Lent Term Lecture Courses: Week 1 to Week 8; (60 lectures + 8 Examples Classes) Course No of Lectures + Ex Classes Lecturer Phase Equilibria (C1) 6 1 RVK Physical Properties (C5) 12 2 JEE Plasticity & Deformation (C12) 9 1 or 2 ST Processing Polymer Processing (C14) 6 1 JAE Fracture, Fatigue and (C15) 12 1 or 2 CR deformation Heat & Mass Transfer (C17) 6 1 RVK


Suggested Schedule for Supervision: Week 1 to Week 4: C1, C5 and C13 (+ Michaelmas Term Courses) Week 5 to Week 8: C12, C15, C17 and C18 Design Project: Week 1 to Week 4; At least 2 slots per week × 3 hours per slot for 4 weeks (24 hours); Deadline for submission 13th February Techniques Project:

(thermal analysis, SEM, mechanical testing, x-ray diffraction, molecular modelling, continuum modelling, thin films, TEM, stiffness in laminates, high-strength steel welds, potentiostat, impedance spectroscopy and thermal spraying) Week 5 to Week 8; 3 slots per week x 3 hours per slot for 4 weeks (approximately 36 hours); deadline 23rd April 2004

Literature Survey: Week 5 to Week 8; (approximately 24 hours) Deadline 12th March 2004

Departmental Research Tour: 27th January 2004 Industrial Speakers: 4th March at 11 am Management/Language: As last term Industrial Visit: 17th February Easter Term Lecture Courses: Week 1 to Week 3; (12 lectures + 3 Examples Classes) Course No of Lectures + Ex Classes Lecturer Selection of Materials (C2) 6 2 JALi Biomaterials (C18) 6 1 SMB Supervision: Week 1 to Week 4: C14 and C2 Weeks 4 & 5: Additional supervisions and Revision Clinics (2) and Revision Weeks Examination: 4 three-hour written papers to be held on 31st May,1st, 2nd and 3rd June Submission of all Marked Continuously Assessed Course Work: by noon on 28th May 2004


Oral Examination: 10th June (All candidates must make themselves available for the oral examination with the

External examiners)

Class List: 11th June Prize Giving: 14th June Supervision Arrangements As in Part IA and IB, supervisions in small groups are a critical part of the learning process in Part IIA and IIB Materials Science & Metallurgy. The Head of Year for Part II organises the supervision system on behalf of the colleges. Each supervision group of students will be allotted a supervision team consisting of group of academic staff with one staff member acting as the team coordinator. Each group of students can expect to receive 12 - 15 supervisions in the Michaelmas Term. Detailed arrangements for the Lent and the Easter Term will be announced at the beginning of each term. Throughout the academic year, the Supervision Team Coordinator ensures that students are being supervised adequately and will also act as a main contact point for any questions and concerns related to the course. It is generally assumed that course lecturers will deal with the Examples Class questions during the specifically allocated time (see Timetable), while Question sheets will form part of the supervision work. Examination and Assessment The Part II Materials Science & Metallurgy written examination (identical for Part IIA and Part IIB) consists of four three-hour papers, and they carry 67% of the total credit for the course. The remaining 33% comes from the continuously assessed parts of the course, which are: 1. Written reports on at least two practicals plus two Materials Examination series', normally

carried out during Michaelmas Term. 2. A report on a Research Project or an Industrial Project, carried out in the long vacation and

an oral presentation (compulsory for Pt IIA, optional for Pt IIB) 3. A report on a Design Project, carried out in the Lent Term 4. A Literature Survey on a topic selected from a list provided by members of staff during the

Lent Term 5. A report on a Techniques Project carried out during the Lent Term 6. Marks from the Language or Management options. — these carry credit as a percentage of the overall total, as follows:


Part IIA Part IIB Long Vacation Project* 2 - Practicals / Materials Examinations 8 8 Design Project 6 6 Literature Survey 5 5 Techniques Project 8 10 Language / Management - 4 Management 4 - TOTAL 33% 33% * counts in Part III for those taking the four-year course. Important Dates Tuesday 7th October 2003 9 welcome from Head of Department start-of-year briefing start of Michaelmas Full Term Thursday 9th October 2003 9 first lecture (T001) Friday 10th October 2003 deadline for Long Vacation Project report Thurs 16th October 2003 oral presentations, Long Vacation project Friday 7th November 2002 deadline for Practical Report 1 Thur./Fri. 26/27th November 2003 Michaelmas term review interviews Wednesday 3rd December 2003 industrial visit Friday 5th December 2003 deadline for Practical Report 2 end of Michaelmas Full Term Tuesday 13th January 2004 start of Lent Full Term Friday 16th January 2004 deadline for Practical Report 3 27th January 2004 Department research tour Thursday 12th February 2004 deadline for Practical Report 4 Friday 13th February 2004 deadline for submission of Design Project Tuesday 17th February 2004 industrial visit Friday 12th March 2004 deadline for submission of Literature Survey end of Lent Full Term Tuesday 20th April 2004 start of Easter Full Term Friday 23rd April 2004 deadline for submission of Techniques Project. Thursday 13th May 2004 end of lectures Friday 28th May 2004 12 deadline for submission of assessed work Monday 31st May 2004 9–12 written examination, paper 1 Tuesday 1st June 2004 9–12 written examination, paper 2 Wednesday 2nd June 2004 9–12 written examination, paper 3 Thursday 3rd June 2004 9–12 written examination, paper 4 Thursday 10th June 2004 all day oral examinations with external examiners Friday 11th June 2004 Class List published end of Easter Full Term Monday 14th June 2004 11 prize giving (Dept. common room)


C1: PHASE EQUILIBRIA 6 Lectures + 1 Examples Class RVK

Laws of thermodynamics; equilibrium; reversibility; enthalpy, entropy and free energy Thermochemistry; variation of enthalpy, entropy and free energy changes for a reaction with temperature; equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction Thermodynamics of gases and condensed phase solutions; Raoult’s law, activity and activity coefficients; Henry’s law and dilute solution; multicomponent solution and interaction coefficients; determination of activity Thermodynamics of mixing of solutions; Chemical potential; partial molar properties; Gibbs-Duhem equation; common tangent construction and equilibrium phase diagrams Case Studies: Application of thermodynamic concepts to (a) combustion reactions (b) gases in metals and (c) aluminothermic reduction C2: SELECTION OF MATERIALS 6 Lectures + 2 Examples Classes ERW

The aims of this course, which assumes a basic knowledge of microstructures and elementary mechanics, are to: • summarise the basic steps in the design process; • show how materials, with a combination of appropriate properties, may be chosen for a given

application; • familiarise students with the range and different combinations of properties that are available

by means of the Cambridge Materials Selector (CMS) software; • indicate the synergy between shape and materials properties to the design process and the

resulting behaviour of a component; • consider what to do if things go wrong: failure analysis and what can be learnt. The lectures will be supplemented by question sheets and by practical studies (including examples classes) covering the examination of classical microstructures, specific household objects and actual objects that have failed in service. An examples class will provide an introduction to the CMS software (available on the computers in laboratory 201) so that the software can be used to underpin the concepts introduced in the course. Classes of materials and types of properties. Types of design problems: original, development and variant. Steps in the design process: sequential and iterative progress. Causes of failures in service. Specifications and standards: need and types (dimensional, quality, code of practice). Costs and cost effectiveness in design. Analysis of costs. Materials data: required accuracy, sources. Combining materials properties for specific design problems (example of aircraft skin selection). Optimisation/ranking and expert systems. Use of weighting factors. Materials property charts without shape and their use in materials selection. The effect of shape on materials selection. Shape factors (macro and microscopic). Performance indices which include shape. Materials property charts including shape.

Year 3 Part II Materials Science & Metallurgy II.8 Failure analysis: approaches to adopt when things go wrong. Reasons for failure. Analysis of failure for metals: types of failure and fracture surface examination. Analysis of failure for ceramics and polymers: types of failure and fracture surface examination. Introduction to examples of actual failures (to form the basis of independent study with workshop in the Lent term to discuss the examples). C3: MATHEMATICAL METHODS 6 Lectures + 1 Examples Class TJM

Revision of some important points in algebra and calculus: integration, differentiation, hyperbolic functions, vector algebra and its use in crystallography, complex numbers, algebraic approximations. Direction cosines, differentiation of exponentials, approximations based on series expansions and their application to models of ionic conductivity, kinetics of electrode reactions and crystal growth. Taylor’s series. Summation of geometric series and application to stepwise polymerisation. Solutions of simple second order linear differential equations: the damped simple harmonic oscillator and the shear lag equation. Fourier series and Fourier transforms and their application in materials science. Matrix algebra — Determinants, trace of a matrix, eigenvectors, eigenvalues, principal axes, coordinate transformations, similarity transformations, invariants of symmetric matrices, illustrated with real symmetric 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 matrices. Application to 3 × 3 stress and strain tensors and 2-dimensional stress states in thin laminae of long-fibre composites. First-order differential equations — General solutions of simple first-order differential equations. Application to solidification, viscoelastic behaviour and the electrical response of lossy dielectrics. Diffusion — Fick’s first law. Fick’s second law. The diffusion equation and some specific solutions: the error function solution, the thin-film solution, separation of variables and its application to diffusion out of a plane sheet. Steady state solidification. Error analysis — Errors and their treatment. Statistics and statistical distributions: Normal (Gaussian), Poisson, Weibull. Regression and curve fitting. Confidence and significance. C4: TENSOR PROPERTIES 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class PAM

Tensor quantities and properties (field and matter tensors). Electrical conductivity as a simple example of a tensor property. General notation and Einstein summation convention. Transformation of axes. Tensor rank. Anisotropy and symmetry. Physical significance of tensor components. Stress and strain — Introduction to elastic and plastic behaviour, and to failure modes of materials and structures. Definition of stress at a point. Tensor notation for stress. Examples for uniaxial tension and compression, hydrostatic tension and compression, pure shear. Stress tensor in cylindrical co-ordinates. Resolution of stresses: derivation of formula for normal and shear stresses on a plane. Example of stresses on plane in bar in uniaxial tension. Definition of strain


at a point. Distinction between rigid body displacement and rotation, and shear. Symmetry of strain tensor. Properties of symmetrical second rank tensors: principal axes. Diagonalisation of general tensor to find principal stresses and strains. Diagonalisation in two dimensions: the Mohr circle construction. Examples, including representation of 3-D stress state. Hydrostatic and deviatoric components of the stress tensor. Dilatational and deviatoric components of the strain tensor. Elasticity — Isotropic medium: linear elasticity theory, Hooke's Law, principle of superposition. Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Lamé constants, interrelationships of elastic constants. General anisotropic medium: stiffness and compliance tensors. Simplification by symmetry: matrix notation. Strain energy density: symmetry of general stiffness and compliance matrices. Effects of crystal symmetry: specific example of cubic point group 23. Physical interpretation of three deformation modes in a cubic crystal. Anisotropy factor for several materials. Methods of experimental stress analysis — Strain gauges: fundamentals underlying gauge factor. Practical details. Analysis of strain gauge results. Photoelasticity: birefringence, stress-optical co-efficients, isochromatic and isoclinic fringes, applications. Other methods of stress measurement: brittle coatings, X-ray diffraction, ultrasonics. Residual stresses: origin and measurement. Examples of stress and strain — Stresses and strains in thin films: origin, measurement, epitaxy. Stresses in thin-walled tubes. Elastic stress distributions — General elasticity theory: stress equilibrium, strain compatibility, stress-strain relationship. St. Venant's principle. Examples of elastic stress distributions: beam bending, circular hole in plate, notch in plate, dislocations. Elastic waves — Reasons for interest: dynamic fracture behaviour, ultrasonics. Wave equation for longitudinal wave in rod. Other waves: torsion in rod, dilatation and distortion in an infinite medium, Rayleigh waves. Comparison of wave velocities for steel, aluminium and rubber. Tensor properties other than elasticity — Piezoelectricity: tensor notation. Applications of piezoelectric effect, electrical transducers in a variety of devices. Ferroelectricity, polycrystalline piezoelectric transducers. Selection of piezoelectric materials. Optical properties: indicatrix, ray-velocity surfaces. Non-linear optics and introduction to higher order properties. Applications: introduction to optoelectronic devices. Brief mention of other tensor properties. C5: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class JEE

