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COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT
Country: Greece
Date: June 2006
ERAWATCH Network asbl: Project team: NIFU STEP, University of Sussex (SPRU),
Joanneum Research, Logotech, FhG-ISI
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the individual authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission.
ERAWATCH® is a registered Trade Mark.
Reproduction of content is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
ISIC v3 codes and sector description ....................................................................................17
How to read specialisation profile figures ..............................................................................19
Index of tables and figures
Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Greece. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.................................................................................................2
Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisation indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. ........................................................13
Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Greece.1993-2003.............................................................................................2
Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Greece .................................................................................2
Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993 and 2003. ..............................................................3
Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. ..................................4
Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. ....................................................................4
Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.............................................5
Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics...............................................6
Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics.............................6
Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003................................................................................7
Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Greece. 1993 and 2003. ..............................................................................................................................................7
Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 ...................................................8
Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST. ....................................................................................................................................9
Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Greece. Averages 1993-1997 and 1999-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST..............9
Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices. ...........................................................10
Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.........................................................................................................10
Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Greece. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ........................................................11
Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ....................................................................................................11
Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Greece. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices..................................................................12
Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.....................................................................................................12
Figure 20. BERD versus Value added specialisation in the primary and secondary industrial sectors. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003...............................................................14
Figure 21. BERD versus Value added in services. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003. .........................................................................................................14
Figure 22. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................15
Figure 23. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................15
MAIN FINDINGS Greece’s economic specialisation is concentrated on the one hand in a number of services such as hotels, trade, financial intermediation and construction and on the other hand in a number of manufacturing sectors such as furniture, transport equipment, shipbuilding, petroleum, textiles, the food industry and agricultural products. A common characteristic of these sectors is that they are of low R&D intensity. Particularly for the manufacturing sector most of these industries rely mainly on process innovation.
In addition, BERD specialisation is not correlated (Table 2) with either technological or economic specialisation. Finally, the correlations of exports with the other economic activities and with BERD for the period 1993-95 is of particular interest in the light of the limited extroversy of Greek enteprises.
R&D intensity in Greece grew by 31.9% during the 1993-2003 period and GERD reached 0.6% of GDP during 2003 (Figure 1). However, despite this growth, research expenditure in Greece remains considerably lower that the Lisbon Objectives and from the respective figures of most EU countries. The main factors behind this growth was the increase of higher education research expenditure as a share of GDP by 57.9% and of BERD by 46.2%. Moreover universities hold the dominant position within the research system of Greece where HERD accounted for 48.1% of GERD during 2003 (Table 1).
In terms of sources of funding over the 1993-2003 period, the most notable changes were the increase of the R&D funding share by enteprises from 20.2% of GERD in 1993 to 30.7% in 2003 and the decline of shares of funding from abroad from 30.3% in 1993 down to 18.1% in 2003. One tenth approximately of the GERD is funded through the Framework Programmes for RTD (FPs) of the EU, while another tenth from the Community Structural Funds.
In terms of GBAORD priorities, Greece appears underspecialised in industry related socioeconomic objectives while it is specialised in objectives such as the exploitation of earch, agriculture, land use, social issues, the environment and human health. As far as the scientific specialisation is concerned (Figure 9), engineering, computer sciences, agricultural sciences and enviromental sciences are the most specialised fields for Greece.
A slightly different picture is exhibited however in terms of natural sciences such as chemistry, physics and mathematics, fields that are highly cited compared to the number of publications. Finally, in terms of technological specialisation, Greece is specialised in a very limited number of sectors, namely pharmaceuticals, chemicals and food. The low level of technological specialisation is consistent with the limited patenting activities of all actors of the National Innovation System.
MAIN R&D FIGURES – TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Greece.1993-2003.
PUBLIC R&D STATISTICS GBAORD by socioeconomic objective Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993 and 2003.
Environment
Industry
Land use
Defence
Space
Social issues
Agriculture
Earth
GUF's
Human health
Energy
Non-oriented research
Other civil research
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
1993 2003
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations.
HERD by field of science Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. Not available Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005.
Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Not available Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD) Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.
