Course C Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

A brief introduction to meridians & collaterals and acupoints

1. What are the means of meridians and collaterals?2. What is the composition of the meridian system?3. What are the acupoints?4. How to locate the acupoints?

Part 1   Fourteen Meridians and AcupointsLecture 1 The Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin(LU)   Lecture 2   The Large intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming (LI) Lecture 3   The Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (ST) Lecture 4   The Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin (SP) Lecture 5   The Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin (HT) Lecture 6   The Small intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang (SI) Lecture 7   The Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang (BL)   Lecture 8   The Kidney Meridian of Foot-shaoyin (KI) Lecture 9   The Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin (PC) Lecture 10 The Sanjiao (Triple Energizer) Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang (SJ)Lecture 11 The Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang (GB)Lecture 12 The Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin (LR)   Lecture 13 The Ren Meridian (Conception Vessel) (RN) (or CV)Lecture 14 The Du Meridian (Governor Vessel) (DU) (or GV)     Appendix: Standard Location of the Extra Points (EX)    

Part 2  Acupuncture and Moxibustion Techniques

Lecture   1   Acupuncture 1. Filiform needle2. Needling methods3. Precautions, Contraindications and Management of Possible Accidents in Acupuncture Treatment

Lecture   2   Moxibustion 1. What is Moxibustion2. What are the actions of moxibustion?3. What is the classification of moxibustion4. How to apply the moxibustion?

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

A Brief Introduction to Meridians & Collaterals and Acupoints1. What is it meant by meridians and collaterals?In terms of traditional Chinese medicine, the meridians (Jing) and collaterals (Luo) are pathways in human body through which the Qi and blood circulate. They form a specific network which communicates with the internal organs and limbs and connects the upper to the lower and the exterior to the interior portions of the body. The meridians are the main body of the system and they run lengthwise inside the body while the collaterals, being as the branches of the meridians  run crosswise from the meridians either on or just below the body surface. Since they are distributed over the entire body, the meridians and collaterals link altogether the Zang-Fu (internal organs of human body) and other organs, the orifices of the body, then the skin, muscles and bones,  bringing the body into an organic whole, hence to carry on the systematic activities in coordination.The theory of the meridians and collaterals is the one which focus on studying the physiological functions and pathological changes of the meridian system, as well as the relationship between the system and the Zang-Fu organs (internal organs), thus is an important component of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Despite the apparent fact that this theory is closely related to acupuncture therapy, it provides the theoretical foundation not only for acupuncture, moxibustion, massage and Qigong which have something in common, but also guides the clinical practice of other fields of TCM.2. What is the composition of the meridian system?The meridian system consists of three parts: the regular meridians, the eight extra meridians and the twelve divergent meridians.There are altogether twelve regular meridians, namely the three Yang meridians of the hand, the three Yang meridians of the foot, the three Yin meridians of the hand and the three Yin meridians of the foot. Why they are called "twelve regular meridians"? It is because these meridians are the chief pathways of Qi and blood. The twelve regular meridians start and terminate at given parts, run along regular routes and meet in a specified sequence. They are moreover, associate with the Zang-Fu organs.There are also eight extra meridians: the Du (governor vessel), Ren (conception vessel), Chong, Dai, Yinqiao, Yangqiao, Yinwei, and Yangwei meridians. The eight extra meridians interlace the twelve regular meridians, helping reinforce the communication between and adjustment of the twelve regular meridians. The eight extra meridians are not directly related to any of the internal organs.The twelve divergent meridians are the divergent parts of the twelve regular meridians moving mainly deep inside the body. They usually start from the limbs, then run deep into the body, and finally emerge from the body at the back of the neck. These meridians are also distributed symmetrically in both sides of the body. There are Yang and Yin divergent meridians. The Yang divergent meridians start from the six regular Yang meridians and, after traveling through the body, rejoin the regular meridians while the Yin ones give off from the six Yin regular meridians, however, after traveling through the body, they join the Yang regular meridians with which they are exteriorly-interiorly related.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Among the meridians mentioned above, the twelve regular meridians plus Du meridian (governor vessel meridian) and Ren meridian (conception vessel meridian) are the most useful thus most important parts for clinical practice. Therefore, they are illustrated in detail in the following.3. What are the acupoints?Acupoints (an abbreviation for acupuncture points) are the specific sites where the Qi of Zang-Fu organs (internal organs) and meridians spreads to the body surface. Acupoints are not only the pathways for the circulation of Qi and blood, but also the loci of response to diseases. In acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, proper technique are used on the acupoints to regulate the functional activities of the body, strengthen the body resistance so as to prevent and treat diseases. Medical practitioners in ancient China have left plentiful recordings describing the locations and indications of acupoints, forming a systematical theory.4. How to locate the acupoints?There are three methods for locating the acupoints, i.e. surface anatomical landmarks, bone proportional measurement and finger measurement. They are often used in combination, but the first one is the fundamental and the other two the supplemental ones.4.1. Surface anatomical landmarksThis method is used to determine the location of acupoints on the basis of the anatomical landmarks on the body surface, which are divided into two ways, the fixed landmarks and the movable ones.The fixed landmarks include the prominence and depressions formed by the joints and muscles, the configuration of the five sense organs, hairline, fingernails and toenails, nipples and umbilicus. For instance, Yanglingquan (GB 34) is in the depression anterior and inferior to the head of fibula and Binao (LI 14) is at the center of the insertion of the deltoid muscle, etc.        The moveable landmarks refer to the clefts, depressions, wrinkles or prominences appearing on the joints, muscles, tendons and skin when the body is in certain postures with motion. For example, Tinggong (SI 19) is between the tragus and the mandibular joint, where a depression is formed when the mouth is slightly open and Quchi (LI 11) is  in the  depression at the lateral end of the cubital crease when the elbow is flexed.The major anatomical landmarks on the surface of human body are listed as follows:      On the head are:1). the midpoint of the anterior hairline;2). the midpoint of the posterior hairline;3). the corner of the forehead (at the corner of the anterior hairline);4). the mastoid process.On the face are:1). Yintang (EX-HN 3) (at the midpoint between the eyebrows);2). the pupil (in the sitting position and looking straight forward), or the center of the eye (at the midpoint of the line between the inner and outer canthi).On the neck is:1). the laryngeal protuberance.On the chest are:

