Office of Legal and Procurement Support UNDP, NY Mitigating vulnerabilities and promoting sustainable growth: Sequencing, cost-efficiency and fiscal sustainability of social protection. Tunisia Case Study M. Sadok Elamri Program Specialist Environment, Energy and Sustainable Development UNDP Tunisia Tel : (216) 71 903 586 [email protected]
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Office of Legal and Procurement Support
UNDP, NY
Mitigating vulnerabilities and promoting sustainable
Poverty rate (based on national poverty line): Absolute poverty rate : 4.6 % ; Poverty rate : 15,3 %.
Unemployment :
National : 18,9 %; inter-regional range : 9-32 %.
Youth unemployment : 42 %
university graduates : 30.5%
GDP/Capita (PPP) : $ 8940 (WB, 2011)
HDI : 0.698 (2011); Ranked 94/187
Regional and social disparities : poverty, unemployment,
access to education and health services,…
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Introduction
Social Protection System
Contributory pillar
Retirement System
CNRPS (for public sector) -
1976
CNSS (For private
sector) - 1960
Heath System : CNAM (One
Common System)
Non contributory pillar
Medical assistance
(1987)
PNAFN - Assistance to needy
families (1987)
General Compensation Fund (1970)
AMAL Program
for unemplo
yment (2011)
Other social
protection
programs
No nationally agreed definition of social protection!
Concretely 2 main pillars :
- Contributory system: insurance / social security.
- Non contributory system : social assistance
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1.1 The pension regime (Retirement system):
3 branches:
Elderly benefit
Disability benefit
Survivors’ benefit
2 pension funds: •CNRPS : for public sector employees
•CNSS : for private sector employees
Based on different legislation between private and public sector : retirment age, contributive rate.
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1/ The contributory system :
Insurance / social security
1.1 The pension regime (Retirement system): • Benefits for a long while from favorable demographic
evolution (notably due to the family planning program introduced in early sixties).
• But ,Tunisia finished its demographic transition and is actually facing demographic trends of an ageing population : increase in life expectancy (70.3 in 1990; 74.7 in 2010), increase of the part of over 60 population, decreased in fertility rate.
• Important impacts on the “PAY AS YOU GO” retirement system (intergenerational transfers) and on elders related health services expenditures (increase of incidence of chronic diseases).
• Dependency ratio (number of contributors for one retiree) falls from 16.6 in 1980 to 4.5 in 2010.
• Demographic change and high unemployment are creating important financial deficit which will be completely unsustainable if no reform in undertaken quickly.
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1/ The contributory system :
Insurance / social security
1.1 The pension regime (Retirement system):
Different regimes managed by CNSS.
Progressevly integrated new categories of
beefeciairies. Recently new regime created for
domestic workers.
High global coverage (73.7%). Low caverage of
agricultural sector employees (12%)
But, 60 % of retires receive a pension amount
under the minimum wage. Only 35% of elderly
declare receiving pensions.
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1/ The contributory system :
Insurance / social security
1.2 The health insurance system (CNAM):
Recently established (2007) unifying public and private
sector health insurance systems
No client satisfaction survey / cost effectiveness
evaluation yet
Weaknesses :
- long reimbursement delays,
- low annual maximum reimbursement amount (128$ vs
an average of 22$ per medical visit).
- Positive consolidated balance result of CNAM regime.
- But, health insurance regime continuously in deficit,
compensated by positive results of «the work accidents
and occupational diseases » regime. 8
1/ The contributory system :
Insurance / social security
Social transfers increasing in recent years (17.1
% of GDP in 2006; 18.4 % of GDP in 2010)-
Ministry of social affairs.
Tunisian authorities attempted to alleviate
poverty through 3 types of safety net programs:
i) Food subsidies (cereals, vegetal oil, fuel,…);
ii) direct transfer in kind and cash targeted to the
needy (elderly, handicapped, schoolchildren and
needy families);
iii) “active labor market” and “public works” programs
(short term jobs for unskilled workers, in both urban
and rural areas, wages below the minimum wage,
locating predominantly poor areas ).
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2/ The non contributory :
social assistance system
2.1 The program for Need families (PNAFN)
Created in 1986. To address negative effects of potential
economic chocks due to Structural Adjustment Program.
Most important “social transfer program”.
Targeted Group : Poor families, Poor aged people, Poor