Info4Migrants ARMENIA Country prole Project number: UK/13/ LLP-LdV/T OI-615
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Info4Migrants
ARMENIACountry prole
Project number: UK/13/LLP-LdV/TOI-615
8/20/2019 Country Profile of Armenia in English
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AREA 29 743 km2
3,02mln
POPULATION
GDP per capita
DRAM
Language ARMENIAN
CURRENCY
$3037
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MAIN INFORMATION
Locaon: Geographically the Republic of Armenia is a
country located in Southwest Asia, but polically and cul-turally it is accepted as part of Europe. It borders Turkey to
the west, Georgia to the north. It also shares borders with
Azerbaijan to the east and Iran to the south.
Capital: Yerevan
Climate: connental. Summers are dry and sunny and last
from June unl mid-September. Winters are very cold with
lots of snow.
Ethnicity: Ethnic Armenians make up 97.9% of the popu-
laon. Larger minories are: Yazidis – 1.3% and Russians -
0.5%, in addion, there are Assyrians, Ukrainians, Greeks,
Kurds, Georgians and Belarusians. There are also smaller
communies of Vlachs and others.
Religion: Chrisanity; about 93% of Armenian Chrisans
belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Government: presidenal republic.
Flag
Coat of arms
ARMENIA
Yerevan
TURKEY
IRAN
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
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Today Armenia maintains good diplomac relaons with almost all countries around the
world, except for the neighbouring countries Azerbaijan and Turkey. The tension between
Azerbaijan and Armenia began during the last years of the existence of the Soviet Union,
and in addion the Nagorno-Karabakh conict in the 1990s further complicated the re-
laons between the two countries. Till this very day the borders between the two are
closed, and there is no resoluon to this conict, despite the numerous aempts of inter-
naonal organizaon to cooperate in holding peaceful negoaons.
Turkey has also been in conict with Armenia for many years, because of its refusal to
recognize the Armenian Genocide. Although Turkey was among the rst countries to rec-
ognize Armenia aer its separaon from the Soviet Union in 1991, the relaons between
the two countries remain tense and they do not maintain ocial diplomac relaons.
During the Nagorno-Karabakh conict, Turkey illegally closed its border with Armenia and
the blockade remains acve ll today, despite the strong pressure from Turkish business-
men who are interested in the Armenian market opportunies. In October 2009 Armenia
and Turkey sign a protocol for establishing mutual diplomac recognion and opening of
the borders, but unl today it has not been reced by the parliament of the two states.
Due to its isolaon from Turkey and Azerbaijan, Armenia holds very close relaons with
the other neighbours, especially Iran. Due to its historic past of being part of the former
Soviet Union, Armenia connues maintaining good relaons with Russia. Armenia is a
member of the Council of Europe and maintains friendly relaons with the European
Union, especially with France and Greece. In 2011, Armenia negoated with the EU to be-
come its associate partner. If it meets the standard criteria, Armenia will have the right to
become an EU member, although for the me being Brussels does not ocially have such
plans. The Armenian government plans on becoming part of the union between Belarus,Kazakhstan and Russia and possibly to become a member of the future Eurasian Union.
Armenia is included in the European Neighbourhood Policy, aiming to strengthen the rela-
ons between the EU and the neighbouring countries.
Moreover, Armenia is a member of nearly 40 internaonal organizaons, the Organizaon
of the Black Sea Economic Cooperaon, NATO partnership for peace program, etc.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
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FlagThe Armenian ag is a horizontal tricolour of red, blue,
and orange. The red symbolizes the mountains in Arme-
nia and the dicult struggle for survival of the Arme-
nian people, as well as the struggle for preserving their
independence, freedom and Chrisan faith. The blue is
the symbol of Armenia’s desire to live under a pure and
peaceful blue sky. The orange is the symbol of the cre-avity and the industriousness of the Armenians.
FACTS ABOUT ARMENIA
AlphabetDuring c. 404 – 406 AD, a former clergyman from the
Armenian royal court – Mesrop Mashtots rediscovers
rediscovered and newly adoptedadapts the old Arme-
nian alphabet, which had stopped being usedhad not
been used aer accepng Chrisanity was accepted in
Armenia in 301. The hypothesis for the modeling of that
the Armenian alphabet to awas modelled aer a foreign
alphabet diddoes not hold in the face of the discoveries
made by the Armenian professor and scienst Paris Her-
ouni, who provedes that the Armenian wrien language
hads its own history much before 5th century AD.
GovernmentArmenia is a presidenal republic. The President of Ar-
menia is being elected for a period of 5 years and can-
not be reelectedre-elected for a more than two man-
dates consecuvely. The Naonal Assembly of Armenia
is the legislave body, which consists of 131 members,elected for a 4 year term.