Introduction to electronic structure of solids, delocalisation of charge carriers, charge transport, good and bad metals, mesoscale phenomena. Wave equation and free electron model. Review of free electron model: k-space, energy levels, Fermi energy, density of states, Fermi-Dirac distribution function. Limitations. Nearly free electron model. Bloch’s theorem, energy bands and gaps, interpretation in terms of Bragg’s law. Consequences of energy dispersion E(k), effective mass, electrons and holes. Electron energy distributions in k-space, Brillouin zones in two and three dimensions. Band gaps, band filling and overlap. Comparison with tight binding models, metals, semiconductors and insulators. Direct and indirect band gaps. Fermi surfaces for free and nearly-free electrons in two


and three dimensions. Examples, copper and graphite. Densities of states. Stability of alloy phases. Transition metals, hybridisation of electron states. Band structures for ferromagnetic materials, spin polarisation. Electron transport, effective mass, thermal and electrical resistivity of metals, electron mean free path, impurity and phonon scattering. Effect of temperature on resistivity. Electronic properties of surfaces and interfaces, Thomas-Fermi screening length, contact potential. Band bending, and carrier depletion. Contacts, junctions, MOS. Thermionic emission. Theories of optical behaviour. Optical constants of materials: refractive index and extinction coefficient. Reflectivity of metals and insulators. Band structure of absorption and reflection processes. Interband and intraband transitions, colour of materials. Optical emission processes. Thermoluminescence, photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Electroluminescence. Light emitting diodes. Band structure engineering. Lasers. Homojunction and heterojunction lasers. Photovoltaic generation, solar cells. Overall summary. C6: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 9 Lectures + 2 Examples Classes JALe

Revision — simple crystal structures, atomic and ionic radii, description of crystal structures in terms of arrangement of atoms, coordination of atoms, location of interstices, relative sizes of interstices in c.c.p. and b.c.c., location of carbon atoms in austenite and martensite. Revision: crystal systems, notation for vectors and planes, angles between planes, the Weiss zone law. The reciprocal lattice and its relationship to the real lattice. The 4-index (Miller-Bravais) notation for hexagonal materials. The Weiss zone law for vectors [UVJW] lying in planes (hkil). The symmetry elements of a cube. Concept of the representation of symmetry elements on a sphere. Stereographic projection — Mapping the surface of a sphere. Examples of map projections. The choice of the stereographic projection. Construction of the stereographic projection. Projection of a pole and great circles. The projection of small circles. The Wulff Net and its uses. The stereographic projection of the symmetry elements of a cube. Geometry of single crystal slip. OILS rule. Diehl's rule. Use of Diehl's rule for c.c.p. and b.c.c metals. Mathematical proof of Diehl's rule and OILS rule. Point group symmetry — Symmetry elements: rotation axes, mirror planes, inversion axes. Self-consistent sets of symmetry elements. Representation of non-translational symmetry elements and groups of symmetry elements on a stereographic projection. Polar groups. Centrosymmetric point groups. Examples of polar structures. Space group symmetry — Translational symmetry. Glide planes and screw axes. Space groups. Simple examples in crystal structures: zinc oxide and diamond. The surface structure of tungsten. Texture and its measurement — Representation of texture: pole figures and inverse pole figures. Crystal orientation distribution functions. Examples of origins of texture: solidification, mechanical deformation, annealing, thin film growth.


Crystallography of interfaces — Elementary geometry of grain boundaries. CSL notation. DSC notation. Epitaxial interfaces. Interfacial dislocations in simple systems. Structural unit model of grain boundaries. The concept of a lattice correspondence. Lattice variant and lattice invariant shears. Martensitic crystallography and deformation twinning crystallography. Crystallography of diffraction — Diffraction and the reciprocal lattice. Reciprocity of c.c.p. and b.c.c lattices. The Ewald sphere. X-ray diffraction in terms of reciprocal lattice and the Ewald sphere. Electron diffraction patterns in the transmission electron microscope. Symmetry in reciprocal space and in electron diffraction patterns. Non-crystalline materials — Non-crystalline materials: descriptions of structure, distribution functions, liquid crystals and their preferred orientation. C7: KINETICS 9 Lectures + 1 Examples Class ALG

Revision of diffusion laws and mechanisms. Interdiffusion — Darken relations, Darken and Nernst-Planck regimes. Thermodynamics of diffusion — chemical potential gradient. The thermodynamic factor in interdiffusion — tracer and chemical diffusivities. Spinodal decomposition. Self-diffusion in silicon. Dopant and impurity diffusion in silicon. Metallic contacts on silicon. Diffusion in ionic compounds - doping effects on oxidation rates. Diffusion in compound semiconductors. Electromigration — effective charge, atomic flux divergences, failure of interconnects. Comparison of failure modes in Al-based and Cu-based metallizations. Atomic transport in liquids — diffusion and viscosity. The glass transition. The free volume model. Kauzmann paradox. Fundamentals of interface migration. Concepts of interfacial mobility and drag Origins of grain structure. Kinetics of grain growth — normal and abnormal growth. Grain growth in thin films. Strain-induced and diffusion-induced grain boundary migration. Kinetics of the solid-liquid interface. Contributions to overall undercooling. Diffusion-limited and collision-limited growth. Solute trapping — To lines. Laser-melting and regrowth of silicon for heavy doping. Diffusion control of transformation rates. Precipitation. Ostwald ripening. Eutectic growth (Jackson-Hunt analysis). Order-disorder transformations. Thermodynamics of ordering — short-range and long-range order parameters. Bragg-Williams model. First-order and second-order transformations. Kinetics of ordering. Anti-phase domains. Coarsening of domain pattern. Ordering in non-stoichiometric alloys. Overall reaction kinetics. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis. Application of the analysis to transformations in the solid state. Conclusions on the classification of transformation kinetics.


C8: CHEMICAL STABILITY 9 Lectures + 1 Examples Class JALi

High and low temperature reactions. Graphical representation of free energies in complex environments. Phase stability and predominance diagrams in gaseous environments. Use of HSC Chemistry software to plot Eh-pH and phase stability diagrams. Oxides and surface films. Transport mechanisms: electron and ion conduction. Effect of dopants. Nucleation and growth of oxide films. Kinetics and growth equations. Protectiveness of surface films. Mechanical behaviour of oxide films. Measurement of kinetics. The electric field and its distribution. Film growth under high and low electric field. Anodising and its applications. Protective coatings. Oxide and sulphide growth in mixed gas environments. High temperature corrosion of complex alloys, Thermal barrier coatings. Hot salt corrosion. The effects of sulphate and chloride ions C9: ALLOYS 9 Lectures + 1 Examples Class HDB

This course deals with the design of metallic alloys with a focus on the development and control of microstructure, the relationship between microstructure and properties, and applications. Aluminium alloys — typical phase diagrams, commercial alloy and heat-treatment designation system, precipitation schemes, hardening through deformation and heat treatment, crystallographic texture, alloys which are not heat treated, special alloys (e.g. super-plastic, and Al-Li), trace element effects. Magnesium alloys: alloying behaviour, microstructural control, casting alloys, wrought alloys, special systems. Titanium alloys — the pure metal, α-alloys, ß-alloys, α+ß alloys, interstitial solute effects, transformations, equilibrium and non-equilibrium phases, special alloys for low temperature service, heat-resistant Ti alloys, powder metallurgy and rapid solidification processing, mechanical properties. Alloys of iron — effects of solute additions, the transformations in steels, martensite, characteristics, diffusionless transformation mechanism and resulting microstructure. Steels — strong and tough martensitic steels, mechanisms of strengthening, tempering reactions, novel alloys. The bainite reaction in steels, microstructure, upper and lower bainite, nature of carbide precipitation, shape deformation. Widmanstätten ferrite, ferrite, morphology, shape change. Allotriomorphic and idiomorphic ferrite in steels, kinetics of growth, applications to novel systems. Case study on the welding of steels.


C10: STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 9 Lectures + 1 Examples Class AHW

Molecular tour of common polymer types Crystallization process — Factors controlling ability of a polymer to crystallise, crystallization process, thermodynamics, kinetics, effects of entanglements, secondary crystallisation, bulk kinetics. Regular chain conformations of vinyl polymers — Conformational diagrams and conformational energy maps, effect of side group size, syndiotactic, double and higher substitutions. Packing of chain molecules on a crystal lattice, packing of helices. Mechanical properties of solid polymers — Yielding and plastic flow, drawing, yield criteria. Fracture of glassy polymers, crazing. Rubber toughening of polymers. Glass transition and viscoelasticity — Polymeric states, mechanical models of behaviour. Maxwell and Voigt elements. Oscillating flow, Standard Linear Solid, general role of mechanical models. Polymer physics of dynamic processes — Modulus of a glass, time temperature superposition, WLF equation, factors controlling the elastic modulus of a rubber (revision), and the viscosity of a melt, reptation model. C11: SURFACES & INTERFACES 6 Lectures + 1 Examples Class JLD

Energetics and thermodynamics of interfaces. Adsorption from the fluid phase. Monolayer and multilayer adsorption. Adsorption isotherms: Langmuir, BET, Freundlich, Temkin, and Frumkin models. Kinetics of surface and interface processes. Diffusion to and along surfaces revisited. Reaction kinetics at interfaces. Surface structure. Surface smoothness and roughness. Roughness factors. Generation of high-surface-area solids. Measurement of surface area and roughness. Dimensionality and fractals. Adsorption from the solid phase. Surface and interface segregation. Relationship to solid solubility. Structure, bonding and reactions. Models of the segregated surface. McLean and Guttmann models. Properties and control of segregated interfaces. Cooperative segregation versus site competition. Effects of segregation on embrittlement, intergranular etching, corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking. Cohesion, adhesion and adhesives. Wetting and surface tension. Chemical and physical bonding. Effects of interfacial films. Bonding in composite materials. Electrokinetic effects. The zeta potential. Its relation to electrode potential. Control of ζ. Applications to coating technology and machining. Colloids, emulsions and their stability. Lubrication and lubricants.


C12: PLASTICITY & DEFORMATION PROCESSING 9 Lectures + 1 Examples Class ST

Plasticity and plastic flow in crystals — Plastic flow and its microscopic and macroscopic descriptions. Yield in crystals: derivation of the stress tensor for glide on a general plane in a general direction. Definition of an independent slip system. Need for five independent slip systems to accommodate general strain. Examples in metals and ceramics. Continuum plasticity — Stress-strain curves of real materials. Definition of yield criterion. Concept of a yield surface in principal stress space. Yield criteria: Tresca, von Mises, Coulomb, pressure-modified von Mises. Physical interpretation of Tresca (maximum shear stress) and von Mises (strain energy density, octahedral shear stress) yield criteria. Experimental test of yield criteria (Taylor and Quinney). Yield criteria applicable to metals, polymers and geological materials. Plastic strain analyses — Levy-Mises equations. Example: pressurised thin-walled cylinder. Deformation in plane stress: yielding of thin sheet in biaxial and uniaxial tension. Plane stress deformation: Lüders bands. Plane strain deformation: derivation of stress tensor and separation into hydrostatic and deviatoric components. Equivalence of Tresca and von Mises yield criteria in plane strain. Slip line field theory — Physical interpretation of slip lines. Slip line fields for compression of slab, comparison with shear pattern in transparent polymers. Hencky relations. Examples: indentation by flat punch, yield in deeply notched bar. Estimation of forces for plastic deformation — Stress evaluation and work formulae. Application to rolling and wire-drawing. Upper and lower-bound theorems. Limit analyses for indentation, extrusion, machining and forging. Velocity-vector diagrams: hodographs. Classical theory of the strength of soldered and glued joints. Use of finite-element methods in analyses of metalforming operations. C13: CERAMICS 9 Lectures + 1 Examples Class WJC

Lectures 1–2 Revision: Brittleness. The implications for components: The origin of flaws and defects and their removal: Porosity and interparticle friction, e.g. cement. Large grains and their effect on strength, e.g. Al2O3, Al2TiO5. Agglomeration, e.g. Al2O3, SiC. Removal of agglomerates. Proof testing. The limits of improvements. Lectures 3-4 Increasing the resistance to cracking by crack deflection and grain bridging. Why cracks can be deflected at interfaces. Grain bridging. Fabrication of suitable structures: gas pressure sintered Si3N4, liquid phase sintered SiC. R-curve behaviour and its effect on the Weibull modulus. Lecture 5 Increasing the resistance to cracking by transformation toughening, e.g. ZrO2. Zirconia and its crystal structures. Spontaneous transformation. Retention of metastable structures. Effect of the applied stress. Size of the transformation zone around a crack. Estimation of the extent of toughening.


