Traditional Medicine & Traditional Medicine & Herbal Technology Herbal Technology COUNTRY PAPER (INDIA) Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director Director National Botanic National Botanic al Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, al Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lu Lu cknow – 226 001 cknow – 226 001
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COUNTRY PAPER (INDIA) Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001.
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Traditional Medicine & Traditional Medicine & Herbal TechnologyHerbal Technology
COUNTRY PAPER(INDIA)
Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Dr. P. Pushpangadan, DirectorDirectorNational BotanicNational Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lual Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001cknow – 226 001
Traditional Medicine
• The tradition of health management/ treating ailments practiced by traditional communities or medicinal practices prevalent before the emergence of modern medicine (18th/19th century) are generally termed as Traditional Medicine
• Traditional medicine has almost now dissappeared in developing countries but still a living tradition in Third World Nations.
• The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an associated medicinal knowledge systems using the various medicinal plants of the region.
Traditional Medicine in IndiaTraditional Medicine in IndiaThe Traditonal Medicine in India function through two
streams:
1. Folk stream: Comprising mostly the oral traditions practiced by the rural villagers. The carriers of these traditons are millions of housewives, thousands of traditional birth attendants, bone setters, village practitioners skilled in acupressure, eye treatments, treatment of snake bites, and traditional village physicians/herbal healers, the ‘vaidyas’ or the tribal physicians. These streams of inherited traditions are together known as ‘local health traditions’(LHT). LHT represent an autonomous, community –supported living tradition. It is still alive and runs parallel and the great service the LHT render to the primary health care needs of the indian rural mass often goes unnotied due to the dominance of the western medicine
Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)
2. Classical stream –Organized systems
(1) This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations and philosophical explanations expressed in several classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in the regional language) covering all branches of medicine and surgery. Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams.
Local Health Traditions (LHT)
The folklore medicine or LHT is again at two levels:
Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost every home, mostly by the mothers and grand mothers – to specialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single or general ailment. This system is mostly oral in tradition except in certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in local languages, some of which are now been available in printed form. Such village folklore medicine or LHT involve the use of about 5000 plant species with about 25,000 or more formulations for treating a variety of human ailments.
Source – Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore
Folk-medicine carriers of village-based health traditions in India
2. Tribal based: This is practiced by the tribal communities who inhabit in and around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the change of life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups as per the classification made by anthropologists on linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000-forested villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community has a distinct social and cultural identity of its own and speaks a common dialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the “All India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology” (AICRPE- 1992-1998; Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used by tribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements (Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a variety of medicinal purposes, which cover about 1,75,000 specific preparations/applications (Pushpangadan 2002); of these 2000 species are found to be new claims and worthy of scientific scrutiny.
Local Health Traditions (Contd.)
Indian System of MedicinesThe promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and the medicinal plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of the Indian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundation and philosophical explanations. They adopted the fundamental doctrines of “Darshana” philosophy, particularly the ‘Nyaya’, ‘Sankhya’ and ‘Vaiseshika’, which encompassed all sciences – physical, chemical, biological and spiritual. While ‘Darshana’ philosophers discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness of many such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ancient Indian sages. It is quite logical to say that a serious and in-depth study and research on the vast treasure - trove of Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, particularly their theoretical bases and philosophical explanations may open up new exciting avenues of knowledge in understanding diseases and health.
Indian System of Medicines (Contd)
Rasayana
Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) is a speciality of Ayurveda, which mainly deals with the preservation and promotion of health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the aging process. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism in such a way that he genetic predisposition for a particular disease is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular disease is greatly reduced.
Panchakarma
Panchakarma (Purification Therapy) deals mainly with the removal of toxins and waste materials from the body to purify the biological system from gross channels to eradicate the disease completely. It is helpful in the prevention of disease and preservation and promotion of health, as well as the management of psychosomatic, neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and many other chronic, degenerative diseases and iatrogenic conditions. Panchakaram plays a vital role in Ayurvedic therapeutics and occupies an important place in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. This five-fold purification theraphy, a classical form of treatment in Ayurveda, includes Vamana (emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Asthapana (Decoction enema),
Anuvasana (Oily enema) and Nasya (Nasal Insufflation).
Indian System of Medicines (Contd)
Indian System of Medicines (Contd)Pizhichil
In this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body followed by massage, in seven positions in a systematic manner for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica, osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases. Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure for elderly persons when it is regularly used once a year or so. This treament cleanses the minute channels in the body of morbid substances.