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

1). the suprasternal fossa (in the depression above the suprasternal notch);2). the midpoint of the sternoxyphoid symphysis (at the conjunction of the sternum and xyphoid process);3). the nipple (the center of the nipple).On the abdomen are:1). the umbilicus (Shenque RN 8) (the center of the umbilicus);2). the upper border of the pubic symphysis at the crossing point of the upper border of the pubic symphysis and the anterior midline);3). the anterior superior iliac spine.On the lateral side of the chest and abdomen are:1). apex of the axilla (the highest point of the axillary fossa);2). the free end of the 11th rib.On the back, lower back and sacrum are:1). the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra;2). The spinous processes from the 1st to the 12th thoracic vertebrae and from the 1st to the 5th lumbar vertebra, the median sacral crest and the coccyx;3). The medial and the scapular spine (on the medial border of the scapula);4). The acromial angle;5). The posterior superior iliac spine.On the upper limbs are:1). the anterior axillary fold (the anterior end of the axillary crease);2). the posterior axillary fold (the posterior end of the axillary crease);3). the cubital crease;4). the tip of the elbow (olecranon);5). the dorsal and palmer creases of the wrist (styloid crease between the distal ends of the styloid processes of the ulna and radius).On the lower limbs are:1). the greater trochanter of the femur;2). the medial epicondyle of the femur;3). the medial epicondyle of the tibia;4). the inferior gluteal crease (the border between the buttocks and thigh)5). Dubi (ST 35) (in the center of the depression lateral to the patella ligament);6). the popliteal crease;7). the tip of the medial malleolus;8). the tip of the lateral malleolus.4.2. Bone proportional measurementIn this method the joints are taken as the main landmarks of the length and width of various portions of the human body. The proportional measurement of various portions of the human body defined in the "Miraculous Pivot" (Ling Shu) is taken as the basis for the location of acupoints in combination with the modified methods introduced by the acupuncturists through the ages. The length between two joints is divided into several equal portions, each portion as

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

one cun and 10 portions as one chi. The main bone proportional measurements are listed in the following table.

The Table of Bone Measurement

Position origin and end points

Portion method of measurement (cun) Remarks

Head and face    From the midpoint of the anterior hairline to the posterior hairline

12, longitudinal measurement Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the head

From Yintang (EX-HN3) to the midpoint of the anterior hairline

3, longitudinal measurement

Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the anterior and posterior hairline and the head

From the point below the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra (Dazhui, DU 14) to the midpoint of the posterior hairline

3, longitudinal measurement  

From Yintang (EX-HN3) to the midpoint of the posterior hairline and then to the point below the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra (Dazhui, DU 14)

18, longitudinal measurement  

Between the corner of the forehead (Touwei ST 8) 9, transverse measurement

Used for measuring the transverse distance of the acupoints on the anterior part of the head

Chest, abdomen and hypochondrium    

From the suprasternal fossa (Tiantu, RN 22) to the midpoint of the sternoxyphoid symphysis

9, longitudinal measurement

Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints of Ren meridian (Conception Vessel) on the chest

From the midpoint of the sternoxyphoid symphysis to the center of the umbilicus

8, longitudinal measurementUsed for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the upper abdomen

From the center of the umbilicus to the upper border

5, longitudinal measurement Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

of the pubic symphysis (Qugu, RN 2) lower abdomen

Between the two nipples 8, transverse measurementUsed for measuring the transverse distance of the acupoints on the chest and abdomen

From the apex of the axilla to the free end of the 11th rib (Zhangmen, LR 13)

12, longitudinal measurementUsed for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the hypochondrium

Back and lower back    From the medial border of the scapula to the posterior midline

3, transverse measurement Used for measuring the transverse distance of the acupoints on the back

From the acromial angle to the posterior midline 8, transverse measurement

Used for measuring the transverse distance of the acupoints on the shoulder and back

Upper limbs    From the anterior and posterior axilla folds to the cubital crease

9, longitudinal measurement Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the arm

From the cubital crease to the dorsal crease of the wrist 12, longitudinal measurement

Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the forearm

Lower limbs    From the upper border of the pubic symphysis to the upper border of the medial epicondyle of the femur

18, longitudinal measurement

Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the three Yin meridians of the foot on the medial side of the lower limbs

From the lower border of the medial epicondyle of the tibia to the tip of the medial malleolus

13, longitudinal measurement

Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the three Yang meridians of the foot on the latero-posterior side of the lower limbs (the distance from the gluteal groove to the popliteal crease is equivalent to 14 cun)

From the great trochanter to the popliteal crease 19, longitudinal measurement  

From the popliteal crease to the tip of the lateral malleolus 16, longitudinal measurement

Used for measuring the longitudinal distance of the acupoints on the three Yang meridians of the foot on the latero-posterior side of the lower limbs

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

4.3 Finger measurementThis is a method to locate the acupoints by measuring the distance with either the length or the width of the patients' finger (s).1). Middle finger measurement: When the middle finger is flexed, the distance between the radial ends of the two interphalangeal creases of the patient's middle finger is taken as 1 cun.2). Thumb measurement: The width of the interphalangeal joint of the patient's thumb is taken as 1 cun3). Four-finger measurement: When the four fingers (index, middle, ring, and little fingers) keep close, their width on the level of the proximal interphalangeal crease of the middle finger is taken as 3 cun.   This method is mainly used for locating the acupoints of the lower limbs. When locating the acupoints, this method should be used in combination with some simple movable landmarks on the basis of the bone proportional measurement.