Lecture 6 Zirconia microstructures for high toughness and their fabrication. Partially stabilised zirconia (PSZ). Tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP). Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA). Effect of microstructure on cracking. Lecture 7 Contact damage. Blunt indenters. Contact stress fields. Sharp indenters. Erosion and wear by cracking. Lectures 8-9 Thermal shock. The differences between mechanical and thermal loading. The onset of cracking. Unstable cracking and failure. Stable cracking. Estimating the degree of crack growth. Making thermally shock resistant microstructures and materials. General applications. Reading To get a feel for the tremendous range of properties of ceramics, skim Fundamentals of Ceramics, by M.W. Barsoum, 1997, McGraw-Hill or Introduction to Ceramics by W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen and D.R. Uhlmann, 1976, Wiley. For the overall mechanical behaviour start with An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics by D.J. Green, 1998, Cambridge University Press. For more reading on fracture, see Fracture of Brittle Solids by B.R. Lawn, 1996, Cambridge University Press. C14: POLYMER PROCESSING 6 Lectures + 1 Examples Class JAE

Basic classification of polymers, basic types of processing Basics of polymer melt rheology — Viscosity, Reynolds number, non-Newtonian behaviour, flow through a pipe, flow curves, slippage, Bagley correction. Materials behaviour during the processing stages — Overview. Melt flow: die entry (extension, melt fracture), viscoelastic effects (Deborah number), die-exit effects (die swell, sharkskin), flow front (fountain flow, weld lines), orientation (retraction). Melting: memory effects, degradation, conductivity. Cooling: heat transfer, Fourier equation, shrinkage, crystallization. Mixing: additives, types of mixing, forces and energy. Industrial processing methods — Mixing: blending, intensive mixing. Extrusion-based processes: screw extruders, blow moulding, bubble blowing, calendering, Stentor process. Moulding processes: compression moulding, injection moulding, machine, rotational moulding, reaction injection moulding, push-pull moulding. Thermoforming: vacuum, pressure. Processing design — General principles, gating, mould design. C15: FRACTURE, FATIGUE & CREEP DEFORMATION 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class CR

Introduction — Fracture mechanics in the prediction of mechanical failure. Range of macroscopic failure modes; brittle and ductile behaviour, plastic collapse. Fast fracture in brittle and ductile materials – characteristics of fracture surfaces; inter-granular and intra-granular failure, cleavage and microductility.


Griffiths analysis — Energy release rate, G, and fracture energy, R. Modification for ductile materials, loading conditions. Concept of R curves. Linear elastic fracture mechanics, (LEFM) — Three loading modes and state of stress ahead of the crack tip. Stress concentration factor, stress intensity factor and the material parameter the critical stress intensity factor. The effect of constraint — Plane stress and plane strain and the effect of component thickness. The plasticity at the crack tip and the principles behind the approximate derivation of plastic zone shape and size. Limits on the applicability of LEFM. The effect of plasticity — Factors improving toughness, Consideration of the maximum shear stress at the crack tip and the effect on the crack path. Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics; (EPFM) — The definition of alternative failure prediction parameters, Crack Opening Displacement, and the J integral. Measurement of parameters and examples of use. Fatigue — High Cycle Fatigue , Low Cycle Fatigue, mean stress R ratio, strain and load control. S-N curves. Micro-mechanisms of fatigue damage, fatigue limits and initiation and propagation control, leading to a consideration of factors enhancing fatigue resistance. Application of data to real conditions: Goodman’s rule and Miner’s rule. Creep deformation — Creep damage, primary, secondary and tertiary creep. Micro-mechanisms of creep in materials and the role of diffusion. Herring-Nabarro and Coble creep, Ashby creep deformation maps. Stress dependence of creep. Comparison of creep performance under different conditions — extrapolation and the use of Larson-Miller parameters. Examples. C16: COMPOSITE MATERIALS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class TJM

Types of matrix and reinforcement. Common types of fibre. Arrangements of reinforcements in composites. Long-fibre composites. Basic composite mechanics for stiffness prediction. The slab model for composite deformation. Derivation of elastic constants. Errors in the slab model for transverse loading. Use of Halpin-Tsai equations. Short fibre composites — The shear-lag model for stress transfer. Interfacial shear stress. Load partitioning and composite stiffness. Application of the rule of averages. Fibre aspect ratios needed for load transfer and for optimal stiffening. Inelastic interfacial phenomena. Interfacial sliding and matrix yielding. Critical aspect ratio for fibre fracture. The fibre-matrix interface — Control of interfacial structure. Coupling and wetting agents. Nature of bonding. Measurement and control of interfacial bond strength. Strength of composites — Energies absorbed by crack deflection and fibre pull-out. Tensile and shear failure modes for long-fibre composites. Stress concentrations and crack-blunting mechanisms. Failure of laminates. Off-axis loading and elastic properties of a lamina. Tensile shear interactions and lamina distortions. Elastic properties of laminates and laminate distortions. The maximum-stress and Tsai-Hill criteria. Failure sequences. Testing of tubes in combined tension and torsion. Netting analysis and winding angles. Failure in compression. Kink-band formation. Argon equation. Thermal stresses of composites — Thermal expansion of composites. Differential thermal contraction stresses. Thermal cycling effects. Applications of composites — Examples in aerospace, maritime, sports goods, processing equipment, high-temperature applications, etc.


Wood as a composite material — Structure of a tree trunk. Cells and microfibrils. Tracheids and parenchyma. Softwoods and hardwoods. Density and strength. Moisture and shrinkage. Internal stresses. C17: HEAT & MASS TRANSFER 6 Lectures + 1 Examples Class RVK

Basic concepts of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation and their relevance to metallurgical processes. Heat conduction equation, convection and heat transfer calculations; thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficients; selected dimensionless groups; radiation from black and grey surfaces. Case studies: Combined modes of heat transfer in (a) induction heating (b) plasma spraying and (c) stream shrouding in continuous casting. Fluid flow & viscosity; mass transfer in metallurgical processes; mass transfer coefficient and inter-phase mass transfer. Case studies: Application of mass transfer calculations to (a) gas dissolution in molten metals and (b) metal-refining reactions. C18: MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS 6 Lectures + 1 Examples Class SMB

Introduction to medical materials — Terminology, example applications, interdisciplinary scope, definitions, biomaterials device design, biological testing. Biological tissues and joints — Cortical and cancellous bone, tooth, enamel and dentine. Bone as a composite, hydroxyapatite and collagen, bone cells, function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone repair. Mechanical properties of bone and biomechanics of joints. Biomaterial interactions with tissues — Allergic foreign body response, adsorption of proteins, coagulation and haemolysis, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenesis. Current applications and limitations of materials used for skeletal repair. Dental Materials — Applications of polymers, metals, ceramics and composites

Metals for skeletal repair — Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, mechanical properties, corrosion and wear problems. Joint replacement prostheses.

Ceramics for skeletal repair — Ceramic applications, alumina and zirconia, bioactive, bioactive glasses and glass ceramics, production of ceramic components, porous materials, dense materials, coatings. The future — extending “conventional” implant lifetimes, bioactive bone grafts, prospects for tissue engineering.


List of Practicals Practicals Member of Staff Responsible Group A (Mechanical Properties) P1: Mechanical Failure of Materials CR P2: Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials TWC Group B (Materials Chemistry) P3: Activity of Lithium (Li Ion Battery) DJF Group C (Non-Metallic Materials) P4: High T Superconductors Dr Milan Majoros P5: Polymer Crystallisation REC Group D (Metallic Materials) P6: Casting ERW P7: Oxidation of Titanium Alloys DJF Materials Examination Series SJL The practicals are divided into 4 groups based upon subject categories (Mechanical Properties; Materials Chemistry; Non-Metallic Materials; Metallic Materials), and each student group (of 3 students) must select two practicals from P1 to P7, with no more than one practical per category, and two Materials Examination Series. The student groups will be required to sign up at least one week in advance, choosing any two slots from the Monday, Tuesday and the Wednesday 2–5 pm slots set aside for practicals. The Practicals will take at least six hours and you may be required to use a third slot to finalise results for the practical. Bookings are on a first-come-first-served basis. Materials Examinations are expected to take about three hours each. Language Option The language courses are run in conjunction with the Engineering Department, where there is a resource centre (The Language Unit). Full details of the way in which the Language Options runs are supplied in a booklet, which is available from the Teaching section of the Department website (www.msm.cam.ac.uk/). Timetabled activities are held in the Language Unit throughout the year, together with students from Engineering and also from the Chemistry Department. Materials Science students are also free to use the facilities in the Language Unit at other times. Staff from the Engineering Department are involved in teaching and assessment of Materials Science students. In addition, there is access to certain relevant resources within the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy. Further information about the Language Unit is available at: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/teaching/language/langunit.html

http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/teaching/language/langunit.html


Aims — These vary with the level of the course, but the guiding principle of the language programme is to make students better equipped for learning languages for life. The programme is designed to improve ability to operate in the language concerned, both at home and abroad. Those taking it should become more proficient and independent at learning languages in the future, and more aware of the culture associated with the language concerned. Choosing a Course — At the start of the academic year, all Part IIB or Part III students choosing the Language Option will state whether they would prefer to study French, German Spanish or Japanese and also give an indication of their prior level of competence in their chosen language. This must be done by Friday 10th October. Before this deadline, a member of staff from the Language Unit will come to the department and give a brief talk about the structure and format of the course. Different types of course are available, corresponding to Beginner, Intermediate and Advanced levels. Each student will be allocated to one of the courses, which they will then follow for the two terms during which the course runs. Selection of the appropriate level for each student will be carried out by personnel from the Language Unit, based on information in the completed form and on the results of a test carried out during the second week of the Michaelmas Term. Timetabled activities start during the third week of term and run throughout the Michaelmas and Lent terms. Registration and Initial Assessment — Students must choose between the Language Option and the Management Option by the end of Friday 10th October 2003. In order to help in making the choice, a talk about the Language programme will be given by Casimir D’Angelo, the Director of the Language Unit, on Tuesday 7th October at 11.00 in the Seminar Room. This will include a question-and-answer session. CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) initial self-assessment tests must be taken by all students at the start of the course. These tests will be carried out in Room 201 (on the second floor) during the first week of term. The dates of Tuesday 7th and Wednesday 8th October have been set aside for these tests. Students will later be informed by e-mail about the course to which they have been allocated. It should be noted that much of the communication concerning the course will be carried out via e-mail, which can be accessed in Room 201 or at various other locations in the University. Please make sure that you consult your mailbox regularly. If any student feels that he or she has been allocated to an inappropriate level of course, they should initially contact Prof. T. W. Clyne ([email protected]), who will explore the situation with staff from the Language Unit. A visit to the Language Unit, in the Engineering Department, will be organised for all students who have been registered. Students should gather in the Foyer of the main block of the Engineering Department at 2.15 pm on Tuesday 14th October, where they will be met by Casimir D’Angelo. After visiting the Language Unit, all students will be issued with a swipe card, which will allow access to the Unit out of working hours. It is therefore important that all students choosing the Language Option should attend this meeting. Contact Time — There will be 2 hours of timetabled contact time per week in the Language Unit (Engineering Department) throughout the Michaelmas and Lent Terms. This contact time should be supplemented by about 1-2 hours of independent work per week, using the self-access facilities in the Language Unit and in Room 201. It is not envisaged that there will be any formal supervisions concerning work in the Language Option. However, informal contact concerning


the course content is expected to occur throughout with appropriate staff in the Language Unit, the Language Centre and possibly the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy. Levels — Courses are run at three levels. Beginners level is self-explanatory - it is for those who have little or no previous experience of

the language. For German, beginners classes are subdivided into upper and lower levels, but this is not done for French.

Intermediate Level is broadly suitable for those who have taken GCSE. Within this level a distinction is drawn between Upper Intermediate (roughly corresponding to Grades A or B at GCSE), Middle Intermediate (Grades C or D) and Lower Intermediate (Grade E or below). These distinctions are not fixed and have only a minor influence on the teaching. They do, however, dictate which timetabled slot is attended each week.

Advanced level is broadly suitable for those who have taken A level/AS level or equivalent. Within this level a distinction is drawn between Upper Advanced (roughly corresponding to Grades A to C at A level) and Lower Advanced (Grade D or below).

Evaluation and Final Assessment — The progress of individual students will be continuously assessed, on the basis of a series of informal tests. The assessment will be of the progress made during the year, so that students entering the programme with little or no language expertise will not be disadvantaged. There will be written and oral tests at the end of the Michaelmas term, on Thursday 4th Dec. and Friday 5th Dec. 2003, and at the end of the Lent term, on Thursday 11th March and Friday 12th March 2004. Staff — The Language Programme in the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy is under the direction of Prof. T. W. Clyne ([email protected]), who will be the point of contact in the Department. There are several members of staff involved in teaching within the Language Unit, led by the Director, Mr Casimir D’Angelo ([email protected]).