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FACTS ABOUT ARMENIA
YerevanYerevan is the capital and the largest city of Armenia. It
is situated along the Hrazdan River. Archeological re-
search shows that the in the 8th century BC, the for-
tress of Erebuni stood on the place of today’s Yerevan.
Since then, the place has a strategic importance for
the caravan routes between Europe and India. It holds
has held the name Yerevan at least since the 7th cen-tury, when it wasis Armenia’s capital during the Persian
reign. Today Yerevan is the leading industrial, cultural
and scienc center of the Caucasian region. It is also
the heart of a vast railway network and a major com-
mercial center for agricultural products. Other leading
sectors include metal extracon, metal working, chemi-
cal, texle and food industry.
In ancient mesThe Armenian state emerged in the 6th century BC,
on the territory of Asia Minor, where its predecessors
were: the kingdom of Urartu, Hite Empire, Phrygia
and a number of other small states and confedera-
ons like Hayasa. Armenia wasis the rst state to adoptChrisanity as a state religion in 301 AD. The last Ar-
menian kingdom encompasseds lands, today situated
in southeastern Turkey. Persia, Byzanum, the Arabs,
the Mongols and the Turks dominated the territory
unl the 19th century. In the end of In late 1920, Tur-
key invadeds Western Armenia, while the Red Army
occupieds Eastern Armenia, which later becameomes a
part of the Soviet Union. Aer its collapse, the country
regaineds its independence in 1991.
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GeographyArmenia is a country in South Caucasus without a sea
coast. Most of the country’s territory is mountains, with
forests and fast owing rivers. About half of Armenia’s
territory is located 2000 meters above the sea level, and
just 3% is at an altude of under 650 meters. The Arme-
nian Plateau is located inIn the southwestern part of the
country, and its is located the Armenian Plateau whoseslopes descend to the southwest towards river Aras, on
the border with Turkey. On the territory of the plateau
rise sSeveral mountain ranges and exnct volcanoes
rise on the plateau territory. Most of the country’s pop-
ulaon lives in the western and northwestern regions,
where the two largest cies are located – Yerevan and
Gyumri.
EconomyBefore the country’s independence in 1991, the econ-
omy has mainly relied on heavy industry – chemical,
manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, machines
and synthec rubber – all industries requiring the
import of materials. Like the economies of manycountries which have been a part of the former Soviet
Union, aer the falling of the Union, the economy of
the country has suered from the consequences of
central planning and loss of tradional markets. The
government managed to lead a mass sale economic re-
form, which lead to lower levels of inaon and stable
growth. The new sectors include jewelry-making, in-
formaon and communicaon technologies, and even
tourism.
FACTS ABOUT ARMENIA
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FACTS ABOUT ARMENIA
ReligionArmenia is the rst country in the world that adopted
Chrisanity as a state religion in year 301. Today the
main religion of the country is Chrisanity, and the rootsof the Armenian Church date back to the rst centu-
ry. According to legend, it was founded by two of the
twelve apostles of Jesus – Thaddaeus and Bartholomew
who preached Chrisanity in Armenia between years 40
and 60. It is due to its founders that the church in Arme-
nia is called today the Armenian Apostolic Church, and
93% of the Chrisans in the country belong to it.
Armenian diasporaThe naonal identy of the Armenians is mainly based
on their culture and by far exceeds the borders of the
country. Approximately 8 million Armenians (compared
to the populaon, which is 3 million) live outside the
country. The largest number of Armenians live in Russia,
France, Iran, the USA and Georgia. Despite the fact thatthey do not live in Armenia, they have preserved their
identy, culture and tradion.
Food independency72% of the territory of Armenia is agricultural land, but
most of it is used as pastures and only 16% for agricul-
ture. The most common crops are grain crops (wheat
and rye), potatoes, vegetables, and fruits such as pome-
granate, apricots, and peaches. Many vineyards areculvated on the lower slopes of the mountains.
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Etchmiadzin CathedralThe Etchmiadzin Cathedral is located in the city of Vagharshapat
and is considered the mother church of the Armenian Apostolic
Church. According to most scholars, it is the rst cathedral built
in ancient Armenia and is considered the oldest cathedral in the
world. The original church was built in the early fourth centu-
ry between 301 and 303, according to tradion by Armenia’s
patron saint Gregory the Illuminator, following the adopon ofChrisanity as a state religion by KingTiridates III. It replaced a
pre-exisng temple, symbolizing the conversion from paganism
to Chrisanity. The Etchmiadzin Cathedral is the main spiritual
center of most Armenians worldwide, and has been an important
locaon in Armenia not only religiously, but also polically, econom-
ically and culturally. The cathedral was listed as a World Heritage Site
by UNESCO in 2000.