Part 1 Fourteen Meridians and AcupointsLecture 1. The Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin(LU)1. Traveling route

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

a) The meridian starts from the middle Jiao (energizer), the portion between the diaphragm and the umbilicus of the body activity, and runs downward to connect with the large intestine. Then it ascends along the upper orifice of the stomach and crosses the diaphragm before pertaining to the Lung.b) It emerges from the Lung system transversely (at point Zhongfu, LU l) and runs down along the medial aspect of the upper arm and on the radial side of the Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin and the Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin. Then it goes through the cubital fossa and enters cunkou (on the wrist over the radial artery where the artery is palpable) along the radial border of the medial aspect of the forearm. It continues to run along the thenar eminence and the thenar border and arrives at the radial side of the thumb tip (point Shaoshang, LU 11).c) A branch starts from Lieque (LU 7) and runs along the radial side to the tip of the index finger.2. Symptoms:Cough, asthma, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, common cold, fullness in the chest, sore throat, and other disorders (e.g. pain) along the course of the meridian.3. AcupointsZhongfu (Front-Mu Point, LU l)Location: 6 cun lateral to the anterior midline and at the same level of the first intercostal space.Indications: Cough, asthma, sore throat, fullness in the chest, and pain in the shoulders and back.Method: Insert the needle obliquely toward the lateral side of the chest, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Note:Do not insert the needle too deep lest the lung should be injured.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The axillary artery and vein and the thoracoacromial artery and vein.Innervation: The intermediate supraclavicular nerve, the branches of thoracic nerves, and the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.Yunmen (LU 2)Location: 6 cun lateral to the anterior midline and in the depression of the infraclavicular fossa.Indications: Cough, asthma, sore throat, and hot sensation and pain in the chest.Method: Insert the needle obliquely into the lateral side of the chest, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Note:Do not insert the needle too deep lest the lung should be injured.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The cephalic vein, the thoracoacromial artery and vein, and the axillary artery.Innervation: The intermediate and posterior supraclavicular nerves, the branches of the thoracic nerves and the brachial plexus.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Tianfu (LU 3)Location: On the medial aspect of the upper arm, 3 cun below the anterior end of the axillary fold and on the radial side of biceps muscle of arm.Indications: Cough, asthma, epistaxis, and pain in the shoulders and medial aspect of the upper arm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1 cun deep.Notes:a) Simple measurement: Raise the arm horizontally forward and bend neck towards the arm. The place on the medial side where the tip of nose touches is the Tianfu acupoint.b) Tianfu (LU 3) and Hegu (LI 4) are effective in treating epistaxis.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The cephalic vein and the branches of the brachial artery and vein.Innervation: The lateral cutaneous nerve of arm and the musculocutaneous nerve.

Xiabai (LU 4)Location: One cun below Tianfu (LU 3), 5 cun above the cubital crease and on the radial border of biceps muscle of arm.Indications: Cough, shortness of breath, pain and fullness in the chest, pain in the medial aspect of the upper arm, and retching.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-

1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Tianfu (LU 3). Chize (He-Sea Point, LU 5)

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Location: Above the cubital crease and on the radial border of the tendon of the biceps.Indications: Cough, asthma, afternoon fever, hemoptysis, epistaxis, sore throat, pain and fullness in the chest, pain in the elbow and arm, infantile convulsion, and acute mastitis.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Notes:a) Chize is a He-Sea point of the meridian, belonging to water of the Five Elements. According to the principle of treating excess syndrome by purgation and reduction, this acupoint is indicated for  the excess syndromes of lung diseases .b) Use the point together with Zhongfu (LU 1), Danzhong (RN 17), Feishu (BL 13) and Dingchuan (EX-BL 1) to cure cough and asthma, and in cooperation with Jianyu (LI 15) and Quchi (LI 11) to cure pain in the elbow and armc) Chize (LU 5) can also be used to relieve spasmodic pain in the elbow.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the radial recurrent artery and vein and the cephalic vein.Innervation: The antebrachial lateral cutaneous nerve and the radial nerve.Kongzui (Xi-Cleft Point, LU 6)Location: On the medial aspect of the forearm and the line joining Chize (LU 5) and Taiyuan (LU 9), and 7  cun above the transverse crease of the wrist.Indications: Cough, asthma, hemoptysis, sore throat, aphonia, and spasmodic pain in the elbow and arm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-l  cun deep.Note:Use the point together with Hegu (LI 4) to treat fever without sweating.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The cephalic vein and the radial artery and vein.Innervation: The antebrachial lateral cutaneous nerve and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve.Lieque (Lou-Connecting Point and one of the Eight Confluent Points, LU 7)Location: On the radial side of the forearm, superior to the styloid process of the radius and 1.5 cun above the transverse crease of the wrist.Indications: Cough, asthma, sore throat, pain in the wrist, rigidity of nape with headache, facial paralysis, and toothache.Method: Insert the needle obliquely upward, 0.3- 0.5 cun deep.Notes:a) Simple measurement: Cross the inter-space between the index finger and thumb of both hands, with the index finger of one hand on the styloid process of the radius of the other, and the point is at the depression under the tip of the index finger.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