MANAGEMENT OPTION Course Coordinator: Prof. D J Fray [email protected] Summary The Management Studies course (20 lectures) is designed to be a broad introduction to business management for materials scientists. In the Michaelmas Term, the course offers a basic treatment of many topics involved in management of corporations under the title “Entrepreneurship”, in the Lent Term, a course in “Aspects of Corporate Management”. Objectives To bring about an awareness and appreciation of the processes and methods in strategic corporation management, not just as a career objective, but more generally, as part of the knowledge required for industrial scientists, technologists and engineers. It provides a broad framework for those wishing to take the Management Studies option in Part III, but also a glimpse of the processes of industrial, commercial and general management as a stand-alone


mailto:Prof


course for those not intending to continue with Management Studies in Part III. The course is highly diverse, being presented as a variety of many subject areas. The Michaelmas Term component is presented by the Cambridge Entrepreneurship Centre (CEC) and will be given by academics and industrially or commercially based people. Assessment Is by coursework only; the course has no formal examination. Aspects of Corporate Management (12 lectures) Michaelmas Term, Lent Term Fridays 14.00-15.00 in T001, starting 11th October 2003 Dr G T Burstein and Prof. D J Fray Introduction (GTB); nature of the company and company law (GTB); finance and the company — the cost (GTB), finance and the company — the origins (GTB), management of materials, components and waste (GTB), health and safety at work (GTB), quality systems and international standards (GTB), protection of intellectual property rights (DJF).

Entrepreneurship (8 lectures) Michaelmas Term Thursdays 14.00-15.00 in T001, 16th October 2003 → 4th December 2003 Prof. S Vyakarnam (CEC), Dr J Mills (CEC) and others.

The role of the entrepreneur in making science useful to society (SV, JM); from ideas to intellectual property (to be announced); writing a business plan (SV); people — building teams and networks (SV); financial statements 1 (to be announced); markets and marketing (SV); business Models to meet unmet needs (to be announced); venture finance — valuing the company and deals with investors (to be announced).


PART II TIMETABLE MICHAELMAS 2003

Week * Monday * Tuesday * Wednesday * Thursday * Friday *** Week * Monday * Tuesday * Wednesday * Thursday * Friday *beginning * T001 * T001 * T001 * T001 * T001 *** beginning * T001 * T001 * T001 * T001 * T001 *

* * * * * *** * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

6-Oct 9 * Welcome/Intro 9.30 Library C10 AHW 10-Nov C11 JLD C7 ALG C11 JLD C4 PAM C11 JLD 910 * Photos C3 TJM C3 TJM C4 PAM C4 PAM C13 WJC C7 ALG C7 ALG 1011 * Lang/Man Intro Supervisors 11.30 Ex Class 1112 * Safety lecture Safety Test careers C8 JALi C13 WJC C6 JALe (2) 122 * Workshop Mg'mt (DJF) p p p/Language Lang/Man CEC Language 23 * p p p/language Language Language 34 * p/Language p/Language p Language 45 * Language Language Language 5

*13-Oct 9 * C10 AHW C10 AHW C10 AHW C8 JALi C10 AHW 17-Nov C11 JLD C4 PAM C11 JLD C4 PAM C11 JLD 9

10 * C3 TJM C8 JALi C3 TJM C10 AHW C3 TJM C4 PAM C13 WJC C13 WJC C4 PAM 1011 * Ex Class: Mat. Ex Class 1112 * Mat Select ERW C3 TJM Selection ERW C6 JALe C13 WJC C11 JLD 122 * Intro: Optical SEM lecture Demos Mg'mt (CEC) Mg'mt (DJF) p p p/Language Lang/Man CEC Language 23 * and Mech. Demos Demos Oral p p p/Language Language Language 34 * Presentations p/Language p/Language p Language 45 * Language Language Language 5

*20-Oct 9 * C8 JALi C10 AHW C10 AHW C8 JALi C8 JALi 24-Nov C7 ALG C4 PAM C7 ALG C4 PAM C4 PAM 9

10 * C8 JALi C4 PAM C13 WJC C13 WJC C7 ALG 1011 * Ex Class C10 AHW Ex Class Ex Class 1112 * C6 JALe C6 JALe C6 JALe C3 TJM C6 JALe C13 WJC C9 HKDB C13 WJC C7 ALG 122 * p p p/Language Lang/Man CEC Lang/Man DJF p p p/Language Lang/Man CEC Language 23 * p p p/Language Language Language p p p/language Language Language 34 * p/Language p/Language p Language p/Language p/Language p Language 45 * Language Language Language Language Language Language 5

*27-Oct 9 * C10 AHW C10 AHW C10 AHW C8 JALi C9 HKDB 1-Dec Ex Class 9

10 * C8 JALi C9 HKDB C9 HKDB C9 HKDB C4 PAM C4 PAM 1011 * Ind. Speaker Ex Class Ex Class Ind Speaker 1112 * C6 JALe C6 JALe C10 AHW C8 JALi 122 * p p p/Language Lang/Man CEC Language p/Language p Industry Mg'mt (CEC) 23 * p p p/Language Language Language p/Language p Visit 34 * p/Language p/Language p Language p p/Language (half day) 45 * Language Language Language Language 5

*3-Nov 9 * C7 ALG C9 HKDB C9 HKDB C7 ALG C7 ALG 9

10 * C6 JALe C6 JALe C9 HKDB C9 HKDB 1011 * Ex Class 1112 * C9 HKDB C6 JALe (1) 122 * p p p/Language Lang/Man CEC Language 23 * p p p/Language Language Language 34 * p/Language p/Language p Language 45 * Language Language Language 5


PART II TIMETABLE LENT 2004


* * * * * *** * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

12-Jan 9 * C5 JEE C1 RVK 16-Feb C15 CR C15 CR C15 CR C15 CR 910 * Projects ERW C16 TJM 1011 * Ex Class Ex Class Ex Class 1112 * C12 ST C12 ST C16 TJM C12 ST C5 JEE 122 * Language Lang/Man GTB MP Industry MP/Language MP/Language Lang/Man GTB 23 * Language Language MP Visit MP/Language MP/Language MP/Language 34 * Language Language (half day) Language Language 45 * Language Language Language Language 5

*19-Jan 9 * C5 JEE C1 RVK C1 RVK C5 JEE C1 RVK 23-Feb C14 JAE C15 CR C14 JAE C15 CR C15 CR 9

10 * C16 TJM C5 JEE C16 TJM C16 TJM 1011 * Ex Class 1112 * C1 RVK C12 ST C12 ST C13 WJC C12 ST 122 * DP DP DP/Language Language Lang/Man GTB MP MP Language MP/Language Lang/Man GTB 23 * DP DP DP/Language Language Language MP MP Language MP/Language MP/Language 34 * DP/Language DP/Language DP Language Language Language Language 45 * Language Language Language Language Language Language 5

*26-Jan 9 * C5 JEE C5 JEE C5 JEE C17 RVK 1-Mar C14 JAE C15 CR C14 JAE C15 CR C14 JAE 9

10 * C16 TJM C16 TJM C17 RVK C16 TJM 1011 * Departmental Ind Speaker Ind Speaker 1112 * C1 RVK Research C12 ST 122 * DP Tour DP/Language Language Lang/Man GTB MP MP MP/Language Lang/Man GTB 23 * DP and DP/language Language Language MP MP MP/Language MP/Language 34 * DP/Language Conversazione DP Language Language Language Language 45 * Language Language Language Language Language 5

*2-Feb 9 * C17 RVK C17 RVK C5 JEE C5 JEE C17 RVK 8-Mar C14 JAE 9

10 * C16 TJM C5 JEE C16 TJM C17 RVK C16 TJM 1011 * Ex Class Ex Class 1112 * C12 ST C12 ST C12 ST C15 CR C14 JAE 122 * DP DP DP/Language Language Lang/Man GTB MP MP MP 23 * DP DP DP/Language Language Language MP MP MP 34 * DP/Language DP/Language DP Language Language Language 45 * Language Language Language Language Language 5

*9-Feb 9 * C5 JEE C15 CR C5 JEE C15 CR C15 CR 9

10 * C16 TJM C16 TJM 1011 * Ex Class Ex Class 1112 * C1 RVK C17 RVK 122 * DP DP DP/Language Language Lang/Man GTB 23 * DP DP DP/Language Language Language 34 * DP/Language DP/Language DP Language Language 45 * Language Language Language Language 5


PART II TIMETABLE EASTER 2004


* * * * * *** * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

19-Apr 9 * C2 ERW C2 ERW 24-May 910 * C18 SMB 1011 * C18 SMB Revision 1112 * Clinic 122 * 23 * 34 * 45 * 5

*26-Apr 9 * C2 ERW C2 ERW C2 ERW 31-May Examination Examination Examination Examination 9

10 * C18 SMB C18 SMB C18 SMB Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 1011 * 9.00-12.00 9.00-12.00 9.00-12.00 9.00-12.00 1112 * 122 * 23 * 34 * 45 * 5

*3-May 9 * C2 ERW 7-Jun 9

10 * C18 SMB Oral 1011 * Ex Class Ex Class Examinations Class 1112 * C2 ERW C18 SMB all day List 122 * 23 * Keep this day 34 * completely 45 * free. 5

*10-May 9 * 14-Jun 9

10 * 1011 * Prize Giving 1112 * 122 * 23 * 34 * 45 * 5

*17-May 9 * 9

10 * 1011 * Revision 1112 * Clinic 122 * 23 * 34 * 45 * 5

Part III Materials Science & Metallurgy Head of Year: Dr E. R. Wallach Comments are welcome and should be sent to: [email protected] Aims of Course The Part III year rounds off the four-year course in Materials Science & Metallurgy. It is distinct from the core coverage in earlier years by permitting a choice of modules. It also includes a Teamwork Research Project and an Individual Research Project.

Staff-in-Charge for Part III Activities Head of Department Prof. D J Fray Deputy Head of Department Prof. A L Greer Chair, Teaching Committee Prof. A L Greer Director of Undergraduate Teaching Dr T J Matthams Safety Officer Dr J A Little Part III Head of Year Dr E R Wallach Timetable Dr T J Matthams Language Programme Prof. T W Clyne Management Prof. D J Fray Industrial Visits Dr E R Wallach Industrial Speakers Dr E R Wallach Individual Research Projects Dr E R Wallach Teamwork Research Projects Dr E R Wallach Vacation Work Projects Dr E R Wallach/Dr M G Blamire Senior Teaching Laboratory Technician Mr F Clarke Teaching Office Secretary Miss C A Monteith Assessment: Long Vacation Projects Dr E R Wallach/Dr M G Blamire Individual Research Projects Dr E R Wallach Teamwork Research Projects Dr E R Wallach Examiners Dr R V Kumar (Senior)/Dr B A Glowacki/

Dr C Rae External Examiners Prof I P Jones (University of Birmingham)

Prof R J Young (University of Manchester)

Year 4 Part III Materials Science & Metallurgy III.2

OUTLINE OF COURSE Michaelmas Term Introductory Sessions : Week 1 Lectures Start : Thursday 9th October 2003 at 9 a.m. Lecture Courses : Core Lectures on Advanced Techniques Lectures + Ex Classes Lecturer C19: Thermal Analysis 4 1 ALG C20: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 8 1 PAM C21: Optical, X-ray and Neutron Techniques 6 1 MGB Modules Students should select 10 modules, from the total of 16. However, there is not a completely free choice (due to the need to set exam papers!). In the Michaelmas Term there is choice of 5 modules from a total of 8. You are welcome to attend more if you like! Lectures + Ex Classes Lecturer M1: Electrons and Photons in Solids 12 CJH M2: Solidification and Powder Processing 12 TWC M3: Extraction and Recycling 12 RVK M5: High Temperature Materials 12 1 WJC M7: Electronic Ceramics 12 1 NDM M11: Biomaterials 12 REC M12: Thin Films 12 1 ZHB M14: Joining 12 1 ERW Teamwork Project Start 20th October 2003 Industrial Speakers: 28th October 2003 at 11 am 1st December 2003 at 11 am Management/Language Details during Introductory Sessions Industrial Visit 3rd December 2003 Lent Term Modules In the Lent Term there is again choice of 5 modules from a total of 8. You are welcome to attend more if you like! Lectures + Ex Classes Lecturer M4: Ferroelectrics 12 Scott, NDM, ZHB M6: Polymeric Materials 12 1 JAE M8: Glasses & Nanomaterials 12 1 ALG M9: Ionic Materials 12 1 DJF M10: Materials Aspects of Microdevices 12 1 MGB M13: Magnetic and Superconducting Materials 12 1 BAG M15: Corrosion and Protection 12 1 GTB M16: Materials Modelling 12 1 PDB