Shirobasti
This is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for headaches, myopial conditions, insomnia, psychiatriac illnesses, epilepsy, hair fal, etc. It improves the functioning of the sensory systems and removes exhaustion.
Indian System of Medicines (Contd)
Shirodhara
This therapeutic measure is carried out by pouring oil or medicated liquids on the forehead for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia, anxiety, etc. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders and hypertension.
Ksharasutra
This Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal diseases likes fistula-in-Ano and haemorrhoids (piles) under the speciality of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhi by using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during the treatment. It can also be carried out on patients for whom modern surgery is contra-indicated.
1. Determine PRAKRUTI (Constitution) by -history taking
-Observations
2. NIDANA (Diagnosis)
• Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of 5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts
3. Chronobiology: Impact of season, time and environment on Tridoshas.
4. SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification
5. AHARA: Dietary modifications
6. PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body
7. AUSHADHI: "Designer Medicine" unique for the particular patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100 minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations.
THE AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY
Some Ancient Treatise
1. Agni Purana: treatment of cattle and horse2. Garuna Purana: treatment of horse and elephants3. Shalihotra Samhita: Treatment of diseases of horse4. Matasya Purana: mentions older treatise by Pakapya
muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes5. Shyama Shastra: Middle ages. Treatment of birds,
specially pigeons
Veterinary Physicians in Mahabharat
Dronacharya specially trained Nakula and Sahdev in treatment of horsesNakula is said to have authored a treatise on horsesNala was an expert in treatment of horses and also called Ashwavid
Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India
Central Council of Indian Medicine
Central Council of Homeopathy (for regulating standards of Medical Education and registering practitioners)
Drug Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) for advising on all aspects related to drug standardization and quality control of Indian Systems of Medicine
Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal Plants, drug standardization, tribal and family welfare research carried out through units setup in different parts of the country
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 36 unitsCentral Council for Research in Unani Medicine 32 unitsCentral Council for Research in Homeopathy 52 unitsCentral Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy
Research Councils under Central Government
MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)
National Institutes set up by Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India
MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)
For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting research and to provide quality medical care National Institute of Ayurveda, JaipurNational Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment)National Institute of Homeopathy, CalcuttaNational Institute of Naturopathy, PuneMoraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New DelhiNational Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment)Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New DelhiPharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian MedicineGhaziabad Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Ghaziabad
The role of herbal medicine in effectively meeting the primary health care needs of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety, efficacy and quality, according to modern standards. WHO guidelines for assessment of herbals address the following:
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
List of plants allocated to Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu
Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs
1. Achillea millefolium Linn.
2. Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. Ex Holmes
3. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.
4. Aesculus hippocastanum Linn.
5. Ammi majus Linn. ,
6. Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.
7. Anethum sowa Kurz.
8. Angelica archangelica Lilm.
9. Angelica glauca Edgew.
10. Apium graveolens Linn.
11. Argyreia nervosa (Burm F .) Bojer svn.A. speciosa Sweet
12. Artemisia annua Linn.
13. Cannabis sativa Linn.
14. Carum carvi (Linn.) DC.
15. Coptis teeta Wall.
17. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.
18. Crocus sativus Linn.
19. Cuminum cyminum Linn.
20. Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
21. Digitalis purpurea Linn.
22. Ferula foetida Regel
23. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke
24. Fumaria parviflora Lam.
25. Gloriosa superba Linn.
26. Mentha arvensis Linn.
27. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
28. Psoralea corylifolia Linn.
29. Saussurea lappa Spreng.
30. Taxus baccata Linn.
31. Valeriana Wallichi DC.
32. Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.
33. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS
Improved formulations and reduced number of Ayurvedic drugs Use of GMP procedures and QC Certified shelf life and improved dosage form Validated indications and contraindications Deletion of obsolete or toxic formulations
Use of Ayurvedic drugs in modern clinical practice Inclusion in essential list of drugs Adjunct to existing drugs Treatment of diseases where modern drugs not available or unsatisfactory Development of suitable formulations, standardized extracts or active
constituents IPR protection wherever feasible Inclusion in Pharmacopoeias.