Monasteries of Haghpat and SanahinSanahin Monastery is an Armenian monastery founded in the 10th
century in the Lori Province. Its name literally translates “this one
is older than that one”, being built earlier than the neighbouring
Haghpat Monastery. The two villages and their monasteries
are similar in many ways. They lie in plain view of each other
on a dissected plateau formaon separated by a deep “crack”formed by a small river owing into the Debed river. Hagh-
pat Monastery was founded by Queen Khosrovanuysh, wife
of the Bagrad king Ashot III. It was built not on a peak, but
halfway up a hillside on a site chosen to aord protecon and
concealment from prying eyes, and also in response to a kind of
monasc humility. Unlike the other monasteries, in the country,
those in the Northern part of Armenia are not isolated, and usually
small villages emerged around them. Haghpat Monastery, together with
Sanahin Monastery, is surrounded by numerous villages. Today both monasteries are partof the historic complex, and placed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
UNIQUE PLACES IN ARMENIA
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ARMENIAN CUISINE
Armenian cuisine has been inuenced by
Turkish, Georgian and Persian cuisine. The
country has two typical naonal dishes:
Harissa – a type of porridge from wheat
and meat (lamb, beef or chicken), which
are boiled for a long period of me. Usually
the dish is prepared for certain holidays in a
single cooking pot and served to all guests.
Khash – in the past it was a dish for work-
ers, prepared by beef or lamb meat, which
are boiled slowly in water for the whole
night. It was served for breakfast with
crushed dried bread “lavash”, with scram-
bled garlic and vodka or other alcoholic
drink. It is usually eaten in winter. There
is a vegetarian version where the meat is
substuted with lenl, and the garlic with
braised onion.
A typical Armenian “everyday” dish is “dz-
hash” – a type of stew with meat or vegeta-
bles and spices. It is usually served on rice
or bulgur pilaf, somemes accompanied by
bread, pickles or fresh vegetables. Stued
vegetables are usually served on holidays – tomatoes, peppers, zucchini, aubergine,
onion, potatoes, as well as cabbage rolls
with vine or cabbage leaves or beat leaves.
Typically, the stung consists of rice or
bulgur, mixed with ground meat, season-
ings, and somemes dried fruits and nuts.
Byoreks are pies made with phyllo pastry
and stued with cheese or spinach. Theyare a popular snack and fast food, oen
served as appezer. “Su byorek” lit. “water
byorek” is a lasagna-style dish with sheets
of phyllo pastry briey boiled in a large pan
before being spread with llings. “Msov
byorek” is a bread roll stued with ground
meat, and it is similar to Russian pirozhki.
Grilling (barbecue) is very popular in Arme-
nia. The typical dish is called “Khorovats”,
which consists of chunks of meat grilled on
a skewer (with or without the bones).
“Gharsi khorovats” is similar to the donner
kebab – it is grilled meat rolled up in “la-
vash”. It takes its name from the city of Kars
(Armenian: Ghars) in eastern Turkey, close
to the Armenian border. The pomegranate
symbolizes ferlity and is considered a sym-
bol of the naon, and apricots are consid-
ered the naonal fruit.
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ARMENIAN DRINKS
So drinksArmenian coee – strong black coee,
somemes sweet, Ker – a fermented milk
drink, Kvas - sweet, fermented bread drink;
usually addionally avoured with fruits
like strawberries or raisins, or with herbs
– most oen mint. Than – yogurt drink
(sll or carbonated), Tarkhun soda – tarra-
gon-avored green soda.
OghiOghi is an Armenian vodka, usually pre-
pared from fruits. “Artsakh” is a famous
brand of mulberry vodka, produced in Na-
gorno-Karabakh. In the Armenian Diaspora,
oghi refers to the aniseed-avored dislled
alcoholic drink like ouzo.
Wine
The alcoholic drink with the longest history
in Armenia is wine. The oldest winery in the
world was discovered in Armenia. Histor-
ically, wineries in Armenia were concen-
trated along the Ararat valley. Of parcular
note was the district of Koghtn, current
Nakhichevan area.
Today, Armenian wineries are concentrated
in the Areni region (district of Vayots Dzor).
Armenian wine is mostly made from local
varietals, such as Areni, Lalvari, Kakhet, etc.,
though some wineries mix in beer known
European varietals such as Chardonnay and
Cabernet.