Departmental Research Tour: 27th January 2004 Industrial Speakers: 4th March 2004 at 11 am Individual Research Project: Throughout the term Management/Language: As last term Industrial Visit: 17th February 2004 Easter Term Lecture Courses: week 2 Lectures + Ex Classes Lecturers Leadership skills 4 1 ERW/BAG Weeks 1 to 5: Additional supervisions and Revision Clinics (2) and Revision Weeks Examination: Three, three-hour written papers on 31st May, 1st and 2nd June 2004 Submission of all marked continuously assessed course work: by noon on 28th May '04 Oral Examination: 9th June (All candidates must make themselves available for the oral examination with the

External examiner)

Class List: 11th June Prize Giving: 14th June Supervision Arrangements Supervisions in small groups are a critical part of the learning process in Part III Materials Science & Metallurgy. Students are encouraged to arrange supervisions themselves with lecturers. Students can expect to receive in total 2 - 3 supervisions for the Core Lectures in the Michaelmas Term and in total 10 - 20 supervisions on modules in the Michaelmas and Lent Term. It is generally assumed that course lecturers will deal with the Examples Class questions during the specifically allocated time (see timetable), while question sheets provided in lectures will form part of the supervision work. Examination and Assessment The Part III Materials Science & Metallurgy written examination consists of three three-hour papers, and they carry 67% of the total credit for the course. The examination requires candidates to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the Core courses, and 10 of the Module courses, and there will also be a general materials essay (approximately 1 hour of one of the papers). The remaining 33% comes from the continuously assessed parts of the course, which are: 1. A report on a Research Project or an Industrial Project, carried out in the long vacation

and an oral presentation (compulsory for Pt IIA, optional for Pt IIB) 2. A report on a Teamwork Research Project, carried out in the Michaelmas Term 3. A report on an Individual Research Project, carried out in the Lent Term 4. Marks from the Language or Management options.


these carry credit as a percentage of the overall total, as follows: Long Vacation Project 3 Teamwork Research Project 7 Individual Research Project

written report 15 oral presentation 5

Language / Management 3 TOTAL 33%

Important Dates Tuesday 7th October 2003 10 start-of-year briefing start of Michaelmas Full Term Thursday 9th October 2003 9 first lecture (Austin lecture theatre) Friday 17th October 2003 deadline for Long Vacation Project report Friday 17th October 2003 oral presentations, Long Vacation project Monday 20th October 2003 start of Teamwork Research Projects Wednesday 12th November 2003 Project fair (Dept. common room) Friday 14th November 2003 deadline for selection of Individual Res. Project Tuesday 2nd December 2003 Michaelmas Term lectures end on this day Wednesday 3rd December 2003 Industrial visit end of Michaelmas Full Term Friday 12th December 2003 deadline Teamwork Research Project report Tuesday 13th January 2004 start of Lent Full Term Tuesday 27th January 2004 Department research tour Tuesday 17th February 2004 industrial visit Friday 12th March 2004 end of Lent Full Term Friday 19th March 2004 deadline for Individual Research Project report Tuesday 20th April 2004 start of Easter Full Term Thursday 13th May 2004 end of lectures Friday 28th May 2004 12 noon deadline for submission of assessed work Monday 31st May 2004 1.30–4.30 written examination, paper 1 Tuesday 1st June 2004 1.30–4.30 written examination, paper 2 Wednesday 2nd June 2004 1.30–4.30 written examination, paper 3 Wednesday 9th June 2004 all day oral examinations with external examiners Friday 11th June 2004 Class List published end of Easter Full Term Monday 14th June 2004 11 prize giving (Dept. common room)


Core Lectures on Advanced Techniques This 18-lecture course, at the beginning of the Part III year, is intended to refresh, consolidate and expand on concepts learned in the Part II Techniques Projects, as a preparation for the Individual and Teamwork Research Projects. Inevitably the course will have parts which are more or less familiar, depending on the Techniques Project chosen last year. The course also provides a common core for all the Part III class, who otherwise will be attending variously chosen modules. C19: THERMAL ANALYSIS 4 Lectures + 1 Examples Class ALG

Survey of properties commonly measured as a function of temperature. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Contrast between DTA and DSC in terms of principles of operation. Use of DTA/DSC. Some problems with calibration. Survey of types of study using DTA/DSC. Analysis of reaction kinetics: planar front with interface control, planar front with diffusion control, dispersed transformation. Kissinger analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Application to studies of oxidation, absorption and desorption, magnetization. Survey of various types of mechanical thermal analysis. Measurement of elastic modulus, damping, viscosity. Application to the glass transition. New forms of calorimetry: ultra-sensitive thin-film calorimeters, scanning probes, dynamic DSC. How thermal analysis fits into the wider picture — need for complementary structural studies. Potential areas of application in Pt III research projects. C20: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY & ANALYSIS 8 Lectures + 1 Examples Class PAM

The purpose of this course is to introduce the student to the electron microscope and its capabilities. For this, an understanding of the action of the lenses and apertures in forming an image or diffraction pattern and an understanding of the variety of signals available to characterise the microstructure of the material under study are both needed. The course will explain the various techniques involved in electron microscopy, highlighting their use through examples of their application to specific materials problems. Scanning electron microscopy — Basic design of a SEM. Choice of filament. Action of the condenser lenses and the objective lens. The scanning system. Lens aberrations. Spatial resolution and image contrast. Choice of objective aperture. The various signals that can be detected in a SEM. Backscattered electrons and secondary electrons. Electron range. Detectors for backscattered electrons and secondary electrons. Sample preparation. Use of secondary electrons to show surface topography. Use of backscattered electron images for atomic number (Z) information. Brief mention of other ways in which information can be obtained: crystallographic channelling contrast, electron backscattered diffraction patterns, cathodoluminescence and voltage contrast. Physics of X-ray generation by electron beams. Electron transitions in atoms. K, L and M nomenclature. Use of X-rays for chemical analysis. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy. Common artefacts. X-ray mapping. Quantitative analysis and ZAF corrections. Detectability limits.


Transmission electron microscopy — Design of a typical TEM. Comparison with SEMs. Sample preparation. Typical specimen thicknesses required for TEM work. Brief overview of the physics involved in the beam-specimen interaction. Atomic scattering factor. Scattering from a unit cell. Elastic scattering from a perfect crystal. Qualitative description of the characteristics of electron diffraction patterns from polycrystalline materials and amorphous materials. Image formation. Ray diagrams showing the formation of images and diffraction patterns in a TEM. Bright-field and dark-field image formation. Selected area electron diffraction patterns and convergent beam electron diffraction patterns. The kinematic (single scattering) approximation and its use to interpret image contrast in perfect crystals qualitatively. Bend contours. Thickness fringes. Real materials: contrast from stacking faults, moiré fringes, contrast from dislocations. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Microanalysis in the TEM / STEM. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Comparison of EDX and EELS for chemical detection and chemical analysis. C21: X-RAY & NEUTRON TECHNIQUES 6 Lectures + 1 Examples Class MGB

Optical, X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction. Elementary Fourier approach. Reciprocal space, the reciprocal lattice and the Ewald sphere revisited. Conventional laboratory X-ray sources. Synchrotron Sources Laue photographs and powder samples — The Powder diffractometer - diagrams and function. Assumptions made in ‘powder diffraction’. Exploration of reciprocal space. Information available from X-ray diffraction images and scans. Some applications including: ‘particle’ size determination, phase identification and quantitative phase analysis. Thin film analysis — similarities with powder scan; effects of orientation. Coherence lengths, grain size analysis and mosaic. Role in assessing orientation and texture. Residual stresses; extension to use of synchrotron sources. Interference effects and superlattices — Theory of low angle diffraction from superlattices and films. Generalised reflectometry and analysis Polymers and weakly crystalline materials — Amorphous materials, polymers, SAXS, WAXS, classification of polymer crystallinity. Examples Neutron methods — The differences between neutrons and X-rays: aspects of the interaction between neutrons and solids: elastic scattering, magnetic effects, inelastic scattering. Some applications including: internal stress determination, magnetic ordering.


MODULES M1: ELECTRONS & PHOTONS IN SOLIDS 12 Lectures CJH

Direct and indirect band gap materials. Photon absorption and emission. Electron-hole recombination. Real band structures. Doping and Extrinsic Semiconductors — Theory of the ionisation energy of dopant atoms. Shallow and deep level donors and acceptors. Derivation of the number of electrons in the conduction band as a function of temperature. Number of holes in the valence band. Position of the Fermi level in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Measuring the energy gap in intrinsic materials. Variation of the carrier concentration with temperature for extrinsic semiconductors. The Hall effect. Steady state current flow — Thermal velocity. Drift velocity. Collision time. Scattering by phonons, ionised impurity atoms and defects. Variation of mobility with temperature and doping. Variation of conductivity with temperature and doping. Non-equilibrium carrier concentrations — Generation and recombination of carriers. Measurement of carrier lifetimes. Contacts — Metal-metal contacts. Metal-semiconductor contacts. Semiconductor-semiconductor junctions. Surface and interface dipole layers. Patch fields. Ohmic and rectifying contacts. Tamm states. Band bending. Making ohmic contacts. Quantum Well structures — Electron/hole states in a quantum well. Quantum well light emitting diodes (LEDs). Light emission from inter-subband transitions. M2: SOLIDIFICATION & POWDER PROCESSING 12 Lectures TWC

Solidification kinetics — Free-energy changes. Entropy of fusion and faceting. Continuous and lateral growth. Growth velocities for continuous growth. Jump rate- and collision rate-limited growth. Interface stability & dendrite formation — Solute redistribution at an advancing interface. Constitutional undercooling. Cell and dendrite development. Effect of surface tension (‘capillarity’). The perturbation analysis of Mullins & Sekerka. Marginal stability and fastest-growing wavelengths. Cell and primary dendrite arm spacings. Absolute stability at high growth velocity. Dendritic and eutectic growth — Dendrite structure. Easy growth directions. Coarsening effects. Solute redistribution during dendrite thickening. Use of the lever rule and the Scheil equation. The effect of back-diffusion. Development of grain structure. Eutectic growth. Diffusive coupling. Velocity-spacing relation. Anomalous eutectics. Control of cast structure — Heat flow. Interfacial heat transfer. Newtonian and non-Newtonian cooling conditions. Simple rate expressions. Numerical simulation of mushy zone freezing. Relation to casting defects. Porosity formation & pressure balances. Hot cracking.


Continuous processes — Continuous casting of steel. Semi-continuous casting of Al. Strip-casting processes. Growth of single crystals. Czochralski growth. The Burton, Prim & Slichter equation. Solute banding. Effects of rotation and melt convection. Marangoni flows. Encapsulation. Float zoning. Limits on zone dimensions. Solute redistribution during zone melting. Rapid solidification processing — Microstructural effects. Mechanisms of formation of microsegregation-free material. Splat quenching and melt spinning. Heat-flow aspects. Surface melting. Laser- and electron-beam treatments. Melt subdivision and high nucleation undercoolings. Hypercooling and recalescence. Basics of powder processing — Need for powder processing. Merits and demerits in comparison to solidification. Methods of powder production. The nature of particle packing and its consequences for processing. Importance of compaction, difficulties in ensuring it is uniform. Use of liquid-based slurries. Consolidation Mechanisms — Mechanisms of pressureless sintering. The distinction between coarsening effects and densification. Use of maps for sintering and HIPing. Comparison between the behaviour of metals and ceramics. Densification difficulties for ceramics. Advantages and problems of liquid-phase sintering. M3: EXTRACTION & RECYCLING 12 Lectures RVK

Thermodynamics of liquid iron alloys; dilute solutions; alternate standard states; interaction parameters; dissolution of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon in liquid iron. Metal-slag equilibrium; molecular and ionic theories of slags; refining capacity of slags; desiliconisation, desulphurisation and dephosphorisation reactions. Routes to steelmaking – blast furnace/basic oxygen steelmaking; direct reduction processes; electric arc furnace steelmaking; secondary steelmaking for high quality clean steels, microalloying and inclusion engineering; stainless steel production. Recycling strategy in iron and steelmaking — case studies - recycling of automobiles, metallic cans and waste oxides. M4: FERROELECTRICS 12 Lectures Prof. J.F. Scott (Earth Sciences), NDM, ZHB

Free energy models, including strain; switching kinetics and finite-size theory (NDM) Definitions and basic properties; electrical leakage current mechanisms, and breakdown; fatigue phenomena; design and operation of memories; frequency dependence of electrical behaviour; nano-scale devices; optical properties (JFS) Thin film requirements; deposition techniques - chemical techniques (sol gel, CVD), sputtering, pulsed laser deposition; composition control; crystallographic orientation; uniformity and scale up; electrodes (ZHB)