Mining
Chemicals
Plastics
Machinery
Construction
Basic - met
Ships
Financ. interm
R & D
Community servOther Business act
IT services
TelecomTransport
Trade
Water & electr.Furniture & rec
Air
VehiclesInstruments
Electr. EquipElectrical mach.Office mach
Fabricated met
Non-met
Pharm
PetroleumWood & Publishing
TextilesFood
Agriculture
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 20052005, ANBERD 2005, own calculations
Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics.
Not available
Source:OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations
Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics.
Not available
Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations
BIBLIOMETRICS Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.
Physics
Agricultural ScSpace Sc
Biology & Biochemistry
Computer Science
ChemistryClinical Medicine
Engineering
Geosciences
LawMol Biology &
Genetics
MicrobiologyMaterials Sc
NeurosciencesMultdisciplinary
PharmacologyPlant & Animals
PsychologySocial Sciences
Mathematics
Immunology
Environment
Economics Education
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.
Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Greece. 1993 and 2003.
Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 .
Agricultural Sc
Plant & Animals
Psychology
Geosciences
Biology & Biochemistry Space Sc
Clinical MedicineChemistry
Computer ScEconomics
Education
EngineeringEnvironment
ImmunologyLaw
Mol Biology & Genetics
MicrobiologyMaterials Sc
MathematicsNeurosciencesMultdisciplinary
Physics
Pharmacology
Social Sciences
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.
PATENTS Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.
Plastics
Office mach
Electrical mach.
Instruments
Transport Equip.
Petroleum
Textiles
Food
Wood & Publishing
Chemicals
Pharm
Non-met
Basic - met
Fabricated met
Machinery
Electr. Equip
Vehicles
Furniture
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.
Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Greece. Averages 1993-1997 and 1999-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ng
Pet
role
um
Che
mic
als
Pha
rm
Pla
stic
s
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
edm
et
Mac
hine
ry
Offi
cem
ach
Ele
ctric
alm
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ip
Inst
rum
ents
Veh
icle
s
Tran
spor
tE
quip
.
Furn
iture
1993-1997 1999-2003
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.
ECONOMIC SPECIALISATION Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices.
Mining
PlasticsNon-met
ShipsAir
Furniture & rec
Construction
Hotels
Telecom
Wood & Publishing
Agriculture
FoodTextiles
PetroleumChemicalsPharm
Basic - metFabricated metMachineryOffice mach
Electrical mach.Electr. EquipInstruments
Vehicles
Transport nec
Water & electr.
Trade
Transport
Financ. interm Real estate
IT servicesR & DOther Business Community ser
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN 2005, own calculations.
Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rec3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.
Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Agr
icul
ture
Min
ing
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ngP
etro
leum
Che
mic
als
Pha
rm
Pla
stic
s
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
edm
etM
achi
nery
Offi
cem
ach
Ele
ctric
alm
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ipIn
stru
men
ts
Veh
icle
s
Shi
ps Air
Tran
spor
tne
cFu
rnitu
re
1993 2003
Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rec3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.
How to read specialisation profile figures Plotting specialisation indexes against each other is a method for visualising differences in specialisation patterns. The most interesting analytical dimension in this report is comparing business enterprise intramural R&D expenditure specialisation patterns with specialisation patterns in value added, employment, exports and technological specialisation (patents). The result of the plots is four distinct specialisation quadrants showing:
1. Sectors with neither specialisation in BERD nor in the other analytical dimension (lower left quadrant)
2. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD and in the other analytical dimension (upper right quadrant)
3. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD but none in the other analytical dimension (lower right quadrant)
4. Sectors that display a specialisation in the other analytical dimension but not in BERD (upper left quadrant)
If there is a good match between BERD and, say, value added specialisation patterns we expect to find all sectors either in the lower left or in the upper right quadrant. Sectors in the upper left or in the lower right of the graphs indicate anomalies, that is, specialisation in one dimension and non-specialisation in the other. If there are many sectors in these quadrants the graph indicates lack of correlation between BERD and, say, economic specialisation.
BERD and Value Added specialisation – an example
Sectors with aspecialisation in BERD
but not in VA
Sectors with bothBERD and VAspecialisation
Sectors with aspecialisation in VA
but not in BERD
Sectors with nospecialisation in BERD
and VA
BERD
Valu
e Ad
ded 100
100
-100
-100
-50
-50 50
50
Strengthening the strengths?
Efforts concentrated in niches?Opportunities for catching up?