Wine-making took a downward plunge
in the years following the collapse of the
Soviet Union, but in recent years it is un-
dergoing a revival. An annual wine fesval,
held in Areni, is popular with the locals and
features wines from ocial wineries as well
as homemade hooch of varying quality.
Armenian wines are predominantly red
and sweet, semi-sweet, or dry. In addion
to grapes, wines can be made with other
fruits, notably pomegranate, apricot and
quince.
Brandy
Armenian brandy, known locally as konyak
is perhaps Armenia’s most popular export-
ed alcoholic drink. It has a long produconhistory, even being served at the Yalta Con-
ference.
The most popular brands are Ararat and
Noy. It is claimed that the Armenian konyak
was Churchill’s most favourite drink.
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PUBLIC HOLIDAYS
1 January: New Year
Usually the holiday starts
from 31.12 and lasts for a
whole week. Holiday sweets
are prepared and people
exchange gis and greengs,
and their homes are open toall guests.
28 January: Army Day
The Armenian army was
founded in 1992.
8 March:
Internaonal Women’s Day
All women in Armenia re-
ceive gis and owers from
their family, friends and
colleagues.
7 April: The Day of Materni-
ty and Beauty
Mothers receive owers and
gis from their children. The
period between March 8and April 7 is considered a
month of the woman.
24 April: Genocide Remem-
brance Day
Each year on the 24th of
April the Armenians around
the world remember the 1.5
million vicms of the 1915
Genocide. On this day, tensof thousands of people in
Armenia go on a pilgrimage
to Tsitsernakaberd in re-
membrance of the vicms.
9 May:
Victory and Peace Day
The end of World War II is
commemorated and vic-
ms who died in the war are
remembered. Each year a
parade of the war veterans
is carried out at the Republic
Square.
28 May: Republic Day
In 1918, aer half a millenni-
um of foreign reign, Armeniagained its independence.
5 July: Constuon Day
The Constuon of the
Republic of Armenia was
adopted by a naonal refer-
endum on 5 July 1995.
21 September:Independence Day
On this date in 1991, aer
holding a naonal refer-
endum, Armenia declared
its independence from the
Soviet Union.
7 December: Day of mem-
ory of the vicms of theearthquake in 1988
On this very day a strong
earthquake lead to the
death of thousands of Arme-
nians and destroyed a large
part of the architecture of
the country.
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The naonal identy of the Armenians is formed by their culture. The deep his-
toric roots of Armenian culture and the geographic dispersion of its contributors
bring richness and diversity, which can hardly be reached within the boundariesof a single country, but at the same me helps preserve its wholeness. Armenians
have a strong sense of naonal identy, which somemes contradicts the modern
concept of a naon – the country. The Armenian identy is strongly inuenced by
historic events, such as the adopon of Chrisanity as a state religion in 301, the
creaon of the Armenian alphabet in 406, and the violence exerted on the Arme-
nians during dierent historic periods.
THE PEOPLE IN ARMENIA
Meeng and greengA meeng between two men: the most
common greeng between two men in
Armenia is a hand shake.
If two men are close friends, the hand
shake can be followed by a kiss on both
cheeks. In most cases the hand shake is
enough. A meeng between two wom-
en: in Armenia, women usually greeteach other with a hug and a kiss on both
cheeks.
Even if this is your rst meeng, mostArmenian women would kiss you on the
cheek as a greeng.
A meeng between a man and a woman:
in village regions women usually wait for
the man to extend their hand rst. When
the meeng is between relaves, the tra-
dional greeng is a light hug and a kiss
on the cheek.
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Marriage
Armenians are monogamous. In some cases, marriages are arranged. Marriages with
relaves are avoided (unl seventh generaon). During the years of the Soviet Union, due
to the lack of housing in the country, most young couples lived with the husband’s family.
Nowadays most spouses live separately in their own household.
Labour distribuon
There has always been a gender division in Armenia. For example, the household has
always been the woman’s responsibility. The oldest woman used to be the head of the
family and ran the enre household. Women and men have worked outside their home,
but even then all household responsibilies have been le to the woman. Today women
and men have equal access to all economic sectors. Despite this, only ve of 57 banks in
the country are managed by women. Regarding employment, most of the women workon equal terms with the men, and women receive equal salary for the same work as men.
Despite this, more women hold low-paid posions and the average salary for women in
Armenia remains two thirds of men’s salary. Women work mainly in the educaon and
health sectors. In the industrial sector, the percentage of hired women is 40-42%. 63.9%
of unemployed are women. Most of the people dealing with subsistence farming are also
women.