M5: HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class WJC

Revision: Why are pure materials strong? The lattice resistance and dislocation glide at low temperatures. What happens as the temperature is increased. Difficulties associated with using the lattice resistance at high temperatures. Forest dislocations as obstacles and dislocation networks. Deformation and work-hardening. Importance of recovery. How can deformation occur without work-hardening? Expected rate of work-hardening. Rate of recovery: Friedel equation. Glide and recovery. Steady-state dislocation density. Rate of steady-state deformation. What determines the rate of deformation when two processes occur together? Independent processes. Sequential processes. Interaction between glide and recovery. Importance of diffusion. How is the diffusivity related to crystal structure and properties. Creep: the movement of glaciers Creep of ice. Comparion with creep in other pure materials. Why add particles if diffusion is rate controlling? Dislocation glide in particle hardened systems. Effect of increasing temperature on glide. Importance of microstructural stability and Ostwald ripening. Failure by the growth of pores Pore gowth. Importance of grain boundary sliding. The Monkman-Grant relationship; why should it work if the pores grow by diffusion. Single crystal superalloys and the importance of doping. What materials can we use? Suitability of different groups for use at high temperatures. Relative abundance. Use at the very highest temperatures Electrical applications: the refractory metals. Alloying to improve oxidation resistance Chemical inertness at high temperatures Spinning of optic fibres: Pt group metals. Use as structural materials. Materials for cutting tools Importance of high temperature strength. Traditional materials and requirements. Hard coatings, suitable materials, deformation of hard nitride coatings. Materials for high friction applications Carbon and boron carbide for use in brakes. Processing. M6: POLYMERIC MATERIALS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class JAE

Isolated polymer chains Configuration and conformation, End-to-end vector, radius of gyration and characteristic ratio. Models and their predictions: Freely jointed, Freely rotating, Kuhn, Gaussian, Rotational Isomeric State; Computer Modelling. Polymer solutions and melts Probing chain conformations by scattering methods, Structure factor, Kratky plot. Excluded volume, self-avoiding random walks, van der Waals, Flory-Fisher theory, Theta conditions. Regular solution theory for polymers, good solvents, collapsed chains.


Polymer blends Flory-Huggins model for solutions and blends, phase diagrams, cloud-point curve. Solubility parameter. Upper and lower critical solution temperatures. Determination of chi parameter. Block copolymers and self-assembling structures Block copolymers and their morphologies. Phase diagrams: order-disorder transitions, strong/weak segregation limits. Molecular modelling. Pluronics for drug delivery. Networks and gels, block copolymers as surfactants, colloids. Polymer interfaces. Polymer dynamics Models of chain dynamics: Rouse, Zimm, Reptation, kinetics of phase separation of polymer blends. Polymer joining, interdiffusion of chemically dissimilar polymers. Diffusion and permeation in polymers Sorption: solubility, Henry’s law, free and excess volume, dual mode; Diffusion: Fick’s law, Einstein; Modelling of solubility and diffusion. Metallisation, composite layer films, evacuated foams, smart polymers Polymers at high temperatures Physical performance limits: effect of chemical structure on Tg and Tm, properties near phase transitions, creep. Chemical performance limits: chemical degradation, factors controlling chemical stability. Molecular structure and high temperature resistance, poly(imides, isocyanates), stabilisation via additives. Electrical and optical properties of polymers I Intrinsic conductors, semi-conductors, filled polymers, conducting polymers. Polyacetylene: synthesis, electrical properties and solitons. Poly(paraphenylene): polymerisation, phases and soliton pairs. Doping and polarons: conductivity Light emitting polymers, NLO materials. Electrical and optical properties of polymers II Microlithographic polymers, issues of resolution and the problem of swelling, reverse systems, polymer track recorders. Carbon nanotubes: the ultimate polymer Structure and geometry of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes as an extension to carbon fibres and conjugated polymers. Uses of carbon nanotubes and nanotube-containing polymer composites. Mechanical and electrical properties of CNTs and polymers Intrinsic stiffness and strength of carbon nanotubes. Electrical properties as a function of chirality and tube diameter. Conductivity of nanotube-filled composites. Proteins and biopolymers Nanoscale self-assembling structures of biomolecules. Polyglutamine amyloids and their role in Huntington’s disease. Prion proteins as conformational catalysts. M7: ELECTRONIC CERAMICS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class NDM

Review of major electronic and magnetic ceramic components. Case studies illustrating processing and properties of electronic ceramics: electrical porcelains, X7R ferroelectrics, pyroelectric sensors, zinc oxide varistors. Properties of polyphase materials: Lichtenecker’s rule. Dielectric properties of ceramics — Capacitance, polarisation, susceptibility. Clausius-Mossotti relationship. Complex dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor. Relaxation and


resonance polarisation mechanisms, frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant, equivalent circuit descriptions. Dielectric strength and mechanisms of breakdown. Electrical conductivity in ceramics — Ionic conduction. Oxygen sensors. Fast ionic conductors. Electronic conduction. Band theory of p-type and n-type valence controlled semiconductors. Variation of conductivity with oxygen partial pressure in perovskite ceramics. NTC thermistors. PTC thermistors. Potential barriers at grain boundaries. I–V characteristics of zinc oxide varistors. Piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity and pyroelectricity — Definition of piezoelectricity and the piezoelectric coefficients for the direct and converse effects. Piezoelectric crystal classes, piezoelectric ceramics and poling. The perovskite structure. Ferroelectricity. Landau theory of first order and second order ferroelectric transitions, hysteresis associated with the ferroelectric transition. High permittivity ceramics. Electrostriction. Relaxor ferroelectrics. Thin-film ferroelectric memory devices. Primary and secondary pyroelectricity. Pyroelectric materials: figures of merit, choice of materials, uses. Electro-optic ceramics — Birefringence, optical indicatrix. Electric field dependence on the refractive index: the linear Pockels effect and the quadratic Kerr effect. Second harmonic generation and frequency mixing. The PLZT family of electro-optic materials. Technological applications: flash goggles, thin film optical switches. Walk-off. M8: GLASSES & NANOMATERIALS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class ALG

Glasses Review of coverage in earlier courses. Focus in this course on inorganic and metallic glasses. Fundamentals of the glass transition: distinction between supercooled liquid and glassy states; internal equilibrium. The glassy state: fictive temperature and structural relaxation. Relationship with other amorphous solids. Kauzmann paradox. Kinetic analysis of glass formation. Avoidance of crystal nucleation: importance of the reduced work of nucleation αβ1/3 and the reduced glass transition temperature Trg. TTT diagram and the critical cooling rate for glass formation. Glass formation by the avoidance of crystal growth. Viscosity of glass-forming liquids: Angell’s classification of ‘strong’ and ‘fragile’ liquids. Tammann’s universal phase diagram: possibility on inverse melting. Glass stability: structural relaxation and the memory effect. Activation energy spectrum model (AES). Crystallization: polymorphic, primary, eutectic. Phase separation. Crystallisation at surface or internal, nucleation – homogeneous or heterogeneous. Glass ceramics: advantages, including microstructural control. Description and determination of glass structure. The Debye equation. The radial distribution function (rdf). Analysis of glass structure when more than one type of atom present: partial pair distribution functions (ppdfs). Structural models of glasses: continuous random network (silicate and borate glasses), dense random packing and local coordination model (metallic glasses). Selected applications: (i) glasses in life and biopreservation; (ii) optical telecommunication fibres; (iii) bioglass; (iv) low-loss soft magnetic glasses; (v) bulk metallic glasses (golf clubs); (vi) phase-change optical recording.


Nanomaterials Introduction to nanotechnology: electronics, micromechanics, magnetism. Classification of nanomaterials: 3-D, 2-D and 1-D. Importance of length scale for properties, examples in: dislocation generation, spinodal decomposition, interaction between magnetic moments. Scaling effects in 3-D nanomaterials: fractions of materials in grain boundaries, grain edges and grain corners. Influence on temperature dependence of diffusion. Scaling effects on stability of nanomaterials: diffusion, grain growth, Ostwald ripening, sintering. General principles of nanomaterial fabrication. Why conventional solidification does not work. Exploitation of solid-state transformations. Particle-size effects: 'feel', melting point, lattice parameter, phase identity. Grain-size effects: transparency, hardening, superplasticity. Size-effects in more complex microstructures: domain-wall pinning, giant magnetoresistance. How to make nanomaterials: 3-D – single-phase polycrystals, multiphase materials; 2-D – wires and filaments; 1-D – two-phase multilayers. Special example of the use of devitrification: Al-based nanocrystalline alloys. Special example: multilayers, their applications and diffraction from them. Prospects for exploiting nanomaterials. Nanocrystalline ceramics: problems of agglomeration, processing, properties. M9: IONIC MATERIALS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class DJF

Ionic Conductivity and Solid Electrolytes — Ionic materials. Materials with both ionic and electronic conductivity. Types of solid electrolytes. Compounds with intrinsic defects. Frenkel defects. Schottky defects. Solid Electrolytes - Structure and Properties — Stabilized zirconia. Sodium beta alumina. Ion exchange properties of beta alumina. Compounds with order-disorder transitions. Silver conducting electrolytes. Polymeric electrolytes. Proton conducting electrolytes. Conductivity Measurements — D.C. Methods. A.C. Methods. Interpretation of complex impedance measurements. Use of Solid Electrolytes in Gas Sensing — Potentiometric sensors. Amperometric sensors. Applications to the control of internal combustion engine. Sensors for sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxides. Applications to pollution control. Use of Solid Electrolytes in Measuring Trace Elements in Metals — Sensors based upon stabilised zirconia. Sensors upon other electrolytes. Applications to the control of Metallurgical processes. Use of Solid Electrolytes in Batteries — Sodium - sulphur battery. Lithium based batteries. Heart pacers. Use of Solid Electrolytes in Fuel Cells — Selection of electrolyte. Electrode materials which are both ionic and electronic conductors. Molten carbonate fuel cell. Methanol fuel cell. Use of Solid Electrolytes in Electrochemical Reactors — Electrocatalytic reactors. In-situ preparation of sodium for modification of aluminium-silicon alloys and removal of impurities.


Other Applications of Solid Electrolytes — Electrochromic devices. Electrolytes which change colour. Electrodes which change colour. Smart windows. In-situ preparation of sodium. M10: MATERIALS ASPECTS OF MICRODEVICES 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class MGB

Introduction Microelectronic materials, basic semiconductor device structures and architectures. Field Effect Transistors pn junction basics, the MOS diode, MOSFET basics, MOSFET operation, logic gates, CMOS. Lithography Lithography types: optical, electron beam, ion beam; resists, pattern transfer. Doping & Etching Wafer growth, doping and diffusion, ion implantation. Etching: wet chemical etching, plasma etching, ion milling. Cmos Processing Basic CMOS processing technology. Planarisation and damascene Analysis and Development Bulk analysis, surface analysis, heterostructure analysis, functional analysis. Micromachining and Mems Bulk micromachining & surface micromachining. Materials aspects of MEM, sensor materials Limitations of Si Technology Faster transistors, denser memories, processing limits, the paramagnetic limit, the quantum limit. Scanning Probe Techniques Principle of topographical feedback. Types of SPM: scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy and variants. Scanning near-field optical microscopy. Single-Electron Devices, Spintronics Tunnel junctions, coulomb energy, charging effects, single-electron logic. Significance of electron spin, spin polarisation, spin-coupling, spintronics. Self-Organisation and Directed Self-Assembly "Bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches to device fabrication. Molecular attachment, vicinal growth. DNA scaffolding M11: BIOMATERIALS 12 Lectures REC

Soft Biological Structures Proteins — Molecular structures. Conformation and self assembly. Examples: spiders’ silk. Keratin in hair, horn, hoof, and feather, collagen, resilin, abductin and elastin.


Polysaccharides — Monomers and nomenclature. The formation of fibres. Examples: chitin and cellulose fibres. The formation of physical gels. Examples: carageenans, agarose and hyaluronic acid. Flexible composites of proteins and polysaccharides — Soft tissue in animals. Examples: tendon, ligament, skin, rhinoceros skin, sea anemone skeleton, arteries, cartilage. Soft tissue in insects. Stiff composites of proteins and polysaccharides — Insect cuticle (fibrous composite of chitin and protein). The effects of cross-linking and layering. Adding minerals.