b) Since this acupoint is one of the eight confluent points, it can be used together with Zhaohai (KI 6) to treat sore throat.c) Lieque (LU 7) and Wangu (GB 12) are indicated for facial paralysis.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The cephalic vein and the branches of the radial artery and vein.Innervation. The antebrachial lateral cutaneous nerve and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve.Jing-riverqu (Jing-River Point, LU 8)Location: On the palmar side of the forearm, 1 cun above the transverse crease of the wrist and on the radial side of artery.Indications: Cough, asthma, sore throat, chest pain, and pain in the wrist.Method: Keep away from radial artery and insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep. Moxibustion is contraindicated.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The radial artery and vein.Innervation: The antebrachial lateral cutaneous nerve and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve.Taiyuan (Shu-Stream Point, Yuan-Primary Point, and Influential Point of Vessels, LU 9)Location: On the transverse crease of the wrist and in the depression on the side of radial artery.Indications: Cough, asthma, hemoptysis, sore throat, chest pain, acrotism, and pain in the wrist.Method: Keep away from artery and insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep.Notes:a) It is the Shu-Stream point of the meridian, belonging to earth of the Five Elements. According to the principle of adopting the reinforcing and replenishing method for a deficiency syndrome, this acupoint is indicated for Lung diseases of the deficiency type.b) Use the point together with Neiguan (PC 6) and Shenmen (HT 7) to treat chest pain and palpitation.c) It is advisable to puncture Taiyuan (LU 9) and Lieque (LU 7) to treat wind-phlegm syndrome of cough.d) It is said that Taiyuan and Renying (ST 9) can be used as the chief prescription to treat acrotism.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The radial artery and vein.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Innervation: The antebrachial lateral cutaneous nerve and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve.Yuji (Ying-Spring Point, LU 10)Location: On the radial side of the midpoint of the first metacarpal bone and the dorso-ventral boundary of the hand.Indications: Cough, asthma, hemoptysis, sore throat, aphonia, fever, and a hot sensation in the palm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0. 8 cun deep.Note:It is said that when treating bronchial asthma, needling Yuji together with Dazhui (DU 14), Zusanli (ST 36) and Guanyuan (RN 4) will help improve pulmonary function, relieve bronchial spasm, reduce airway resistance, promote ventilation function and alleviate the wheezing sound.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The venules linking the thumb with the cephalic vein.Innervation: The superficial ramus of the radial nerve.Shaoshang (Jing-Well Point, LU 11)Location: On the radial side of the thumb and about 0.1 cun posterior to the corner of the fingernail.Indications: Cough, sore throat, epistaxis, fever, and syncope.Method: Insert the needle obliquely upward, 0.l -0.2 cun  deep or make bleeding by prompt prick.Notes:a) Renzhong (DU 26) and Zusanli (ST 36) may be used together to treat syncope and shock.b) According to "Epitome of Acupuncture and Moxibustion", the combination of Shaoshang, Tiantu (RN 22) and Hegu (LI 4) is indicated for treating sore throat.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The arterial and venous network formed by the palmar and the digital proprial arteries and veins.Innervation: The mixed branches of the antebrachial lateral cutaneous nerve, the superficial ramus of the radial nerve, and the peripheral nerve network formed by the palmar and the digital proprial nerve of the median nerve.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Lecture 2 The Large intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming (LI)1.Traveling routea) The meridian starts from the tip of the index finger (point Shangyang, LI 1). Then it runs upward along the radial side of the index finger, passing the interspace of the first and second metacarpal bones and the tendons of long and short extensor muscle of the wrist. It continues to rise further along the radial side of the forearm and elbow, and the radial side of the dorsal aspect of the upper arm, and arrives at the shoulder. It runs along anterior border of the acromion, then meets Dazhui (DU 14) and enters the body cavity through the supraclavicular fossa.b) It runs down from the supraclavicular fossa to connect with the lung; further down it crosses the diaphragm and pertains to the large intestine.c) Starting from the supraclavicular fossa, it passes the neck, cheek, and the gums of the lower teeth; then exiting the mouth cavity, it runs around the upper lip, crosses at the philtrum, and ends at the alae nasi (point Yingxiang, LI 20)2. Symptoms:Abdominal pain, borborygmus, diarrhea, constipation, dysentery, toothache, sore throat, stuffy nose, and the other disorders (e.g. pain) along the course of the meridian.3. AcupointsShangyang (Jing -Well Point, LI l)Location: On the radial side of the index finger and about 0.1 cun posterior to the corner of the fingernail.Indications: Toothache, swollen cheek, and sore throat, numb fingers, febrile disease without sweating, and syncope. Method: Insert the needle 0.1 cun deep into the skin, or prompt prick so that a little blood comes out.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The network of digit dorsal arteries and veins.Innervation: The palmar digital proprial nerve and the intrinsic nerve derived from the median nerve.Erjian (Ying-Spring Point, LI 2)Location: In the depression of the radial side and distal to the second metacarpophalangeal joint.Indications: Toothache, dry mouth, sore throat, red and swollen eyes, and pain in the interphalangeal joints.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.2-0.3 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The dorsal digital and the palmar digital proprial  arteries and veins.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Innervation: The dorsal digital nerve of the radial nerve and the palmar digital proprial nerve of median nerve.Sanjian (Shu-Stream Point, LI 3)Location: In the depression of the radial side and proximal to the second metacarpophalangeal joint.Indications: Toothache, sore throat, red and swollen eyes, and pain in the interphalangeal joints.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The dorsal venous network of hand and the branch of the first dorsal metacarpal arteries.Innervation: The superficial ramus of the radial nerve.Hegu (Yuan- Primary Point, LI 4)Location: Between the first and second metacarpal bones and approximately on the radial side of the midpoint of the second metacarpal bone.Indications: Toothache, trismus, facial paralysis, facial swelling, sore throat, red and swollen eyes, fever, anhidrosis and hyperhidrosis, cough, numbness and paralysis of upper limbs, amenorrhea, prolonged labor, infantile convulsion, and urticaria.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep, acupuncture and moxibustion are contraindicated to pregnant women.Note:Simple measurement: place the transverse crease of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb on the web-space between the thumb and index finger of the other hand, the acupoint locates at the place where the tip of the thumb rests.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The dorsal venous network of hand.Innervation: The superficial ramus of the radial nerve.Yangxi (Jing-River Point, LI 5)Location: On the radial side of the wrist crease and in the depression between the tendons of the long and short exterior muscles of the thumb.Indications: Red and swollen eyes, sore throat, headache, tinnitus, and pain in the wrist.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3- 0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The cephalic vein, the radial artery and its dorsal carpal branch.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Innervation: The superficial ramus of the radial nerve.PianLi (Luo-Connecting Point, LI 6)Location: On the radial side of the dorsal surface of the forearm and 3 cun above the crease of the wrist.Indications: Facial paralysis, red and swollen eyes, sore throat, and pain in the arm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The cephalic vein.Innervation: The lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm, and the superficial ramus of the radial nerve on the radial side, the dorsal cutaneous nerve and the dorsal interosseous nerve of the forearm on the ulnar side.Wenliu (Xi-Cleft Point, LI 7)Location: On the radial side of the dorsal surface of the forearm and 5 cun above the crease of the wrist.Indications: Facial paralysis, facial swelling, sore throat, headache, swollen mouth and tongue, and pain in the arm. Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The muscular branch of the radial artery, and the cephalic vein.Innervation: The dorsal cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the deep ramus of the radial nerve.Xialian (LI 8)Location: On the radial side of the dorsal surface of the forearm and 4 cun below the cubital crease.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Indications: Red and swollen eyes, headache, vertigo, and pain in the elbow and arm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Wenliu (LI 7).Shanglian (LI 9)Location: On the radial side of the dorsal surface of the forearm and 3 cun below the cubital crease.Indications: Hemiplegia, headache, and numbness and pain in the arm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Wenliu (LI 7).Shousanli (LI 10)Location: On the radial side of the dorsal surface of the forearm and 2 cun below the cubital crease.Indications: Toothache, swollen cheek, aphonia, numbness and motor impairment of the upper limbs, and pain in the shoulder and arm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1 cun deep.Note:Shousanli, in the anterior cubital region, is indicated for pains in shoulder and back. This point may be used together with Jianyu (LI 15) and Waiguan (SJ 5) to treat motoring impairment of the upper limbs and pain in the shoulderRegional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the radial recurrent artery and vein.Innervation: The same as that of Wenliu (Ll 7).Quchi (He-Sea Point, LI 11)Location: At the lateral end of the cubital crease with the elbow flexed.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Indications: Toothache, red and swollen eyes, sore throat, motor impairment of the upper limbs, febrile diseases, scrofula, urticaria, and vertigo.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, l- l.5 cun deep.Notes:a) It is the He-Sea point of the meridian and belongs to earth in terms of the Five Elements. It is indicated for febrile diseases and mania.b) It can be used together with Dazhui (DU 14) and Fengchi (GB20) to treat fever; with Dazhui and Xuehai (ST 10) to treat urticaria; and with Zusanli (ST 36) and Renying (ST 9) to treat vertigo.c) Studies show that it is also effective for simple appendicitis.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the radial recurrent artery and vein.Innervation: The dorsal cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the radial nerve.Zhouliao (LI 12)Location: On the lateral side of the upper arm, 1 cun above Quchi (LI 11) and on the medial border of the humerus.Indications: Numbness and pain in the arm, elbow and shoulderMethod: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The radial collateral artery and vein.Innervation: The dorsal cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the radial nerve.