Comparave status of men and women
During the rst Armenian republic (1918–1920), women had the same rights to vote and
be elected as men. Four women entered the parliament, and Diana Abgar was sent as an
ambassador to Japan. During the Soviet Union, despite the laws that guaranteed equal
rights to men and women on all levels, it was dicult for women to parcipate in polics
and high-level decision-making. In 1991, during the rst democrac elecons in Armenia,
which had recently gained its independence, only 9 women out of 240 representaves
entered the Parliament, and not a single woman took part in the parliamentary commit-
tees.
THE PEOPLE IN ARMENIA
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ПОЛЕЗНА ИНФОРМАЦИЯ
Personal space
When people speak, they usually stay close
to each other, which might make foreigners
coming from western countries feel a lile
uncomfortable.
When you speak with a colleague or a
business partner, usually an arm’s length is
acceptable, but when people speak to rela-
ves or close friends, the distance is closer.
The beer two people know each other,
the more likely it is that they will touch
each other during the conversaon.
Men and women usually don’t demon-
strate closeness with one another in public
places, regardless of their relaonship. In
bigger cies, like Yerevan and Gyumri, the
western style of communicaon is becom-
ing more popular, and it is more common
to have physical contact during conversa-
on.
Do not be surprised if somebody taps youon the back during a conversaon. This is
an expression of admiraon. Direct eye
contact is preferred.
Armenians are very direct and say what
they think directly. This is part of their cul-
ture, so do not be oended.
Time management
In most cases, events start with a
15-20-minute delay. But somemes “just
another ve minutes” can become one
hour. Transport is usually more regular, but
if buses get full earlier, they leave immedi-
ately, even before the scheduled departure
me.
To make sure you will not miss your trans-
port, get to the bus staon earlier, but do
not be surprised if you have to wait.
USEFUL INFORMATION
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USEFUL ADVICE
If you have been invited to somebody’s
home for a dinner, it is advisable to go a lit-
tle later, but not more than 10-15 minutes.
Dress formally and wear long trousers
(even if it is hot outside).
Aer you enter the home you might be
asked at the door to take o your shoes.When you go inside, shake hands with ev-
erybody present.
When invited to visit, it is appropriate to
bring a small present – some chocolates or
foreign alcohol are a good choice.
You can bring owers for the housewife
and candy for the children.
Eang is relavely formal and follows the
European equee – the knife is held in
the right hand, and the fork in the le, the
wrists are placed on the table.
Avoid using your le hand during eat-
ing and touching food with it, especially
bread.
If you have been invited to a restaurant,
have in mind that some restaurants are
intended only for men.
There is no restricon for women to go in,
but women would feel uncomfortable in
such an environment.
Tipping is not typical for Armenia, but if
you are at an expensive restaurant, ps
are appreciated. Leave what you feel is
appropriate; 10% is considered a generous
p. In most cafeterias and restaurants or
taxis, you can just round up the bill.
Usually men let women go rst when en-
tering a room or geng onto a vehicle by
opening the door for them.
In addion, in public transportaon it is
customary to give place to elderly people.
Avoid talking about topics related to Azer-
baijan or the Armenian Genocide; conver-
saons about the former Soviet Union are
acceptable.
A clenched st with the thumb placedbetween the index and the middle nger is
considered an insulng gesture.
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BUSINESS ETIQUETTE
Dress Code
Business dress code is formal and in west-
ern style. A dark suit and a e is suitable
for the men, and a formal dark suit with a
knee-length skirt is suitable for the women.
Women in Armenia pay special aenon to
being well dressed. Casual daily clothes are
not acceptable at business meengs.
Titles
It is tradional for the Armenian host to
introduce you and not for you to introduce
yourself.
In Armenia, the tle is menoned rst, then
the family name and nally the rst name.
The tle for “Mr.” is “Baron”, for “Mrs.” –
“Deegeen”, and for “Miss” – “Oryort”.
Gis
Appropriate gis include pens and otheroce materials. It is always best to have
the gis wrapped.
Gis should not be opened immediately.
Negoaons
Building personal relaonships is the basis
of all meengs.
When meeng Armenians, make arrange-
ments in advance and be on me, although
it is possible that the host will be late.
It is acceptable to interrupt during conver-
saons, so be paent and do not get of -
fended.
It is possible for the meeng to start with a
conversaon on a dierent topic. Avoid per-
sonal quesons and religion. Appropriate
topics are food, sports, me and history.
Armenians are generally friendly and com-
municave. It is beer to let them start
and nish the conversaon. It is acceptable
to haggle, but not always desirable during
negoaons.
Armenians are very sensive when they
hear the answer “no”, so be tacul and give
the informaon in a so manner.
Taking decisions does not usually happen
immediately. Refrain from demonstrang
strong emoons during ne
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