New indications for Ayurvedic drugs
Development of new drugs for Ayurvedic practice Utilizing leads from other countries Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened species
Studies on Ayurvedic drugs for veterinary use
AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION(Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam Pariksheta)
A. Pharmacognostical Study
1. Nama Name of the Drug2. Rupam Botanical features3. Desa jatam Habitat4. Ritu grhitam Season of collection5. Grhitam Species and part used6. Nihitam Way of storage and prevention
Sl.No. Bio-Geographic Zone Biogeographic Provinces
Estimated No. of Med. Plant spp.
1. Trans-Himalayan - 7002. The Himalayan 2A- North-West Himalaya
1,700
2B- West Himalaya 2C- Central Himalaya 2D-East Himalaya3. Desert 3A-Kutch
500 3B Thar4. Semi-Arid 4A- Punjab
1000 4B-Gujarat-Rajwar5. Western Ghats 5A-Malabar Coast
2000 5B-Western Ghats Mountains6. Deccan Peninsula 6A-Deccan Plateau South
3000
6B- Central Plateau 6C-Eastern Plateau 6D- Chhota Nagpur 6E- Central High land7. Gangetic Plain 7A- Upper Gangetic Plain
1000 7-B Lower Gangetic Plain8. North-East India 8A-Brahmaputra Valley
2000 8B-Assam Hills9. Islands 9 A - Andaman Islands
1000 9 B - Nicobar Islands 9 C - Lakshadweep Islands
10. Coasts 10-A West Coast 500
Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India
Source FRLHT, Bangalore
1. Aquilaria malaccensis
2. Butea monosperma var. lutea
3. Chloroxylon swietenia
4. Commiphora wightii
5. Euodia lunuankenda
6. Hydnocarpus macrocarpa
7. Mangifera indica
8. Ochreinauclea missionis
9. Pinus gerardiana
10. Pterocarpus indicus
11. Pterocarpus santalinus
12. Santalum album
13. Saraca asoca
14. Tabernaemontana gamblei
15. Tabernaemontana heyneana
16. Taxus wallichiana
The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants
Extinct (Ex): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died.
Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside the past range.
Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future (80% decline in the last 10 years, 100km2 of area of occupancy or 10 sq. km in fragmented area: estimated 250 mature individuals or subpopulation of not more than 50 individuals).
Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future (50% decline in the last 10 years; estimated <5000 km2 of area of occupancy or 500 km2 in fragmented areas; estimated 2500 individuals or subpopulation of 250 mature individuals.
Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild, in the medium term future. (50% decline in the last 20 years; estimated <20000 km2 of occupancy or <2000 km2 in fragmented population, estimated 10,000 individuals or subpopulation of 1000 mature individuals).
Conservation Dependent (CD): A taxon is under taxon-specific or habitat specific conservation programme which directly affects the taxon in question. The cessation of this program would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories.
Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.
Low Risk (LR): A taxon is Low Risk when it has been evaluated and does not qualify for any of the categories, Critically Endangered, Endangered Vulnerable, Conservation Dependent or Data Deficient.
Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria.
Source: IUCN 1995, IUCN Red List Categories, Prepared by species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN RED LIST CRITERIAIUCN Red List criteria (1995) include the following:
Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs
Species Name No. of Accessions
Achillea spp. 17
Andrographis paniculata 20
Cassia spp. 22
Catharanthus roseus 11
Datura spp. 26
Digitalis spp. 16
Matricaria spp. 11
Mucuna spp. 117
Ocimum spp. 187
Papaver somniferum 288
Plantago spp. 19
Psoralea corylifolia 50
Salvia spp. 11
Species Name No.of Accessions
Solanum spp. 17
Tagetes spp. 56
Trichosanthes spp. 11
Trigonella foenum-graecum 37
Withania somnifera 19
Aconitum balfourii 1
Costus speciosus 1
Eremostachys superba 1
Picrorhiza kurrooa 1
Rheum australe 3
Saussurea costus 4
Misc.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 307
Total 1253
Sl. No.
Plants No. of accession
1. Aloe spp. (Aloe) 53
2. Asparagus spp. (Satavari.) 50
3. Cassia angustifolia (Sannsa) 5
4. Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli) 56
5. Commiphora wightii (Guggal) 67
6. Ocimum spp. (Tulsi) 41
7. Plantago ovata (Isabgol) 12
8. Phyllanthus spp. (Bhui amla) 12
9. Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo) 38
10. Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) 6
11. Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) 11
Total 351
Germplasm status of field gene bank at NRCM & AP
Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop(Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used