Shouwuli (LI 13)Location: On the lateral side of the upper arm and 3 cun above Quchi.Indications: Spasmodic pain in the elbow and arm, and scrofula.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Vasculature: The radial collateral artery and vein.Innervation: The dorsal cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the radial nerve.Binao ( LI 14)Location: On the lateral side of the arm, at the insertion of the deltoid muscle and 7 cun above Quchi (LI 11).Indications: Eye diseases, and pain in the shoulder and arm, and scrofula.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly or obliquely upward, 0.8-1cun deep.Note:It is often used together with Jianyu (LI 15) for acupuncture anesthesia in pneumonectomy.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the posterior humeral circumflex artery and vein, and the deep brachial artery and vein. Innervation: The dorsal cutaneous nerve of the arm and the radial nerve.Jianyu (LI 15)Location: On the shoulder and in the depression anterior and inferior to the acromion when the arm is abducted.Indications: Toothache, motor impairment of the upper limbs, and pain in the shoulder and arm.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly or obliquely, 0.8-l.5 cun deep.Note:According to Basic Questions, Yunmen (LU 2), Jianyu (LI 15), Weizhong (BL 40) and Yaoshu (DU 2) can be combined to reduce heat in the limbs.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The posterior humeral circumflex artery and vein.Innervation: The supraclavicular nerve and the axillary nerve.Jugu (LI 16)Location: In the depression between the acromial extremity of the clavicle and the scapular spine.Indications: Pain in the shoulder, arm and back, scrofula, and goiterMethod: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Note:Do not insert the needle too deep lest the lung should be harmed.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The suprascapular artery and vein.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Innervation: The posterior supraclavicular nerve, the branch of the accessory nerve, and the suprascapular nerve.Tianding (LI 17)Location: On the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle, 3 cun lateral to and 1cun below the tip of Adam's apple.Indications: Sore throat, sudden loss of voice, scrofula, and goiterMethod: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The external jugular vein.Innervation: The supraclavicular nerves and the phrenic nerve at the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle where the cutaneous nerve of neck just emerges.

Futu(LI 18)Location: 3 cun lateral to the tip of Adam's apple and between the sternal head and clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid muscle.Indications: Cough, asthma, sore throat, sudden loss of voice, scrofula, and goiter.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The ascending cervical artery and vein.Innervation: The great auricular nerve, the cutaneous nerve of neck, the lesser occipital nerve and the accessory nerve.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Kouheliao (LI 19)Location: 0.5 cun lateral to Shuigou (DU 26)Indications: Facial paralysis, trismus, nasal stuffiness, and epistaxis.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep. Moxibustion is contraindicated.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The superior labial branches of the facial artery and vein.Innervation: The anastomotic branch of the facial nerve and the infraorbital nerve.