Medical Materials and Soft Structures Biomedical materials for soft tissue replacement — Issues in fabricating a material which mimics the properties of the original. Natural and synthetic materials. Biomimetics. Soft tissue replacement. Blood contacting implants: heart valves, vascular grafts. The eye: corneal grafts, contact lenses. The interface with the skeleton: spinal implants. Biodegradable implants — Mechanisms of degradation. Sutures, pins and scaffolds. Next generation implants and tissue engineering. Artificial skin and wound repair. Controlled drug-delivery systems — Need for controlled release. Issues in design. Diffusion controlled, water penetration controlled and chemically controlled systems. The move towards active implants. M12: THIN FILMS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class ZHB

Physical Vapour Deposition — Evaporation (resistance evaporation, e-beam evaporation, reactive evaporation, ion assisted deposition, alloy and compound deposition), molecular beam epitaxy. Sputter deposition (dc glow discharge sputtering, rf sputtering, magnetron sputtering, reactive sputtering, reflected neutrals and film bombardment). Pulsed laser deposition. Chemical Vapour Deposition — Photo-CVD, Plasma Enhanced-CVD, metalorganic-CVD. Growth Processes — Nucleation (growth modes, capillarity theory, nucleation rate, coalescence). Epitaxial growth (lattice mismatch, strained layer growth, interfacial dislocations and other defects, step flow growth). Growth morphology (mobility, shadowing, granular epitaxy, structure zone models, effects of film bombardment, fractal phenomena). Film texture. Metastable structures. Film Properties and Characterization — Film stress (thermal stress, structural stress, stress transition in sputter deposition), film thickness, microstructure, real time analysis during film growth (RHEED, LEED), chemical characterization (EDX, AES, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, RBS, SIMS). Electrical and magnetic characterization. Mechanical characterization (mechanical testing, adhesion, interfaces). Applications — Research applications, industrial applications and scale-up, protective / hard coatings, data storage (magnetic and optical recording), electronics (tracks, interconnects, diffusion barriers).


M13: MAGNETIC & SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class BAG

Introduction to magnetic order Characteristics of magnetic and superconducting materials, magnetic units, magnetic order. Diamagnetism, ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism, Curie temperature and magnetic moment, composition and temperature, magnetic materials. Magnetisation, paramagnetism, non-uniform magnetic fields, magnetic lines of force, magnetic circuits, magnetic oxides. Magnetic energy — Magnetization of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic anisotropy, anisotropy field, sources of anisotropy. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy, shape anisotropy, surface anisotropy, induced anisotropy. Thermomechanical treatment for controlled anisotropy . Magnetostriction and stress effects. Micromagnetic structure — Micromagnetic structure, types of domain wall, defects, static and dynamic properties. Characteristic domain structures. Domain wall pinning. Thin-film applications. Tapes, discs, magneto-optic media magnetic recording. Transport properties of multilayers. Domain magnetics and applications of magnetic materials — Hysteresis loop, domain wall pinning versus nucleation, eddy currents. Applications of magnetic materials. Bulk applications, metallic glasses, nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials. Coercivity mechanism, surface irregularities, coercive force versus grain size. (BH)max calculation, rare-earth magnets. Magnetoresistance — Colossal magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, anisotropic magnetoresistance. Electromagnets and Electric currents — Magnetostatic energy. Electric currents in magnetic materials. Magnetic field of the critical current, Hall effect. Galvanomagnetic effect. Transport physical properties of the soft magnetic materials. Superconducting basics — Zero resistance - critical temperature. Perfect diamagnetism - Meissner effect. Cooper pairs. Superconducting coherence length and magnetic penetration depth. Free energy density: Type I and Type II superconductors. Characteristic magnetic fields. superconducting elements, alloys and ceramic compounds. Properties of magnetic flux lines — Magnetic domains - magnetic flux lines. Flux lattice. Quantisation of the magnetic flux. Flux-line lattice (FLL) defects. Hollow superconductors. Coexistence of diamagnetic and paramagnetic currents, flux annihilation. Demagnetising effect. Complete quantisation – SQUID. Flux pinning and critical current anisotropy — Flux pinning and the critical current density. Current-voltage characteristics, the n-value. Angular dependence of the critical current density Jc versus magnetic field B. Pancake vortices, electronic-structural anisotropy. Critical current anisotropy of the superconductor and conductor, scaling law. Critical current and optimisation of microstructure — Niobium-tin and niobium-aluminium intermetallic compounds. Diffusion processes, structural order - processing. Conductor design and specification. Oxide superconductors, oxygen content - critical current. Coated conductors. Current percolation. Irreversible processes, hysteresis and percolation — Magnetic hysteresis of Type II superconductor, flux annihilation. Hysteretic ac losses, magnetic-superconducting


heterostructures. Dynamic imaging of flux penetration in multifilamentary wires. Irreversible and reversible current-field characteristics. Applications — Superconducting magnets, cables, levitating trains, electrotechnological devices. Nuclear magnetic resonance. SQUID applications. M14: JOINING 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class ERW

Outline of processes — Mechanical fasteners: selection criteria, analysis of loading, failure modes. Adhesive bonding, soldering and brazing: distinctions, surface activation and wetting, techniques and materials, selection criteria. [Case study: development and application of soldering in the electronics industry.] Fusion welding processes: summary of major techniques, selection criteria, typical applications. Solid-state welding processes: available techniques, bonding mechanisms, limitations, typical applications. Microstructural aspects — Ingot versus weldpool solidification: development of microstructure including control of chemistry by fluxes. Heat-affected zones: transformations and effects on properties. Relationships between microstructure and properties: formation of acicular ferrite in steel weld deposits and effect on toughness. Welding problems and defects — Residual stresses: origins and consequences. Cracking: solidification, liquation, hydrogen-induced, lamellar tearing. Porosity and inclusions. Segregation: stabilised stainless steels, stress corrosion in Al-Zn-Mg alloys. Assessment and non-destructive testing – NDT — Welding specification and crack tests. NDT: surface methods: dye penetrants, magnetic particles; eddy current methods, radiography, ultrasonics. M15: CORROSION AND PROTECTION 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class GTB

Introduction Limitations of thermodynamic predictions for non-equilibrium processes. Revision of basic mechanisms of oxidation and corrosion. Degradation characteristics of metallic and non-metallic materials. Nature and properties of intervening oxide films and scales. Application of corrosion processes for useful purposes. An introduction to electrochemical surface processing. Degradation of concrete Properties of concrete. Pore water. Porosity and permeability. Leaching by water. Scaling. Effect of pH. Sulphate attack. Ground and marine waters. Bacterial attack. Improvements in properties of concrete. Frost damage. Air entrainment. Passivation of reinforcing steel. Failure of passivity. Incorporation of inhibitors. Passivity and corrosion Origins of passivity. Mechanisms of oxide formation through solid state and dissolution/precipitation processes. Aspects of kinetics measured from polarisation curves. Kinetics of passive film growth. High-voltage anodising. Corrosion processes and metallurgical structure


Susceptible and resistant materials. Bimetallic corrosion in engineering systems. Metallurgical heterogeneity and its effects on corrosion. Effects of precipitates and inclusions. Grain boundaries. Passivation of alloys. Dealloying. Designing resistant materials. Microstructural and compositional effects on corrosion. Resistance of aluminium alloys, steels and stainless steels. Breakdown of passivity and localised corrosion Breakdown of passivity: causes and effects. Crevice corrosion. Oxygen depletion and acidification. Determination of oxygen profiles. Pitting corrosion. Mechanism of pitting corrosion. Aggressive anions. Nucleation, metastable growth and stable growth of pits. Stress, passivity and corrosion Rupture of passivity under stress. Stress-corrosion cracking (scc). Rate of scc. Mechanisms of scc. Resistant materials and protection methods. Corrosion fatigue. Erosion-corrosion, impingement attack and cavitation damage. Pipelines, propellers and protection. Corrosion control and surface coatings Review of cathodic and anodic protection. Design of anodes. Controlling the degree of protection. Inhibition and inhibitors. Surface coatings for protection: metallising and ceramic coatings. Application methods and properties. Paints and painting Purpose of paint coatings. Primers and top-coats. Corrosion protection by paints. Components of paints and their roles. Mechanism of the protective action of paints. Application methods. Degradation of paint coatings. Detection of corrosion and corrosion monitoring Design tolerance. Linear polarisation methods. Frequency response analysis. Non-perturbational methods. Electrochemical noise and the noise resistance. Corrosion probes. Lifetime prediction Corrosion current density to predict lifetimes. Limitations with localised corrosion. Scope of predictability. Failure and catastrophic failure. Anticorrosion design Design features and design faults in engineering structures and components. Selection of materials. Case studies: faults and remedial action. M16: MATERIALS MODELLING 12 Lectures + 1 Examples Class PDB

General Information The connection between modelling, theory and experiment. History and objectives of materials modelling. Developing a physical model. Length scales and the hierarchy of models in materials research. Software packages and hardware platforms. Atomistic modelling I Definition of the micro-ensemble, computational cells, boundary conditions, simulation objectives. General flow diagram. Molecular statics, variational methods, potential energy minimisation. Conjugate gradients and variable metric methods. Examples of molecular statics simulations. Atomistic modelling II Finite temperature simulations. Molecular dynamics. Schemes for integrating the equations of motion. Calculated materials properties. Isothermal and isobaric molecular dynamics.


Deterministic versus stochastic methods. the Monte Carlo method and statistical sampling of atomic configurations. MD versus MC and examples of finite temperature simulations. Atomistic modelling III Interatomic potentials used in atomistic simulations. The N-body expansion of the classical Hamiltonian. Semi-empirical schemes for pair and angular dependent potentials. Descriptions for ionic, covalent and metallic bonding. Effective many-body potentials - the embedded atom method and bond-order potentials. Electronic level modelling I Review of band structure and the independent electron approximation. the nearly free electron approximation. The Fourier components of the crystal potential and the magnitude of the band gap. The linear combination of atomic orbitals method and the tight binding approximation. The pseudopotential approximation and other early methods of calculating band structure. Electronic level modelling II Beyond the independent electron approximation. Screening and the Hartree-Fock equations. Exchange and correlation. Basis for density functional theory. The Kohn-Sham equations. Efficient methods for solving the Kohn-Sham equations. The Car-Parrinello method for electronic and ionic relaxation. Flow diagrams. Examples of ab initio materials modelling. Microstructural modelling I The cell-structured approach. Cell contents, inter-cellular interactions and dynamics. The Ising model for grain growth simulations. Monte Carlo optimisation. Comparison with experiment and with capillary driven models for grain growth. Simulating abnormal grain growth, the effect of surfaces and second phase particles. Microstructural modelling II Cellular automata models. General approach. Simulation of self-organisation and patterning. Examples of dislocation dynamics in metals and disclination evolution in liquid crystal polymers Neural network modelling Data training to model complex phenomena for which no physical model exists. Introduction to general methodology: empirical regression and the non-linear Bayesian framework. Network training, accuracy, overfitting and predictions. Applications in physical metallurgy: weld toughness, fatigue crack growth. Thermodynamic modelling Revision of enthalpy, entropy, free energy, activity, chemical potential. Componants of experimental databases. Models for the free energy of a pure substance of a solution. Ideal, regular and quasichemical solutions. Representation of free energy functions. Calculation of equilibrium between phases. General to multicomponent and multiphase systems. (HKDB) Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Modelling of Diffusion Reversibility, the linear laws, multiple irreversible processes, the Onsager reciprocal relations, limitations, modelling of diffusion in multicomponant systems, commercial software. (HKDB) Finite difference and Finite Element Methods NUMERICAL VS ANALYTICAL METHODS, FINITE DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATIONS, DISCRETISATION, EXAMPLE APPLICATION TO DIFFUSION PROBLEMS, THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, APPLICATION TO TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS AND COMPLEX PROCESSING. (HKDB)


Teamwork Research Projects These run for 7 weeks in the Michaelmas Term. There is a choice of projects, designed to illustrate industrial or other practical problems. Students work in teams of three or four, assembled with a range of skills gained from the projects of the previous year. Assessment is by written reports and oral presentations. These projects make use of the skills acquired in Part IIB, and, as well as providing experience of working efficiently in teams.

Marks will be allocated to each student on the basis both of their own effort and that of the team as a whole. Marks for the efforts of the team will be based on the reports submitted by the group, including the initial plan, interim progress reports, joint presentation and the summary of the final report. Marks will be allocated for evidence that the team has made an effort as a whole to reach its objectives, for instance in ensuring that the joint presentation at the end of the project forms a coherent whole, rather than being the ramblings of individuals. The efforts of individual students will be judged on the basis of the appropriate appendix in the final report, including both the technical content and the relevance of their work to that of the team, and their contribution to the final presentation.