Yingxiang (LI 20)Location: In the nasolabial groove and beside the midpoint of the lateral border of ala nasi.Indications: Nasal stuffiness, epistaxis, rhinorrhea with turbid discharge, and facial paralysis and itching.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.1 - 0.2 cun deep, or insert obliquely upward, 0.5-0.8 cun deep. Moxibustion is contraindicated.Note:If there is a feeling of a warm wriggling on the face, this point can be used for the treatment.Regional anatomy:

Vasculature: The facial artery and vein, and the infraorbital artery and vein.Innervation: The anastomotic branch of the facial and the infraorbital nerves.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Lecture 3. The Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (ST)1. Traveling routea) The meridian starts at the lateral side of ala nasi, runs up to the root of the nose and meets the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang. Then it descends along the lateral side of the nose (point Chengqi, ST l), enters the upper gum, curves around the lips goes down to meet Chengjiang (RN 24) at the mentolabial groove, and then runs along the posterior and lower part of the cheek to the acupoint Daying (ST 5). It continues to travel along the angle of the mandible, passing the front of the ear (Xiaguan, ST 7), ascends to the anterior hairline and finally reaches the forehead.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

b) One of its branches descends from Daying (ST 5) to Renying (ST 9) and then running along the throat, reaches Quepen (ST 12), at the center of the supraclavicular fossa. It continues to go downward, through the diaphragm and then connects with the stomach and spleen.c) A straight branch starts from the supraclavicular fossa, crosses the nipple and reaches Qichong (ST 30), at the lateral side of the abdomen.d) Another branch starts from the lower orifice of the stomach, through the abdomen, and descends to Qichong (ST 30) where it joins the straight branch. Then it passes Biguan (ST 3l), running along the anterior border of the thigh, Futu (ST 32), and then descends to the lateral side of the knee. It continues to travel along the lateral side of the crural tibia, reaches the dorsum of the foot and then enters the lateral side of the tip of the second toe.e) The tibial branch starts from Zusanli (ST 36), 3 cun below the knee and goes down to the lateral side of the lip of the middle toe.f) The dorsal foot branch starts from the dorsum of the foot and ends at the medial side of the tip of the great toe.2. Symptoms:Borborygmus, abdominal distention, edema, stomachache, vomiting, polyorexia, facial paralysis, sore throat, febrile diseases, mania, pain in the chest, and other disorders (e.g. pain) along the course of the meridian.3. AcupointsChengqi (ST 1)Location: On the face, directly below the pupil and between the eyeball and the inferior border of the orbit.Indications: Red and swollen eyes, night blindness, lacrimation in exposure of wind, twitching eyelids, facial paralysis, and myopia.Method: When the eyeball is fixed, insert the needle perpendicularly and slowly along the infraorbital ridge, 0.5-0.8 cun deep. Do not use lifting and thrusting methods lest the blood vessel be injured, resulting in edema due to blood stasis.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of infraorbital and ophthalmic arteries and veins.Innervation: The branch of infraorbital nerve, the inferior branch of oculomotor nerve and the muscular branch of facial nerve.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Sibai (ST 2)Location: On the face, directly below the pupil and in the depression of the infraorbital foramen.Indications: Red and swollen eyes, corneal nebula, twitching eyelids, facial paralysis, headache, and vertigo.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep. Take care not to injure the eyeball while puncturing.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of facial artery and vein, the infraorbital artery and vein.Innervation: The branches of facial nerve and infraorbital nerve.

Juliao (ST 3)Location: On the face, directly below the pupil and at the level of the lower border of ala nasi.Indications: Facial paralysis, twitching eyelids, epistaxis, and toothache.Method: Insert the needle

perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of facial and infraorbital arteries and veins.Innervation: The facial and infraorbital nerves.Dicang (ST 4)

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Location: 0.4 cun lateral to the corner of the mouth.Indications: Facial paralysis, salivation, toothache, and swollen cheek.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.2 cun deep or horizontally towards Jiache (ST 6), 0.8-1 cun deep.Note:In clinic, Dicang (ST 4) is effective in treating facial paralysis when used together with Jiache (ST 6). When needled together with Yingxiang (LI 20), Quanliao (SI l 8), Qianzheng (EX-HN), and Hegu (LI 4), it can be used to treat facial paralysis and trigeminal neuralgia.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The facial artery and vein.Innervation: The branches of facial and infraorbital nerves and the terminal branch of buccal nerve.Daying (ST 5)Location: l.3 cun anterior to the mandibular angle and on the anterior border of the masseter muscle where the pulsation of facial artery is palpable.Indications: Facial paralysis, trismus, toothache, and swollen cheek.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly or horizontally, 0.2-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The facial artery and vein.Innervation: The facial and buccal nerves.Jiache (ST 6)Location: On the cheek, one finger-breadth anterior and superior to the mandibular angle and at the prominence of the masseter muscle when the jaw is clenched.Indications: Facial paralysis, trismus, toothache, swollen face, and cheek.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep or insert the needle horizontally, 0.5-1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The masseteric artery.Innervation: The great auricular nerve, facial nerve and masseteric nerve.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Xiaguan (ST 7)Location: In the depression below the zygomatic arch and anterior to the mandibular condyloid process.Indications: Toothache, trismus, facial paralysis, deafness, and tinnitus.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature. The transverse facial artery and vein and maxillary artery and vein.Innervation: The zygomatic branch of facial nerve and the branches of auriculotemporal nerve.Touwei (ST 8)Location: On the lateral side of the head and 0.5 cun above the anterior hairline at the corner of the forehead.Indications: Red and swollen eyes, twitching eyelids, headache, and dizziness.Method: Insert the needle horizontally, 0.5-l cun deep. Moxibustion is contraindicated.Note:Touwei and Daling (PC 7) could be used together to treat severe headache and ophthalmalgia. It is also an effective point in treating migraine in combination with Shuaigu (GB 8) and Fengchi (GB 20).Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The frontal branches of superficial temporal artery and vein.Innervation: The branch of auriculotemporal nerve and the temporal branch of facial nerve.Renying (ST 9)Location: l .5 cun lateral to the tip of Adam's apple and on the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle.Indications: Sore throat, fullness in the chest, dyspnea, scrofula, goiter, headache, vertigo, and hemiplegia.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep. Do not injure the artery. Moxibustion is contraindicated.Note:It is effective in treating hypertension when combined with Zusanli (ST 36) and Quchi (LI 11); and treating hyperthyroidism in combination with Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36), Shenmen (HT 7), and Sanyinjiao (ST 6).Regional anatomy:

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Vasculature: The superior thyroid artery, internal and external carotid artery.Innervation: The cutaneous nerve of neck, the cervical branch of facial nerve, sympathetic trunk and the descending branch of hypoglossal nerve and the vagus nerve.Shuitu (ST 10)Location: At the midpoint of the line connecting Renying (ST 9) and Qishe (ST 11) and on the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle.Indications: Sore throat, cough, asthma, and goiterMethod: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The common carotid artery.Innervation: The cutaneous nerve of neck, the superior cardiac nerve stemming from sympathetic nerve and sympathetic trunk.

Qishe (ST 11)Location: Directly below Renying (ST 9) and on the upper border of the medial end of the clavicle.Indications: Sore throat, asthma, rigid neck, and goiterMethod: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep. Avoid to make deep insertion.

Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The anterior jugular vein and common carotid artery.Innervation: The anterior branch of the supraclavicular nerve and the muscular branch of ansa hypoglossi.Quepen (ST 12)Location: At the center of the supraclavicular fossa and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Cough, asthma, sore throat, pain in the supraclavicular fossa, and scrofula.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep. Acupuncture is contraindicated for pregnant women.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The transverse cervical artery.Innervation: The intermediate supraclavicular nerve and the supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus.Qihu (ST 13)Location: At the lower border of the clavicle and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Cough, asthma, and fullness and pain in the chest.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.2-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of thoracoacromial artery and vein and sub-clavicular vein.Innervation: The branches of supraclavicular nerve and anterior thoracic nerve.Kufang (ST 14)Location: In the first intercostal space and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Cough, asthma, and distending pain in the chest and hypochondriac region.Method: Insert the needle obliquely, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: Thoracoacromial artery and vein, and the branches of the lateral thoracic artery and vein.Innervation: The branch of the anterior thoracic nerve.Wuyi (ST 15)Location:In the second intercostal space and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Cough, asthma, distending pain in the chest and hypochondriac region, and mastitis.Method: Insert the needle obliquely or horizontally, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The same as that of Kufang (ST 14).Innervation: The branch of greater pectoral muscle stemming from the anterior thoracic nerve.Yingchuang (ST 16)Location: In the third intercostal space and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Cough, asthma, distending pain in the chest and hypochondriac region, and mastitis.Method: Insert the needle obliquely or horizontally, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Notes. Vasculature: Lateral thoracic artery and vein. Innervation: The branches of the anterior thoracic nerve.Ruzhong (ST 17)Location: At the center of the nipple.Note:

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

This point is not used for acupuncture or moxibustion, but rather serves as a landmark for locating the other acupoints. The distance between two nipples is 8 cun.Rugen (ST 18)Location: In the fifth intercostal space and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Cough, asthma, chest pain, mastitis, and hypogalactia.Method: Insert the needle obliquely or horizontally, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of intercostal artery and vein.Innervation: The fifth intercostal nerve.Burong (ST 19)Location: 6 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Stomachache, vomiting, abdominal distention and pain, and anorexia.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the seventh intercostal artery and vein, and the branches of superior epigastric artery and vein.Innervation: The branches of the seventh intercostal nerve.Chengman (ST 20)Location: 5 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Stomachache, vomiting, abdominal distention, borborygmus, and pain in the hypochondriac region.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Burong (ST 19).Liangmen (ST 21)Location: 4 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Indications: Stomachache, vomiting, abdominal distention, diarrhea, and anorexia.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the eight intercostal arteries and veins, and the branches of the superior epigastric arteries and veins.Innervation: The branch of the eight intercostal nerve.Guanmen (ST 22)Location: 3 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Abdominal distention and pain, borborygmus, diarrhea, and edema.Method: Insert the needle Perpendicularly, 0.5-1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Liangmen (ST 21).Taiyi (ST 23)Location: 2 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Stomachache, abdominal pain, indigestion, irritability, and mania.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5- 1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the eight and ninth intercostal arteries and veins, and the branches of the inferior epigastric arteries and veins.Innervation: The branches of the eight and ninth intercostal nerves.Huaroumen (ST 24)Location: 1 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Stomachache, vomiting, and mania.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.8- l .2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Vasculature: The branches of the ninth intercostal arteries and veins, and the branches of inferior epigastric arteries and veins.Innervation: The branch of the ninth intercostal nerve.

Tianshu (Front-Mu point of the Large Intestine, ST 25)Location: 2 cun lateral to the center of the umbilicus.Indications: Pain around the umbilicus, abdominal distention, borborygmus, diarrhea, constipation, dysentery, appendicitis, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, and abdominal mass.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.8-1 .2 cun deep.Note:a) It is the Front-Mu point of the large intestine and usually used to treat abdominal distention and pain, diarrhea and constipation together with Dachangshu (BL 25).b) It is also effective in treating irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhea together with Sanyinjiao (ST 6) and Ciliao (BL 32).c) This acupoint can be also used to treat abdominal masses and lumps, blood stasis, metrorrhagia and irregular menstruationRegional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the tenth intercostal arteries and veins, and branches of the inferior epigastric arteries and veins.Innervation: The branches of the tenth intercostal nerve.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Wailing (ST 26)Location: 1 cun below the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, and hernia.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.8- l .2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Tianshu (ST 25).Daju (ST 27)Location: 2 cun below the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Lower abdominal distention, dysuria, hernia, and seminal emission.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.8- l .2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of the eleventh intercostal arteries and veins, and inferior epigastric arteries and veins. Innervation: The eleventh intercostal nerve.Shuidao (ST 28)Location: 3 cun below the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Lower abdominal distention, dysuria, and dysmenorrhea.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.8- l.2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of subcostal arteries and veins, and inferior epigastric arteries and veins.Innervation: The branches of subcostal nerve.Guilai (ST 29)Location: 4 cun below the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Lower abdominal distention, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, impotence, seminal emission, and hernia.Method: Insert the needle Perpendicularly, 0.8- l.2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The inferior epigastric artery and vein.Innervation: The iliohypogastric nerve.Qichong (ST 30)Location: 5 cun below the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Indications: Lower abdominal pain, hernia, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, impotence, and swollen vulva.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of superficial epigastric artery and vein, and inferior epigastric artery and vein.Innervation: The ilio-inguinal nerve.Biguan (ST 31)