Individual Research Projects These run throughout the Lent Term. A choice is made from a wide range of materials research topics to choose from. Students pursue these projects based in one of the research groups in the Department. These projects provide an opportunity for individual students to explore a topic in depth. While the research is supervised, there is considerable scope for initiative in developing the direction of the work. Assessment is by written reports and a viva voce examination.

Language Option See the Part II section of this handbook.

MANAGEMENT OPTION Summary The Management Studies course is designed to be a broad introduction to business management for materials scientists, in the Michaelmas Term with the course “Human Resource Management”, in the Lent Term with “Modelling Risk”. Both components are detailed analyses of their fields; both are vital to successful management of the business or corporation. Objectives The objective of this course is to examine in detail these two very different components of corporate management. The course in HRM can be seen as applicable to management in a diverse range of areas, and has a bias towards internationalism. The course on modelling risk


will provide the theory, mathematical and modelling tools to enable understanding in a wider range of operations research. Assessment Is by coursework only; the course has no formal examination. Prerequisites There are no prerequisites for this course. Human Resource Management (16 hours) Michaelmas Term 2 one-hour sessions per week throughout term (lectures, case studies, both group & class exercises) Tuesdays and Thursdays, 14.00-15.00, starting Thursday 9th October 2003 Lecture Theatre no. 5 at the Engineering Department, Trumpington Street. Mr C G Gill [Engineering Tripos Paper 3 E5] Human resource management; comparative systems (EU Germany, Japan and the USA); new technology and work; globalisation and employment. Modelling Risk (16 hours) Lent Term 1 two-hour lecture per week throughout term Mondays 16.00-18.00, starting Monday 19th January 2004 Lecture Theatre no. 1, Engineering Dept., Trumpington Street. Lecturer: Dr H. Jiang [Engineering Tripos Paper 3 E3] Review of probability and statistical reasoning: computational analysis of stochastic processes; mathematical analysis of stochastic processes; forecasting and regression.


PART III TIMETABLE - MICHAELMAS 2003

Week * Monday * Tuesday * Wednesday * Thursday * Friday *** Week * Monday * Tuesday * Wednesday * Thursday * Friday *beginning * Austin * Austin * Austin * Austin * Austin *** beginning * Austin * Austin * Austin * Austin * Austin *

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6-Oct 9 * C19 ALG C21 MGB 10-Nov M14 ERW M12 ZHB M14 ERW M14 ERW M14 ERW 910 * Introduction C19 ALG M2 TWC M2 TWC M1 CJH M1 CJH M1 CJH M12 ZHB M1 CJH 1011 * Lang/Man T001 1112 * C19 ALG C21 MGB C19 ALG M11 REC M9 DJF M11 REC M9 DJF M11 REC 122 * Management p Management Project Fair Lang/Man Language 23 * p p Language Language 34 * Language Ex Class p Language 45 * Language C20 PAM p Language 5

*13-Oct 9 * M7 NDM M7 NDM M7 NDM 17-Nov M14 ERW M14 ERW M11 REC M14 ERW 9

10 * M2 TWC M5 WJC M2 TWC M5 WJC M2 TWC M1 CJH M12 ZHB M1 CJH M12 ZHB M1 CJH 1011 * 1112 * M7 NDM C21 MGB C21 MGB C21 MGB M11 REC M9 DJF M11 REC M9 DJF M11 REC 122 * p Management p Lang/Man Oral p Management Language Lang/Man Language 23 * p p Language Presentations p p Language Language Language 34 * Language Language p Language Language Language p Language 45 * Language Language p Language Language Language p Language 5

*20-Oct 9 * M5 WJC M7 NDM M1 CJH C20 PAM M1 CJH 24-Nov M14 ERW M14 ERW M9 DJF M11 REC M14 ERW 9

10 * M2 TWC M5 WJC M2 TWC M5 WJC M2 TWC M12 ZHB M12 ZHB M12 ZHB M12 ZHB M9 DJF 1011 * 1112 * M7 NDM Ex Class C19 ALG C21 MGB C20 PAM M11 REC M9 DJF M11 REC M9 DJF M11 REC 122 * p Management p/Language Lang/Man Language p Management Language Lang/Man Language 23 * p p p/Language Language Language p p Language Language Language 34 * Language Language p Language Language Language p Language 45 * Language Language p Language Language Language p Language 5

*27-Oct 9 * M5 WJC M7 NDM M1 CJH M7 NDM M1 CJH 1-Dec M14 ERW M14 ERW M11 REC 9

10 * M2 TWC M5 WJC M2 TWC M5 WJC M2 TWC M12 ZHB M12 ZHB M9 DJF 1011 * Ind Speaker Ind Speaker 1112 * M7 NDM C20 PAM C20 PAM C20 PAM C20 PAM M9 DJF M9 DJF 122 * p Management p/Language Lang/Man Language p Management Industry 23 * p p p/Language Language Language p p Visit 34 * Language Language p Language Language Language (half day) 45 * Language Language p Language Language Language 5

*3-Nov 9 * M1 CJH M7 NDM M5 WJC M7 NDM M5 WJC 9

10 * M2 TWC M5 WJC M12 ZHB M5 WJC M12 ZHB 1011 * Ex Class 1112 * M7 NDM C20 PAM M2 TWC C20 PAM M9 DJF 122 * p Management p/Language Lang/Man Language 23 * p p p/Language Language Language 34 * Language Language p Language 45 * Language Language p Language 5


PART III TIMETABLE - LENT 2004


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12-Jan 9 * M16 PDB M16 PDB 16-Feb M15 GTB M4 ZHB et al M15 GTB M4 ZHB et al M15 GTB 910 * M8 ALG M8 ALG M3 RVK M15 GTB M10 MGB M10 MGB M3 RVK 1011 * 1112 * M13 BAG M6 AHW/JAE M13 BAG M3 RVK M13 BAG 122 * Language Language p Industry p/Language p/Language Language 23 * Language Language p Visit p/Language p/Language Language 34 * Language Lang/Man (half day) Language Language 45 * Language Lang/Man Language Language 5

*19-Jan 9 * M13 BAG M16 PDB M6 AHW/JAE M16 PDB M16 PDB 23-Feb M15 GTB M4 ZHB et al M15 GTB M4 ZHB et al M15 GTB 9

10 * M8 ALG M8 ALG M8 ALG M3 RVK M10 MGB M10 MGB M10 MGB M3 RVK 1011 * 1112 * M6 AHW/JAE M13 BAG M13 BAG M13 BAG M6 AHW/JAE M3 RVK 122 * p p p/Language Language Language p p p/Language Language Language 23 * p p p/Language Language Language p p p/Language Language Language 34 * Lang/Man p/Language p Language Lang/Man p/Language p Language 45 * Lang/Man Language p Language Lang/Man Language p Language 5

*26-Jan 9 * M16 PDB M6 AHW/JAE M4 ZHB et al M16 PDB 1-Mar M15 GTB M4 ZHB et al M15 GTB M4 ZHB et al M15 GTB 9

10 * M8 ALG M8 ALG M16 PDB M8 ALG M3 RVK M10 MGB M10 MGB M10 MGB M3 RVK 1011 * Departmental Ind Speaker Ind Speaker 1112 * M6 AHW/JAE Research M13 BAG M13 BAG M6 AHW/JAE M3 RVK 122 * p Tour p/Language Language Language p p p/Language Language Language 23 * p and p/Language Language Language p p p/Language Language Language 34 * Lang/Man Conversazione p Language Lang/Man p/Language p Language 45 * Lang/Man p Language Lang/Man Language p Language 5

*2-Feb 9 * M4 ZHB et al M6 AHW/JAE M4 ZHB et al M16 PDB 8-Mar M15 GTB M4 ZHB et al 9

10 * M8 ALG M16 PDB M8 ALG M16 PDB M6 AHW/JAE M10 MGB M15 GTB 1011 * 1112 * M6 AHW/JAE M3 RVK M3 RVK 122 * p p p/Language Language Language p p 23 * p p p/Language Language Language p p 34 * Lang/Man p/Language p Language Lang/Man p/Language 45 * Lang/Man Language p Language Lang/Man Language 5

*9-Feb 9 * M4 ZHB et al M6 AHW/JAE M4 ZHB et al M10 MGB 9

10 * M8 ALG M16 PDB M8 ALG M10 MGB M13 BAG 1011 * 1112 * M6 AHW/JAE M13 BAG M10 MGB M13 BAG M3 RVK 122 * p p/Language Language Language 23 * p p p/Language Language Language 34 * Lang/Man p/Language p Language 45 * Lang/Man Language p Language 5


PART III TIMETABLE - EASTER 2004


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19-Apr 9 * 24-May 910 * 1011 * Ex Class Ex Class Revision 1112 * M8 ALG M14 ERW Clinic (T001) 122 * 23 * 34 * 45 * 5

*26-Apr 9 * 31-May 9

10 * Leadership 1011 * Ex Class Ex Class Skills Ex Class Ex Class 1112 * M5 WJC M6 AHW/JAE Workshop M7 KMK M12 ZHB 122 * PIE DJF et al PIE DJF et al PIE DJF et al PIE DJF et al Examination Examination Examination 23 * PIE Summary Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 34 * 1.30-4.30 1.30-4.30 1.30-4.30 45 * 5

*3-May 9 * 7-Jun Oral 9

10 * Examinations 1011 * Ex Class Ex Class Ex Class Ex Class Ex Class all day. Class 1112 * M13 BAG M9 DJF M10 MGB M16 PDB C21 MGB List 122 * Please keep 23 * this day 34 * free. 45 * 5

*10-May 9 * 14-Jun 9

10 * 1011 * Prize Giving 1112 * 122 * 23 * 34 * 45 * 5

*17-May 9 * 9

10 * 1011 * Revision 1112 * Clinic (T001) 122 * 23 * 34 * 45 * 5

M.Phil. Course in Modelling of Materials A collaboration between the Materials Science and Metallurgy, Engineering and Physics Departments of the University of Cambridge, with contributions from manufacturing industry. Aims of the Course This one-year, interdisciplinary course is aimed at those with backgrounds in materials science, engineering, physics, chemistry, chemical engineering, biology, mathematics, statistics or computing. It is normally for those who did NOT pursue their undergraduate studies in the Cambridge Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy. Computational materials science is thriving in academia and in industry where it has crucial in the development of many profitable commercial products. Given that most technological problems cover many fields of expertise, the objectives of this course are: • to provide a broad training in materials and process modelling • to instil confidence in a variety of techniques covering the engineering scale down to the

atomic dimensions • to deal with materials as a whole • to inspire teamwork and the ability to communicate • to teach project design and management • to engender the proper documentation and reporting of software and outcomes. Course Content The lecture courses, examples classes and computing exercises cover: general methodology of modelling; ab initio methods and approximations; Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics methods; thermodynamics and phase diagrams; mesoscale and multiscale modelling; kinetics and microstructure modelling; process modelling (including finite elements); information theory, pattern recognition and neural networks; structure-property relationships; integrated selection of materials and processes; management, IPR and dissemination. Contributions from manufacturing industry and government laboratories include identification of technologically important problems in the modelling area, leading, for example, to topics for the Team Work Projects and full participation in the more extensive individual Research Projects. Examination and Assessment Credit for the various parts of the course is allocated as follows: written examination (22%); standard credit, i.e., that given for completing set exercises (12%); literature survey (6%); team work project (10%); research project (50%). Further details can be obtained from the Course Director, Dr Zoe Barber: [email protected]

Research in Materials Science & Metallurgy The Department is one of the leading materials science departments in the world. It was awarded the top 5* rating the most recent U.K. Research Assessment Exercise. Our research covers a very wide range of materials, from creating new materials to improving existing materials. We are very well equipped with state-of-the-art equipment in both materials science and materials engineering. Our research can be grouped into the themes of:

• Bio-Medical Materials • Electronic and Device Materials • Materials Chemistry • Physical Metallurgy • Polymers, Ceramics and Inorganic Composites

This research is sponsored by about 130 different industries and governments throughout the world. We have the largest number of research students (currently ~130 pursuing 3-year projects leading to the Ph.D.) in any Materials Department in the UK, by a significant margin. The department welcomes new graduates from throughout the world into its research school. The searchable guide to Researches in Progress is at:

http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/RIP/index.html For Cambridge graduates the usual entry to the research school is after completion of a four-year B.A. + M.Sci. course. Further information on how to apply and the forms of financial support available may be obtained from the Department’s Postgraduate Admissions Secretary:

Dr R. E. M. Ward: [email protected]

Course Handbook

Documents

department website

head of year

particular year

materials science courses

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undergraduate courses

head of class

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