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Location: On the anterior side of the upper thigh, at the level of the inferior border of symphysis pubis and in the depression lateral to the sartorius muscle.Indication: abdominal pain, motor impairment of the lower limbs, and numbness and pain in the lower limbs.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, l-l.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of lateral femoral circumflex artery and vein.Innervation: The lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh.Futu (ST 32)Location: On the line connecting the anterior superior iliac Spine and lateral border of the patella and 6 cun above the superolateral corner of the patella.Indications: Motor impairment and pain in the lower limbs, and pain in the knees and lumbar region.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 1-2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The branches of lateral femoral circumflex artery and vein.Innervation: The anterior and lateral cutaneous nerves of thigh.Yinshi (ST 33)Location: On the line connecting the anterior superior iliac Spine and lateral border of the patella and 3 cun above the superolateral corner of the patella.Indications: Motor impairment of the lower limbs, numbness and pain in the lower limbs, pain and stiffness in the knees, and hernia.

Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.8-l.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery.Innervation: The anterior and lateral cutaneous nerves of thigh.

Liangqiu (Xi-Cleft Point, ST 34)Location: On the line connecting the anterior superior iliac Spine and lateral border of the patella and 2 cun above the superolateral corner of the patella.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Indications: Stomachache, swollen knees, motor impairment of the lower limbs, and mastitis.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-1 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Yinshi (ST 33).Dubi (ST 35)Location: On the knee, in the depression lateral to the patella and its ligament when the knee is flexed.Indications: Pain in the knee joint.Method: Insert the needle slightly towards the ligament, 0.8- l.2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The network of arteries and veins of the knee joint.Innervation: The lateral cutaneous nerve of calf and the articular branch of the common peroneal nerve.Zusanli (He-Sea Point and Lower He-Sea Point of the Stomach, ST 36)Location: 3 cun below Dubi (ST 35) and one finger breadth from the anterior crest of the tibia.Indications: Stomachache, abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, indigestion, edema, appendicitis, mastitis, mania, epilepsy, flaccidity and numbness of the lower limbs, dyspneic cough, vertigo, palpitation, and emaciation due to consumptive disease.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly,Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The anterior tibial artery and vein.Innervation: The branches of the lateral cutaneous nerve of calf and the saphenous nerve, and deep peroneal nerve.Shangjuxu (Lower He-Sea Point of the Large Intestine, ST 37)Location: 3 cun below Zusanli (ST 36).Indications: Abdominal pain, borborygmus, diarrhea, dysentery, appendicitis, and motor impairment of the lower limbs.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 1-l.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Zusanli (ST 36).Tiaokou (ST 38)Location: 8 cun below Dubi (ST 35) and one finger breadth from the anterior crest of the tibia.Indications: Motor impairment, numbness and spasmodic pain in the lower limbs, and pain in the shoulder.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, l-l.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature and innervation: The same as those of Zusanli (ST 36).Xiajuxu (Lower He-Sea Point of the Small Intestine, ST 39)

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Location: 9 cun below Dubi (ST 35) and one finger breadth from the anterior crest of the tibia.Indications: Lower abdominal distention and pain, diarrhea, dysentery, motor impairment of the lower limbs, and testalgia.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, l-l.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The anterior tibial artery and vein.Innervation: The branches of the superficial peroneal nerve and deep peroneal nerve.Fenglong (Luo-Connecting Point, ST 40)Location: One finger breadth from Tiaokou (ST 38).Indications: Cough, asthma, mania, epilepsy, headache, vertigo, and motor impairment of the lower limbs.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 1- l.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The anterior tibial artery and vein.Innervation: The superficial peroneal nerve.Jiexi (Jing-River Point, ST 41)Location: On the dorsum of the foot, at the midpoint of the transverse crease of the ankle joint, and between the tendons of long extensor muscle of thumb and long extensor muscle of toe.Indication: Abdominal distention, constipation, mania, motor impairment, numbness and pain in the lower limbs, and  headache and vertigo.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.5-0.8 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The anterior tibial artery and vein.Innervation: The superficial and deep peroneal

nerves.Chongyang (Yuan-Primary Point, ST 42)Location: At the prominence of the instep, where

the pulsation of the dorsal artery of the foot is palpable, and 3 cun above Xiangu (ST 43).

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Indications: Stomachache, abdominal distention, facial paralysis, facial swelling, toothache, and swollen instep.Method: Keep the needle away from the artery and insert it perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The dorsal artery and vein of foot and dorsal venous network of foot.Innervation: The medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot stemming from the superficial peroneal nerve.Xiangu (Shu-Stream Point, ST 43)Location: In the depression distal to the commissure of the second and third metatarsal bones.Indications: Abdominal pain, borborygmus, swollen face, general edema, and swollen instep.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.3-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The dorsal venous network of foot.Innervation: The medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot.Neiting (Ying-Spring Point, ST 44)Location: On the instep and at the proximal end of the skin crease of the web between the second and third toes.Indications: Abdominal distention, stomachache, diarrhea, dysentery, toothache, and facial paralysis, sore throat, and swollen instep.Method: Insert the needle obliquely upward, 0.3-0.5 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The dorsal venous network of foot.Innervation: The dorsal digital nerves, and the lateral branch of medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot.Lidui (Jing-Well Point, ST 45)Location: On the lateral side of the second toe and about 0.1 cun posterior to the corner of the toenail.Indications: Abdominal distention, swollen face, facial paralysis, and toothache, sore throat, epistaxis, mania, and cold legs and feet.Method: Insert the needle perpendicularly, 0.1-0.2 cun deep.Regional anatomy:Vasculature: The arterial and venous network formed by dorsal digital arteries and veins of foot.Innervation: The dorsal digital nerves of foot stemming from the superficial peroneal nerve.

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Course C: Basic Theories of Acupuncture and Moxibustion